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The Ages of Astrophotography

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The Ages of Astrophotography The Ages of Astrophotography 1839 - 2015 Edition Free Celebrating Edwin P. Hubble (1889-1953) Stefan Hughes Comet Holmes near NGC1499 - Gerald Rhemann (2008) Edition Free NGC1499 - Edward Emerson Barnard (1895) Comet Ikea-Zhang Encounter with M31 - Gerald Rhemann (2002) Edition Free Comet Homes Encounter with M31 - Edward Emerson Barnard (1892) Contents Introduction i Preface ii Front Piece iii Beginnings iv 1. Stone Circles to Space Telescopes - Origins of Astrophotography 1 Overview - Origins of Astrophotography 2 Martin McKenna - Nightscape Photographer - United Kingdom 7 Stonehenge (A.1) & Hubble Space Telescope (A.2) 9 Camera Obscurae (A.3) 13 Daguerreotype Plates (A.4) 17 Collodion Plates (A.5) 21 Gelatino-Bromide ‘Dry’ Plates (A.6) 25 2. The Lunatics - Capturing the Moon 29 Overview - Capturing the Moon 30 Thierry Legault - Lunar Photography - France 35 First Quarter (A.7) & Last Quarter Moon (A.8) 37 Full Moon (A.9) & Lunar Eclipses (A.10) 41 Mare Imbrium (A.11) 45 Clavius & Southern Uplands (A.12) 49 Mare Tranquillitatis (A.13) 53 3. The Sun Seekers - Solar AstrophotographyEdition 57 Overview - Solar Astrophotography 58 Jean Pierre Brahic - Sun Photography - France 63 Partial (A.14) & Annular (A.15) Solar Eclipses 65 Solar Photosphere (A.16) 69 Total Solar Eclipses (A.17) 73 Solar Prominences & Flares (A.18) 77 4. Planets, DwarfsFree & Vermin - Photographing the Solar System 81 Overview - Photographing the Solar System 82 Christian Viladrich - Planetary Photographer - France 87 Comets (A.19) 89 Jupiter (A.20) 93 Saturn (A.21) 97 Meteors (A.22) 101 Uranus (A.23) & Neptune (A.24) 105 Minor Planets (A.25) 109 Aurorae (A.26) 113 Mars (A.27) 117 Mercury (A.28) & Venus (A.29) 121 Pluto (A.30) & Other Dwarfs (A.31) 125 Earth (A.32) 129 5. The Problem with Nebulae - Imaging Deep Space 133 Overview - Imaging Deep Space 134 Robert Gendler - Deep Space Astrophotographer - USA 141 Stars & Clusters 143 ‘Fixed Stars’ (A.33): Vega & Other Bright Stars 144 M45 (‘Pleiades’ Open Cluster) in Taurus (A.34) 148 NGC 869 & NGC 884) (‘Double Cluster’) in Perseus (A.35) 152 M44 (‘Praesepe’ or ‘Beehive’ Open Cluster) in Cancer (A.36) 155 M13 (‘Great Hercules Globular Cluster’) (A.37) 157 NGC 5139 (‘Omega Centauri’ Globular Cluster) (A.38) 161 Intergalactic Nebulae 163 M42 (‘Great Orion’) (A.39) & NGC 1977 (‘Running Man’) (A.40) Nebulae in Orion 164 M27 (‘Dumbbell’ Planetary Nebula) in Vulpecula (A.41) 172 M57 (‘Ring’ Planetary Nebula) in Lyra (A.42) 176 B33 (‘Horsehead’ Nebula) Region in Orion (A.43) 180 NGC 3372 (‘Eta Carinae Nebula’) (A.44) 186 IC 4604 (‘Rho Ophiuchi’ Nebula) in Ophiuchus (A.45) 190 M8 (‘Lagoon Nebula) in Sagittarius (A.46) 194 M20 (‘Trifid’ Nebula) in Sagittarius (A.47) 194 M16/IC4703 (‘Eagle’ Nebula) in Serpens Cauda (A.48) 200 NGC 1499 (‘California’ Nebula) in Perseus (A.49) 200 M1 (‘Crab’ Nebula) Supernova Remnant in Taurus (A.50) 206 NGC 2237 (‘Rosette’ Nebula) in Monoceros (A.51) 206 NGC 6960 (‘Witch’s Broom’ Supernova Remnant) in Cygnus (A.52) 212 NGC 7000 (‘North American’ Nebula) in Cygnus (A.53) 216 IC 5146 (‘Cocoon’ Nebula) in Cygnus (A.54) 216 NGC 7293 (‘Helix’ Planetary Nebula) in Aquarius (A.55) 222 NGC 2261 (‘Hubble’s Variable Nebula’) in Monoceros (A.56) 222 Extragalactic Nebulae Edition 228 M51 (‘Whirlpool’ Galaxy) in Canes Venatici (A.57) 229 M31 (‘Great Andromeda Spiral’ Galaxy) (A.58) 233 Magellanic Clouds: LMC (A.59) in Dorado/Mensa & SMC (A.60) in Tucana 237 M65 (A.61), M66 (A.62) & NGC 3628 (A.63) - Leo Triplet of Galaxies 243 M63 (‘Sunflower’ Galaxy) in Canes Venatici (A.64) 247 NGC 4631 (‘Whale’ Galaxy) in Canes Venatici (A.65) 247 M101 (‘Pinwheel’ Galaxy) in Ursa Major (A.66) 247 M81 (‘Bode’s’ Galaxy) (A.67) & M82 (‘Cigar/Starburst’ Galaxy) (A.68) in Ursa Major 255 M104 (Sombrero Hat Galaxy) in Virgo (A.69) 261 NGC 253 (SpiralFree Galaxy) in Sculptor (A.70) 261 6. Rainbows of Heaven - Photographic Astronomical Spectroscopy 267 Overview - Photographic Astronomical Spectroscopy 268 Jim Ferreira - Spectroscopic Imager - USA 273 Spectroscopes & Spectrographs (A.71) 275 Solar Spectrum (A.72) 279 Emission Lines (A.73) 283 Stellar Spectra (A.74) 287 Stellar Classification (A.75) 291 Lunar Planetary & Cometary Spectra (A.76) 295 Doppler Shifts (A.77) 299 Galactic Spectra (A.78) 303 7. Surveyors of the Sky - Photographic Maps of the Stars 307 Overview - Photographic Maps of the Stars 308 Jason Jennings - Wide-field Astrophotography -Australia 313 Starfields (A.79) 315 Photographic Astrometry (A.80) 319 ‘Carte du Ciel’ Project (A.81) 323 Milky Way & Star Clouds (A.82) 327 Palomar & Digital Sky Surveys (A.83) 331 8. Coming of the Astrograph - Telescopes of Astrophotography 337 Overview - Telescopes of Astrophotography 338 Anthony Wesley - Telescope Builder & Astrophotographer - Australia 343 72-inch ‘Leviathan of Parsonstown’ Reflector (1845) - (A.84) 345 15-inch ‘Great Harvard Refractor’ (1847) - (A85) 349 Kew Photoheliograph (1857) - (A.86) 353 Seven Equatorial Coudés (1882-1892) - (A.87) 357 6-inch Crocker Astrograph (1892) - (A.88) 361 36-inch Common/Crossley Reflector (1879) - (A.89) 365 40-inch Yerkes Refractor (1897) - (A.90) 369 60-inch (A.91) & 100-inch (A.92) Mount Wilson Reflectors (1908-1917) 373 200-inch Mount Palomar Reflector (A.93) 379 19-inch Ritchey-Chrétien Astrograph (1927) - (A.94) 383 14.5-inch Schmidtspiegel Astrograph (1930) - (A.95) 387 Amateur Telescopes (A.96) 391 9. Plates, Films & Chips - Modern Day Astrophotography 395 Overview - Modern Day Astrophotography 396 David Malin - Modern Pioneering AstrophotographerEdition - Australia 403 SBIG Cameras 405 Maxim DL Image Processing (Diffraction Limited) 407 Film Images (A.97) 409 Film Cameras (A.98) 413 Digital Cameras (A.99) 417 Digital Images (A.100) 421 Appendices Free 427 A. The Pioneers 428 B. The Imagers 446 End Piece 486 Further Reading 487 Photographic Sources 493 Abbreviations 504 Acknowledgements 506 Index 507 The Author 518 Max Wolf Introduction 1910 2005Edition Free Robert Gendler Preface As a young boy growing up in awe of the stars, I suffered a great disappointment and frustration - for I could never truly see the universe as it was in the photographs of my books. Through the eyepieces of my telescopes, which got bigger with each passing year I could only glimpse the myriad of stars of the two great globular clusters in Hercules; or pick out the faint ‘fuzzies’ that were star systems beyond our own Milky Way; or sense the magnificent glowing gas of the ‘Great Nebula’ in Orion - and when I looked for the dark head of the ‘Grim Reaper’s Horse’ rising into the light- I saw nothing, but the need for an even bigger telescope! I knew I could never have a ‘Great Reflector’ atop a Mountain or even an ageing Large Refractor at the edge of a City, so I gave up and became a Theoretical Astronomer where my only instruments were main frame computers programmed with the language of Mathematics, but I never forgot the wonder of the stars. Now half a century later, the modern amateur astronomer need not feel the disappointment or frustration as I did. Every night across the world in almost every country, in backyards, gardens, on hills or in deserts they image the heavens. With their modest equipment costing just a few thousand dollars they can see all that I could not; and with it capture the Night Sky with a quality far superior to the photographic plates taken by the ‘Great Telescopes’ in my books. The digital age of the CCD ‘Chip’ has arrived. My previous book the ‘Catchers of the Light’ told the story of the History of Astrophotography through the ‘Forgotten Lives of the Men and Women Who First Photographed the Heavens’. The present volume tells of the ‘Ages of Astrophotography’ through the images themselves. It features 100 of the most important, iconic and famous of astronomical objects, instruments, surveys, telescopes and cameras. For each ‘object’ two images are depicted side by side, one taken by an early Pioneer of Astrophotography and a second imaged by one of today’s finest Astronomical Photographers. Whenever possible the modern image is taken with the same ‘framing’ as that of the earlier photograph. Through these 100 objects the History of Astrophotography is told from the Age of the firstEdition Daguerreotypes up until the present Age of the CCD camera. The book is divided into nine parts covering every aspect of the subject from its Origins, the Moon, Sun, Solar System, Deep Space, Spectroscopy, Photographic Sky Surveys, Telescopes and the Digital Age. It is entirely fitting that ‘Ages of Astrophotography’ should have a ‘Past & Present’ theme and feature the images of both the early Pioneers of Astronomical Photography and their Modern Counterparts - for they have each seen the Spiral Nature of Galaxies, witnessed the magnificence of the Globulars, looked upon the beauty of the Gaseous Nebulae and even captured the ‘Grim Reaper’s’Free Horse. It is for them this book has been written, so that anyone with even a passing interest in the Stars can learn of how they became the ‘Catchers of the Light’ - and in doing so wrote the History of Astrophotography. The year 2015 represents a milestone in Astrophotography, for it marks 125+ years since the birth of Edwin Powell Hubble (1889-1953) and 25 years since the launch of the great space telescope which bears his name. In 1923 Hubble made the most important astronomical discovery using photography of all time, when he imaged a Cepheid Variable star in the ‘Great Andromeda Spiral’; and in doing solved the ‘problem of the nebulae’ and proved that Lord Rosse’s ‘Spirals’ were ‘island universes lying behind the confines of our own Milky Way star system.
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