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Hacia Un Sistema De Clasificación De Grupos Religiosos En América Latina

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Hacia Un Sistema De Clasificación De Grupos Religiosos En América Latina PROGRAMA LATINOAMERICANO DE ESTUDIOS SOCIORRELIGIOSOS (PROLADES) HACIA UN SISTEMA DE CLASIFICACIÓN DE GRUPOS RELIGIOSOS EN AMÉRICA LATINA, CON UN ENFOQUE ESPECIAL SOBRE EL MOVIMIENTO PROTESTANTE por Clifton L. Holland Versión revisada del 23 de noviembre de 2005 PROLADES Apartado 1524-2050, San Pedro, Costa Rica Teléfono: (506) 283-8300; Fax (506) 234-7682 E-correo: [email protected] Internet: http://www.prolades.com © Clifton L. Holland, 2004, 2005 PROLADES Apartado 1524-2050 San José, Costa Rica Reservados todos los derechos 2 INDICE 1. Presentación 7 2. Hacia una Tipología de Grupos Religiosos por Familias de Iglesias en América Latina 9 3. Un Bosquejo Anotado del Sistema de Clasificación de Grupos Religiosos por Tradiciones Principales, Familias y Subfamilias con Referencia Especial al Contexto Latinoamericano 17 PARTE A: LAS VIEJAS IGLESIAS CRISTIANAS LITURGICAS 17 A1.0 TRADICIÓN LITÚRGICA ORIENTAL 17 A1.10 TRADICIÓN ORTODOXA ORIENTAL 17 A1.11 Patriarcados 18 A1.12 Iglesias Ortodoxas Autocéfalas 18 A1.13 Otras Iglesias Ortodoxas en las Américas 19 A1.14 Otras Iglesias Cismáticas de Tradición Ortodoxa Oriental 19 A1.20 TRADICIÓN ORTODOXA NO CALCEDONIA 19 A1.21 Familia Nestoriana – La Iglesia del Este 20 A1.22 Familia Monofisista 20 A1.23 Familia Copta 21 A1.30 ORGANIZACIONES ORTODOXAS DE INTRAFE 22 A2.0 TRADICIÓN LITÚRGICA OCCIDENTAL 23 A2.1 Iglesia Católica Romana 24 A2.2 Congregaciones Religiosas de la Iglesia Católica Romana 24 A2.3 Iglesias Ortodoxas Autóctonas en Comunión con Roma: Ritos Armenia, Maronita, Melquita, Ucrana, etc. 25 A2.4 Movimiento de la Iglesia Católica Vieja 26 A2.5 Otras Iglesias Autónomas de la Tradición Litúrgica Occidental 27 A2.6 Organizaciones Católicas Occidentales de Intrafe 29 PARTE B: LAS IGLESIAS CRISTIANAS DEL MOVIMIENTO PROTESTANTE 30 B1.0 TRADICIÓN PROTESTANTE LITÚRGICA 32 B1.1 Familia Luterana 33 B1.2 Familia Reformada-Presbiteriana-Congregacional 33 B1.3 Familia Anglicana-Episcopal 38 B2.0 TRADICIÓN EVANGÉLICA SEPARATISTA 41 B2.1 Familia Anabaptista-Menonita 41 B2.2 Familia Bautista 45 B2.3 Familia Pietista 51 B2.4 Familia Fundamentalista Independiente 57 B2.5 Familia Movimiento de Santidad 60 B2.6 Familia Movimiento Restauracionista 61 3 B3.0 TRADICIÓN ADVENTISTA 64 B3.1 Familia Millerista Sabática 64 B3.2 Familia Millerista Dominical 64 B3.3 Familia del Movimiento de la Iglesia de Dios 64 B3.4 Familia del Movimiento de Armstrong 64 B4.0 TRADICIÓN DEL MOVIMIENTO PENTECOSTAL 66 B4.01 Familia Pentecostal de la Fe Apostólica 66 B4.02 Familia Pentecostal de Santidad 67 B4.03 Familia Pentecostal del Nombre de Jesús (unipentecostales) 70 B4.04 Familia Pentecostal de la Obra Completa 72 B4.05 Familia Pentecostal Sabática 74 B4.06 Familia Pentecostal del Movimiento de Liberación y Sanidad Divina 74 B4.07 Familia Pentecostal del Movimiento de la Lluvia Tardía 76 B4.08 Familia Pentecostal del Movimiento Carismático 77 B4.09 Familia Pentecostal del Movimiento Pastoral 79 B4.10 Familia Pentecostal del Movimiento Palabra de Fe 78 B4.11 Otras no clasificadas 80 B5.0 IGLESIAS PROTESTANTES NO CLASIFICADAS 81 B6.0 ORGANIZACIONES PROTESTANTES DE INTRAFE (PARA ECLESIALES) 81 B7.0 IGLESIAS PROTESTANTES CON TRADICIÓN MIXTA: PENTECOSTAL Y NO PENTECOSTAL 81 PARTE C: GRUPOS CRISTIANOS MARGINALES 82 C1.0 Tradición de Grupos con Raíces en el Movimiento Adventista 82 C2.0 Tradición Comunal 83 C3.0 Tradición de la Gente de Jesús 84 C4.0 Tradición de los Santos de los Últimos Días 85 C5.0 Tradición Liberal 86 C6.0 Tradición Metafísica-Nuevo Pensamiento 86 C7.0 Otros Grupos Cristianos Marginales según la Región y el País de Origen 89 PARTE D: GRUPOS RELIGIOSOS NO CRISTIANOS 92 D1.0 GRUPOS RELIGIOSOS ORIENTALES, PARTE I 92 D1.1 Tradición Budista 92 D1.2 Tradición de Religiones Chinas 95 D1.3 Tradición de Religiones Japonesas 96 D2.0 GRUPOS RELIGIOSOS ORIENTALES, PARTE II 97 D2.1 Tradición Hindú 97 D2.2 Tradición Jain 100 D2.3 Tradición Sikh 100 D2.4 Tradición Sant Mat 100 D3.0 GRUPOS RELIGIOSOS DEL ORIENTE MEDIO, PARTE I: TRADICION JUDÍA 102 D3.01 Familia Judía Ortodoxa 102 D3.02 Familia Hasídica 102 D3.03 Familia Judía Reformista 102 D3.04 Familia Judía Conservadora 102 D3.05 Familia de Congregaciones Sefárdicas 102 D3.06 Familia Judía Reconstrucionista 102 D3.07 Familia de Judíos Negros 102 4 D3.08 Familia de Judíos Mesiánicos 103 D3.09 Otros grupos 103 D4.0 GRUPOS RELIGIOSOS DEL ORIENTE MEDIO, PART II 104 D4.1 Familia Zoroasterísta 104 D4.2 Familia Islámica 104 D4.3 Familia Baha’i 105 D5.0 TRADICIONES ANÍMISTAS 106 D5.1 Religiones Amerindígenas y Movimientos Amerindígenas Nativistas 106 D5.2 Religiones Nativistas Afroamericanas 109 D5.3 Religiones Nativistas Latinoamericanas 119 D5.4 Otras Religiones Animistas por Continente 119 D6.0 TRADICION DE LA SABIDURÍA ANTIGUA 120 D6.01 Familia de Magia Tradicional 121 D6.02 Familia de Magia Ritual o Ceremonial 122 D6.03 Familia de Órdenes Militares y Logias Masónicas 122 D6.04 Familia Rosacruciana 127 D6.05 Familia Neo-Paganismo: Wicca Gardneriana 128 D6.06 Familia de Grupos Satánicos 129 D6.07 Sociedades ocultas y mágicas nacidas en América Latina y el Caribe 129 D7.0 TRADICION PSÍQUICA-ESPIRITUALISTA-NUEVA ERA 131 D7.01 Familia Espiritista-Espiritualista 131 D7.02 Familia Swedenborg 133 D7.03 Familia Teosófica 134 D7.04 Familia Iglesia Católica Liberal 134 D7.05 Familia del Movimiento de Alice Bailey 135 D7.06 Familia del Movimiento “Yo Soy” y “Maestros Ascendidos” 135 D7.07 Familia de Grupos “Platillos Volantes” (UFOs) 136 D7.08 Familia del Movimiento de la Nueva Era 137 D7.09 Otras no clasificadas 138 D8.0 OTROS GRUPOS NO CRISTIANOS SIN CLASIFICACION 138 PARTE E: GRUPOS INTER-RELIGIOSOS O MULTI-RELIGIOSOS 139 PARTE F: GRUPOS O SEGMENTOS POBLACIONALES NO RELIGIOSAS 139 PARTE G: OTROS GRUPOS RELIGIOSOS NO CLASIFICADOS 141 4. Fuentes Principales de Referencia 145 5 PRESENTACION En este documento se presente una introducción al sistema de clasificación de “grupos religiosos” elaborada por el autor, con una amplificación de la tipología por medio de un "bosquejo anotado" que trata de definir el origen, el desarrollo histórico y las doctrinas particulares de cada Tradición Principal, Familia y Subfamilia Religiosa que existe en las Américas y en la Península Ibérica. Aunque mi interés inicial en el desarrollo de un sistema de clasificación de grupos religiosos en las Américas tenía que ver con el problema de definir las características y la composición del Movimiento Protestante o Evangélico en este contexto histórico, como una tarea urgente para mi tesis doctoral en la Escuela de Misión Mundial del Seminario Fuller en Pasadena, California, en 1980-1981, mi curiosidad y deseo de conocer la realidad sociorreligiosa más amplia de las Américas me motivó a realizar un estudio más completo sobre el tema. Desde el arranque del Proyecto Latinoamericano de Estudios Sociorreligiosos (PROLADES) en 1977 en Centro América, hemos tenido una definición provisional del "Movimiento Protestante" que se puede ver con claridad en todos los documentos de PROLADES (o bajo el nombre de PROCADES), especialmente en la serie de directorios nacionales sobre el Movimiento Protestante que hemos publicado desde 1978. Pero en el reporte actual queremos hacer una definición más clara del asunto, tanto para el bien de los que forman parte del Movimiento Protestante como para diferenciarnos de los que no son parte de este movimiento. Sin una definición adecuada de los grupos religiosos que forman parte del Movimiento Protestante, sería imposible medirlo y analizarlo históricamente y sociológicamente en el contexto internacional en general, o en el contexto específico de una región o un país en particular. Debe ser obvio que no caben todos los grupos "cristianos no católicos” adentro de nuestra definición del "Movimiento Protestante". Por ejemplo, en muchos países donde se han llevado a cabo un censo nacional o una encuesta de opinión pública que incluye información sobre la “afiliación religiosa” de la población total, se han incluido en la categoría "Protestante" tanto a los grupos "evangélicos" como a los grupos cristianos “no evangélicos” (por ejemplo, los Mormones, los Testigos de Jehová, la Ciencia Cristiana, etc.). Para nosotros, los evangélicos, es importante aclarar la diferencia entre los grupos religiosos que pertenecen a la Tradición Evangélica y los grupos que no forman parte de este movimiento. Pero, aún, nuestra definición del "Movimiento Protestante" no va a satisfacer a todos los "evangélicos" en un país específico, como de Costa Rica donde yo soy residente, por razones históricas que tienen que ver con el desarrollo de este movimiento aquí, o por la perspectiva muy estrecha que algunos grupos "evangélicos" tienen sobre otros grupos "cristianos" no católicos. Por ejemplo, los grupos evangélicos no pentecostales muy conservadores tienen la tendencia de excluir de su concepto de la “Iglesia del Señor” a los grupos Pentecostales; los primeros son conocidos como "anti-pentecostales". Puede ser que otros no están de acuerdo con nuestra definición del Movimiento Protestante, por que incluimos en ella las denominaciones que forman parte de la Familia Adventista o la Familia Pentecostal. Por lo general, la mayoría de los líderes de los grupos "evangélicos" más grandes están de acuerdo sobre quienes son los grupos religiosos que pertenecen a la "Tradición Evangélica" y sobre los que no son de ella. El consenso de opinión más universal entre los evangélicos se anota con claridad por medio de ver cuáles son los grupos religiosos que conforman la Alianza Evangélica en cada país de América Latina, y los grupos que— históricamente—no han participado en ella. Usualmente, los grupos "evangélicos" que no han participado en los organismos de tipo "Alianza Evangélica" son los que tienen una mentalidad más sectaria, aunque ellos podrían llenar los requisitos mínimos para ser miembros de una Alianza Evangélica. Pero existen otros grupos autodenominados "cristianos" que nunca podrían llegar a ser miembros de la Alianza Evangélica de su país principalmente por razones doctrinales que tienen que ver con un rechazo de algunas doctrinas clásicas que definen el Movimiento Protestante, lo que es el criterio más universal para determina quiénes son, o no son, de la Tradición Evangélica en América Latina.
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