DOCSLIB.ORG

Lord Howe Island Plant Importation Strategy May 2014

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Lord Howe Island Plant Importation Strategy May 2014 LORD HOWE ISLAND BOARD LORD HOWE ISLAND PLANT IMPORTATION STRATEGY MAY 2014 Contents Executive Summary ................................................................................................................................. 2 1. Introduction .................................................................................................................................. 3 2. Background ................................................................................................................................... 3 3. Objective ....................................................................................................................................... 5 4. Scope ............................................................................................................................................ 5 5. Legislation, Policy and Planning .................................................................................................... 6 6. Prevention, Preparedness, Response and Recovery .................................................................... 9 7. Process and Procedures .............................................................................................................. 11 8. Surveillance and Monitoring....................................................................................................... 17 9. Capacity ...................................................................................................................................... 18 10. Compliance ................................................................................................................................. 19 11. Increased Local Plant Production ............................................................................................... 21 12. Review and Evaluation ................................................................................................................ 21 13. Bibliography ................................................................................................................................ 22 Appendix 1 Plant Importation Policy ............................................................................................... 25 Appendix 3 Application Forms ......................................................................................................... 31 Appendix 4 Plants Prohibited from Import to Lord Howe Island ..................................................... 39 Appendix 5 Plants Permissible for Import to Lord Howe Island ...................................................... 47 Appendix 6 Plant Health Industry Standards and Certification ....................................................... 53 Appendix 7 Fungicide Treatment ..................................................................................................... 55 Lord Howe Island Board Plant Importation Strategy Page 1 of 56 Executive Summary The Lord Howe Island Plant Importation Strategy 2013 (the Strategy) aims to protect and mitigate against the risk of invasive plants and pathogens that may threaten the island’s biodiversity, agricultural capacity, health and well being and economy. The review of the Strategy is identified as a priority under the Lord Howe Biodiversity Management Plan 2007 and is an important component of the LHIB Quarantine Strategy 2003. The Strategy addresses the Lord Howe Island Board’s (LHIB’s) legislative and management responsibilities to protect the islands World Heritage values. The Strategy provides background information on the biosecurity risks associated with the importation plant and plant materials. The risk of the exotic fungus myrtle rust Puccinia psidii sens. lat. still remains high, despite Lord Howe Island (LHI) remaining myrtle rust free. Plants from the Myrtaceae family are prohibited from import, and risk management procedures apply for the import of other plants and plant materials. This Strategy applies to plants and plant materials (including cut flowers) that may be imported by sea freight, air, by post and in passenger luggage. Approval is required from the LHIB to import permissible species. This requires that an ‘Intent to Import Form and myrtle rust checklist’ to be submitted to the LHIB. Only plants or plant materials listed as permissible can be imported. New plant species not known on the island require a Weed Risk Assessment (WRA) to determine their potential to become a weed and ascertain their suitability for import. No application is required to import clean and packaged seeds of listed permissible species or any fruit and vegetables (except Myrtaceae) for consumption. Importation forms, lists of ‘permissible plant species’ and ‘prohibited plant species’ are provided in the appendices. The Strategy has limitations with the Boards capacity to intercept undeclared imports. Ongoing community engagement and consultation with the nursery and cut flower industry is required to increase awareness of the plant importation protocols pertaining to LHI. The strategy will remain adaptive to address new biosecurity risks associated with plant imports. Lord Howe Island Board Plant Importation Strategy Page 2 of 56 1. Introduction The Lord Howe Island Plant Importation Strategy 2013 (the Strategy) aims to protect Lord Howe Island (LHI) against the risks that may arise from introduced plants and pathogens entering, establishing and spreading on LHI. LHI is known to be free of many of the pests and diseases that occur on mainland Australia–and we intend to keep it that way. The Lord Howe Island Board (LHIB) has developed a Plant Importation Policy to guide the importation of plants and plant material to LHI (Appendix 1), which relies upon a science-based risk assessment process and establishes clear, consistent management objectives and elements to manage these risks. The LHIB Plant Importation Policy and Strategy 2013 were adopted by the Lord Howe Island Board at the May 2013 Board meeting subject to investigating options to “facilitate the importation of plants and reduce the financial burden on importers without markedly increasing the risk of disease”. A review of procedures and a risk assessment were undertaken to assess the risk of the introduction of myrtle rust Puccinia psidii to LHI. A list of recommended plant importation protocols to reduce the risk of myrtle rust was adopted by the Board in September 2013. The Plant Importation Policy (2013) adopts an Appropriate Level of Protection (ALOP) to deliver a high level of sanitary or phytosanitary protection aimed at reducing risk to a low level , but not to zero. To reduce the risk of introduction of myrtle rust from import of non myrtaceous nursery stock to LHI, an ALOP that achieves a moderate level of sanitary or phytosanitary protection has been adopted. These were based on careful consideration of the likelihood and consequences of pest introduction, and the implications of these restrictions on the community and trade on LHI. It acknowledges that myrtle rust could be imported through non plant material such as clothing or general freight that has been in contact with myrtle rust spore. The Plant Importation Policy and Strategy are based on the principle that the most cost-effective means of managing weeds, plant pests and pathogens is to prevent their introduction and establishment in the first instance. This requires a collaborative effort between the LHIB, Commonwealth and State government agencies, suppliers, transport companies and the community. 2. Background The introduction, establishment and spread of introduced plants and plant diseases present a major threat to the environment and economy of LHI (Biodiversity Management Plan 2007). LHI is particularly vulnerable to the impacts of new pest introductions due to its resident human population and associated trade/transport routes, its small size, long term geographic isolation and resultant finely adapted ecology. Weed invasion is identified as a major threat to the biodiversity of LHI, and affects all vegetation communities. The LHIB has developed a Weed Management Strategy (2006) which: a) Identifies the level of weed risk to LHI; and b) Provides a strategy for the eradication of at least 25 priority invasive species (based on threat) and recommendations for an adaptive and integrated approach to weed management. Over $ 4.5 million dollars (as of November 2013) has been invested towards the eradication of key weed species on LHI since the project commenced in 2004. There are 241 species of native vascular Lord Howe Island Board Plant Importation Strategy Page 3 of 56 plants on LHI, of which 115 (47%) are endemic and 10 are listed as threatened. Native plants are heavily outnumbered by introduced plant species, with over 670 introduced plants recorded from the island, of which 271 possess invasive attributes and are defined as exotic weeds in the LHI Biodiversity Management Plan 2007 (BMP). Many ornamental plants in gardens on LHI are recognised as sleeper weeds that are yet to demonstrate their invasive capacity in the local environment. Preventing the introduction of any new or potential weeds, pests and pathogens and targeting the removal of newly emerging sleeper weeds or plant pathogens before they become established is cost effective and is critical to protecting the islands biodiversity, agriculture and tourism. To address the threat posed by plant imports, the LHIB initially adopted a LHI Plant Importation Policy in March 2004. This policy introduced: a) The requirement to obtain approval from the
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Appendix Color Plates of Solanales Species
    Appendix Color Plates of Solanales Species The first half of the color plates (Plates 1–8) shows a selection of phytochemically prominent solanaceous species, the second half (Plates 9–16) a selection of convol- vulaceous counterparts. The scientific name of the species in bold (for authorities see text and tables) may be followed (in brackets) by a frequently used though invalid synonym and/or a common name if existent. The next information refers to the habitus, origin/natural distribution, and – if applicable – cultivation. If more than one photograph is shown for a certain species there will be explanations for each of them. Finally, section numbers of the phytochemical Chapters 3–8 are given, where the respective species are discussed. The individually combined occurrence of sec- ondary metabolites from different structural classes characterizes every species. However, it has to be remembered that a small number of citations does not neces- sarily indicate a poorer secondary metabolism in a respective species compared with others; this may just be due to less studies being carried out. Solanaceae Plate 1a Anthocercis littorea (yellow tailflower): erect or rarely sprawling shrub (to 3 m); W- and SW-Australia; Sects. 3.1 / 3.4 Plate 1b, c Atropa belladonna (deadly nightshade): erect herbaceous perennial plant (to 1.5 m); Europe to central Asia (naturalized: N-USA; cultivated as a medicinal plant); b fruiting twig; c flowers, unripe (green) and ripe (black) berries; Sects. 3.1 / 3.3.2 / 3.4 / 3.5 / 6.5.2 / 7.5.1 / 7.7.2 / 7.7.4.3 Plate 1d Brugmansia versicolor (angel’s trumpet): shrub or small tree (to 5 m); tropical parts of Ecuador west of the Andes (cultivated as an ornamental in tropical and subtropical regions); Sect.
    [Show full text]
  • Contrasting Bacterial Communities in Two Indigenous Chionochloa (Poaceae) Grassland Soils in New Zealand
    RESEARCH ARTICLE Contrasting bacterial communities in two indigenous Chionochloa (Poaceae) grassland soils in New Zealand Jocelyn C. Griffith1, William G. Lee2, David A. Orlovich1, Tina C. Summerfield1* 1 Department of Botany, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand, 2 Landcare Research, Dunedin, New Zealand * [email protected] a1111111111 a1111111111 Abstract a1111111111 a1111111111 The cultivation of grasslands can modify both bacterial community structure and impact on a1111111111 nutrient cycling as well as the productivity and diversity of plant communities. In this study, two pristine New Zealand grassland sites dominated by indigenous tall tussocks (Chiono- chloa pallens or C. teretifolia) were examined to investigate the extent and predictability of variation of the bacterial community. The contribution of free-living bacteria to biological OPEN ACCESS nitrogen fixation is predicted to be ecologically significant in these soils; therefore, the diazo- Citation: Griffith JC, Lee WG, Orlovich DA, trophic community was also examined. The C. teretifolia site had N-poor and poorly-drained Summerfield TC (2017) Contrasting bacterial peaty soils, and the C. pallens had N-rich and well-drained fertile soils. These soils also dif- communities in two indigenous Chionochloa (Poaceae) grassland soils in New Zealand. PLoS fer in the proportion of organic carbon (C), Olsen phosphorus (P) and soil pH. The nutrient- ONE 12(6): e0179652. https://doi.org/10.1371/ rich soils showed increased relative abundances of some copiotrophic bacterial taxa (includ- journal.pone.0179652 ing members of the Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes phyla). Other copiotrophs, Editor: Brenda A Wilson, University of Illinois at Actinobacteria and the oliogotrophic Acidobacteria showed increased relative abundance in Urbana-Champaign, UNITED STATES nutrient-poor soils.
    [Show full text]
  • Chionochloa Flavicans F. Temata
    Chionochloa flavicans f. temata COMMON NAME Te Mata Peak Snow Tussock SYNONYMS None (first described in 1991) FAMILY Poaceae AUTHORITY Chionochloa flavicans f. temata Connor FLORA CATEGORY Vascular – Native ENDEMIC TAXON Yes ENDEMIC GENUS No ENDEMIC FAMILY No STRUCTURAL CLASS Grasses CHROMOSOME NUMBER 2n = 42 CURRENT CONSERVATION STATUS 2012 | At Risk – Naturally Uncommon | Qualifiers: OL PREVIOUS CONSERVATION STATUSES 2009 | At Risk – Naturally Uncommon | Qualifiers: OL 2004 | Range Restricted DISTRIBUTION Endemic. North Island, Hawkes Bay, where it is only known from Te Mata Peak, Havelock North. HABITAT Confined to limestone cliffs where it can at times be locally dominant. FEATURES Tall, rather stout, often sprawling, flabellate tussock with persistent leaves and sheaths. Leaf-sheath to 150 mm, pinkish or purplish, chartaceous, entire, becoming fibrous, keeled, glabrous or with a few long hairs, apical tuft of hairs to 1 mm. Ligule to 0.7 mm. Leaf-blade to 750 × 8 mm, dark green, often distinctly glaucous, keeled, persistent, glabrous except for some short hairs above ligule and prickle-teeth on margins and abaxially at apex. Culm to 1.5 m, internodes glabrous. Inflorescence to 300 mm, clavate, dense and compact, not naked below; rachis smooth below, branches and pedicels densely scabrid and with some long hairs at branch axils. Spikelets of up to 4 distant florets. Glumes to 4 mm, broad, shallowly bifid, sometimes purpled, margins ciliate, prickle-teeth adaxially above, < nearest lemma lobes; lower 3-nerved, upper 5-nerved. Lemma to 4 mm, shorter and broader than typical form; hairs dense on margin, few aside central nerve, rarely reaching sinus, prickle-teeth above adaxially and abaxially on nerves; lateral lobes to 0.2 mm, conspicuously awned adjacent to a small lobe; central awn to 6 mm, reflexed, column absent.
    [Show full text]
  • Survey of Roadside Alien Plants in Hawai`I Volcanoes National Park and Adjacent Residential Areas 2001–2005
    Technical Report HCSU-032 SURVEY OF ROADSIDE ALIEN PLANts IN HAWAI`I VOLCANOES NATIONAL PARK AND ADJACENT RESIDENTIAL AREAS 2001–2005 Linda W. Pratt1 Keali`i F. Bio2 James D. Jacobi1 1 U.S. Geological Survey, Pacific Island Ecosystems Research Center, Kilauea Field Station, P.O. Box 44, Hawaii National Park, HI 96718 2 Hawai‘i Cooperative Studies Unit, University of Hawai‘i at Hilo, P.O. Box 44, Hawai‘i National Park, HI 96718 Hawai‘i Cooperative Studies Unit University of Hawai‘i at Hilo 200 W. Kawili St. Hilo, HI 96720 (808) 933-0706 September 2012 This product was prepared under Cooperative Agreement CA03WRAG0036 for the Pacific Island Ecosystems Research Center of the U.S. Geological Survey. Technical Report HCSU-032 SURVEY OF ROADSIDE ALIEN PLANTS IN HAWAI`I VOLCANOES NATIONAL PARK AND ADJACENT RESIDENTIAL AREAS 2001–2005 1 2 1 LINDA W. PRATT , KEALI`I F. BIO , AND JAMES D. JACOBI 1 U.S. Geological Survey, Pacific Island Ecosystems Research Center, Kīlauea Field Station, P.O. Box 44, Hawai`i Volcanoes National Park, HI 96718 2 Hawaii Cooperative Studies Unit, University of Hawai`i at Hilo, Hilo, HI 96720 Hawai`i Cooperative Studies Unit University of Hawai`i at Hilo 200 W. Kawili St. Hilo, HI 96720 (808) 933-0706 September 2012 This article has been peer reviewed and approved for publication consistent with USGS Fundamental Science Practices ( http://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1367/ ). Any use of trade, firm, or product names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government.
    [Show full text]
  • Insights from Microsporogenesis in Asparagales
    EVOLUTION & DEVELOPMENT 9:5, 460–471 (2007) Constraints and selection: insights from microsporogenesis in Asparagales Laurent Penet,a,1,Ã Michel Laurin,b Pierre-Henri Gouyon,a,c and Sophie Nadota aLaboratoire Ecologie, Syste´matique et Evolution, Batiment 360, Universite´ Paris-Sud, 91405 Orsay Ce´dex, France bUMR CNRS 7179, Universite´ Paris 6FPierre & Marie Curie, 2 place Jussieu, Case 7077, 75005 Paris, France cMuse´um National d’Histoire Naturelle, De´partement de Syste´matique et Evolution Botanique, 12 rue Buffon, 75005 Paris CP 39, France ÃAuthor for correspondence (email: [email protected]) 1Current address: Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, 4249 Fifth & Ruskin, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA. SUMMARY Developmental constraints have been proposed different characteristics of microsporogenesis, only cell to interfere with natural selection in limiting the available wall formation appeared as constrained. We show that set of potential adaptations. Whereas this concept has constraints may also result from biases in the correlated long been debated on theoretical grounds, it has been occurrence of developmental steps (e.g., lack of successive investigated empirically only in a few studies. In this article, cytokinesis when wall formation is centripetal). We document we evaluate the importance of developmental constraints such biases and their potential outcomes, notably the during microsporogenesis (male meiosis in plants), with an establishment of intermediate stages, which allow emphasis on phylogenetic patterns in Asparagales. Different development to bypass such constraints. These insights are developmental constraints were tested by character discussed with regard to potential selection on pollen reshuffling or by simulated distributions. Among the morphology. INTRODUCTION 1991) also hindered tests using the concept (Pigliucci and Kaplan 2000).
    [Show full text]
  • A Molecular Phylogeny of the Solanaceae
    TAXON 57 (4) • November 2008: 1159–1181 Olmstead & al. • Molecular phylogeny of Solanaceae MOLECULAR PHYLOGENETICS A molecular phylogeny of the Solanaceae Richard G. Olmstead1*, Lynn Bohs2, Hala Abdel Migid1,3, Eugenio Santiago-Valentin1,4, Vicente F. Garcia1,5 & Sarah M. Collier1,6 1 Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, U.S.A. *olmstead@ u.washington.edu (author for correspondence) 2 Department of Biology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, U.S.A. 3 Present address: Botany Department, Faculty of Science, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt 4 Present address: Jardin Botanico de Puerto Rico, Universidad de Puerto Rico, Apartado Postal 364984, San Juan 00936, Puerto Rico 5 Present address: Department of Integrative Biology, 3060 Valley Life Sciences Building, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, U.S.A. 6 Present address: Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, U.S.A. A phylogeny of Solanaceae is presented based on the chloroplast DNA regions ndhF and trnLF. With 89 genera and 190 species included, this represents a nearly comprehensive genus-level sampling and provides a framework phylogeny for the entire family that helps integrate many previously-published phylogenetic studies within So- lanaceae. The four genera comprising the family Goetzeaceae and the monotypic families Duckeodendraceae, Nolanaceae, and Sclerophylaceae, often recognized in traditional classifications, are shown to be included in Solanaceae. The current results corroborate previous studies that identify a monophyletic subfamily Solanoideae and the more inclusive “x = 12” clade, which includes Nicotiana and the Australian tribe Anthocercideae. These results also provide greater resolution among lineages within Solanoideae, confirming Jaltomata as sister to Solanum and identifying a clade comprised primarily of tribes Capsiceae (Capsicum and Lycianthes) and Physaleae.
    [Show full text]
  • REVIEW ARTICLE Fire, Grazing and the Evolution of New Zealand Grasses
    AvailableMcGlone on-lineet al.: Evolution at: http://www.newzealandecology.org/nzje/ of New Zealand grasses 1 REVIEW ARTICLE Fire, grazing and the evolution of New Zealand grasses Matt S. McGlone1*, George L. W. Perry2,3, Gary J. Houliston1 and Henry E. Connor4 1Landcare Research, PO Box 69040, Lincoln 7640, New Zealand 2School of Environment, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand 3School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand 4Department of Geography, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand *Author for correspondence (Email: [email protected]) Published online: 7 November 2013 Abstract: Less than 4% of the non-bamboo grasses worldwide abscise old leaves, whereas some 18% of New Zealand native grasses do so. Retention of dead or senescing leaves within grass canopies reduces biomass production and encourages fire but also protects against mammalian herbivory. Recently it has been argued that elevated rates of leaf abscission in New Zealand’s native grasses are an evolutionary response to the absence of indigenous herbivorous mammals. That is, grass lineages migrating to New Zealand may have increased biomass production through leaf-shedding without suffering the penalty of increased herbivory. We show here for the Danthonioideae grasses, to which the majority (c. 74%) of New Zealand leaf-abscising species belong, that leaf abscission outside of New Zealand is almost exclusively a feature of taxa of montane and alpine environments. We suggest that the reduced frequency of fire in wet, upland areas is the key factor as montane/alpine regions also experience heavy mammalian grazing.
    [Show full text]
  • GARDENERGARDENER® Thethe Magazinemagazine Ofof Thethe Aamericanmerican Horticulturalhorticultural Societysociety July / August 2007
    TheThe AmericanAmerican GARDENERGARDENER® TheThe MagazineMagazine ofof thethe AAmericanmerican HorticulturalHorticultural SocietySociety July / August 2007 pleasures of the Evening Garden HardyHardy PlantsPlants forfor Cold-ClimateCold-Climate RegionsRegions EveningEvening PrimrosesPrimroses DesigningDesigning withwith See-ThroughSee-Through PlantsPlants WIN THE BATTLE OF THE BULB The OXO GOOD GRIPS Quick-Release Bulb Planter features a heavy gauge steel shaft with a soft, comfortable, non-slip handle, large enough to accommodate two hands. The Planter’s patented Quick-Release lever replaces soil with a quick and easy squeeze. Dig in! 1.800.545.4411 www.oxo.com contents Volume 86, Number 4 . July / August 2007 FEATURES DEPARTMENTS 5 NOTES FROM RIVER FARM 6 MEMBERS’ FORUM 7 NEWS FROM AHS AHS award winners honored, President’s Council trip to Charlotte, fall plant and antiques sale at River Farm, America in Bloom Symposium in Arkansas, Eagle Scout project enhances River Farm garden, second AHS page 7 online plant seminar on annuals a success, page 39 Homestead in the Garden Weekend. 14 AHS PARTNERS IN PROFILE YourOutDoors, Inc. 16 PLEASURES OF THE EVENING GARDEN BY PETER LOEWER 44 ONE ON ONE WITH… Enjoy the garden after dark with appropriate design, good lighting, and the addition of fragrant, night-blooming plants. Steve Martino, landscape architect. 46 NATURAL CONNECTIONS 22 THE LEGEND OF HIDDEN Parasitic dodder. HOLLOW BY BOB HILL GARDENER’S NOTEBOOK Working beneath the radar, 48 Harald Neubauer is one of the Groundcovers that control weeds, meadow rues suited for northern gardens, new propagation wizards who online seed and fruit identification guide, keeps wholesale and retail national “Call Before You Dig” number nurseries stocked with the lat- established, saving wild magnolias, Union est woody plant selections.
    [Show full text]
  • The Genus Datura L. (Solanaceae) in Mexico and Spain – Ethnobotanical T Perspective at the Interface of Medical and Illicit Uses
    Journal of Ethnopharmacology 219 (2018) 133–151 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Journal of Ethnopharmacology journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/jethpharm Review The genus Datura L. (Solanaceae) in Mexico and Spain – Ethnobotanical T perspective at the interface of medical and illicit uses Guillermo Beníteza, Martí March-Salasb, Alberto Villa-Kamelc, Ulises Cháves-Jiménezc, ⁎ Javier Hernándezc, Nuria Montes-Osunad, Joaquín Moreno-Chocanoa, Paloma Cariñanosa,e, a Department of Botany, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Granada, Campus de Cartuja, E-18071 Granada, Spain b National Museum of Natural Sciences of Madrid (MNCN-CSIC), E-28006 Madrid, Spain c Ethnobotany Laboratory, National School of Anthropology and History (ENAH), 14030 Mexico , Mexico d Department of Crop Protection, Institute of Sustainable Agriculture, Superior Council of Scientific Investigations (CSIC), Campus Alameda del Obispo, E-14004 Córdoba, Spain e Andalusian Institute for Earth System Research (IISTA-CEAMA), University of Granada, E-18071 Granada, Spain ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Keywords: Ethnopharmacological relevance: The different species of the genus Datura have been used traditionally by some Ethnobotany pre-Columbian civilizations, as well as in medieval rituals linked to magic and witchcraft in both Mexico and Cross-cultural study Europe. It is also noteworthy the use of different alkaloids obtained from the plants for medicinal purposes in the Historical study treatment of various groups of diseases, especially of the respiratory and muscularskeletal systems. Scopolamine Aim of the study: A review of the ethnobotanical uses of the genus Datura in Mexico and Spain has been con- Hyoscine ducted. We focus on the medicinal and ritualistic uses included in modern ethnobotanical studies, emphasizing the historical knowledge from post-colonial American Codices and medieval European texts.
    [Show full text]
  • Networks in a Large-Scale Phylogenetic Analysis: Reconstructing Evolutionary History of Asparagales (Lilianae) Based on Four Plastid Genes
    Networks in a Large-Scale Phylogenetic Analysis: Reconstructing Evolutionary History of Asparagales (Lilianae) Based on Four Plastid Genes Shichao Chen1., Dong-Kap Kim2., Mark W. Chase3, Joo-Hwan Kim4* 1 College of Life Science and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China, 2 Division of Forest Resource Conservation, Korea National Arboretum, Pocheon, Gyeonggi- do, Korea, 3 Jodrell Laboratory, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, United Kingdom, 4 Department of Life Science, Gachon University, Seongnam, Gyeonggi-do, Korea Abstract Phylogenetic analysis aims to produce a bifurcating tree, which disregards conflicting signals and displays only those that are present in a large proportion of the data. However, any character (or tree) conflict in a dataset allows the exploration of support for various evolutionary hypotheses. Although data-display network approaches exist, biologists cannot easily and routinely use them to compute rooted phylogenetic networks on real datasets containing hundreds of taxa. Here, we constructed an original neighbour-net for a large dataset of Asparagales to highlight the aspects of the resulting network that will be important for interpreting phylogeny. The analyses were largely conducted with new data collected for the same loci as in previous studies, but from different species accessions and greater sampling in many cases than in published analyses. The network tree summarised the majority data pattern in the characters of plastid sequences before tree building, which largely confirmed the currently recognised phylogenetic relationships. Most conflicting signals are at the base of each group along the Asparagales backbone, which helps us to establish the expectancy and advance our understanding of some difficult taxa relationships and their phylogeny.
    [Show full text]
  • Dietes Iridioides Subsp. Angolensis from Angola and Dietes Bicolor Subsp
    Page 1 of 6 Original Research Two new subspecies of Dietes (Iridaceae: Iridoideae), Dietes iridioides subsp. angolensis from Angola and Dietes bicolor subsp. armeniaca from eastern South Africa, with notes and range extensions for Dietes butcheriana and Dietes iridioides Authors: Background: Recent collections of Dietes have extended the known geographical range and 1 Peter Goldblatt morphological variation in several species. John C. Manning1,2 Objectives: To describe additional taxa in Dietes to reflect the morphological and geographical Affiliations: variation in the species more accurately and to record significant range extensions. 1Research Centre for Plant Growth and Development, Method: Recent collections were compared with existing herbarium material and published University of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa literature. Results: Two new subspecies in Dietes are described, viz. Dietes iridioides subsp. angolensis 2South African National Biodiversity Institute, Cape from Angola, constituting the first record of the species from that country, andDietes bicolor Town, South Africa subsp. armeniaca from eastern South Africa, which represents a range extension into southern KwaZulu-Natal. We also document a range extension for the local endemic Dietes butcheriana Correspondence to: from KwaZulu-Natal into the Eastern Cape and discuss an anomalous population of Peter Goldblatt D. iridioides, with long-lived flowers, from near Hankey in the Eastern Cape. Email: [email protected] Conclusions: The range extensions and new infraspecific taxa increase our understanding of the diversity of Dietes in southern and south tropical Africa. Postal address: PO Box 299, 63166 St. Louis, United States of America Introduction Dates: With five species in sub-Saharan Africa and one on Lord Howe Island (Australasia), Dietes Salisb.
    [Show full text]
  • Dietes Iridioides
    Dietes iridioides Dietes iridioides Botanical Dietes iridioides Name: Common Paroo Lily, African Iris, Cape Iris, Fortnight Lily, Names: Morea Iris, Native: No Foliage Type: Evergreen Plant Type: Grasses, Strappy & Tufting, Hedging / Screening Plant Habit: Clumping, Tufting Description: An evergreen clump forming rhizomatous perennial with upright, dark green strappy leaves growing fan-like rosettes. Very similar to Dietes grandiflora,but with smaller flowers. White, yellow and purple iris-like flowers appear Spring and throughout Summer on tall stems. Mass plant for a showy display, use dotted throughout borders or as a low, informal hedge. Mature Height: 60cm-1m Position: Full Sun, Semi Shade Mature Width: 60cm-1m Soil Type: Loam, Sandy, Well Drained Family Name: Iridaceae Landscape Use(s): Borders / Shrubbery, Coastal Garden, Groundcover, Hedging / Screening, Low Water Garden, Mass Planting, Park And Gardens, Playgrounds, Origin: Africa Rockery, Roundabouts / Splitters, Tropical Garden, Verge, Container / Pot, Under Trees Characteristics: Foliage Colours: Green Pest & Diseases: Flower Colours: White Generally trouble free Flower Fragrant: No Flowering Season: Spring, Summer Cultural Notes: Fruit: No Prefers full sun to part shade in well drained soil. Water well in dry spells. Can be cut back hard late in winter if plant is looking tired to refresh. Water well in really dry Requirements: weather. Easy to propagate - lift and divide plant. Fertilize after trimming and water Growth Rate: Fast well to encourage fresh re-growth. Maintenance Level: Low Water Usage: Low Plant Care: Annual slow release fertiliser, Keep moist during dry periods, Mulch well Tolerances: Drought: High Frost: High Wind: High Disclaimer: Information and images provided is to be used as a guide only.
    [Show full text]