Paper 2 Flashcards The Human Environment
______Paper 2: Human Environment
• 1 hour and 30 minutes • 94 marks
Unit 4 Unit 5 Unit 6 Topics Urbanisation Development Resources
Any case studies? London India China Sao Paulo Germany Urbanisation
Urbanisation means that more people live in cities compared to the countryside than ever before. Over 50% of people in the world live in cities.
In developing and emerging countries, cities are growing really fast. Eg: India, Brazil
In developed countries, cities are still growing, but more slowly. These cities grew fastest in the Industrial Revolution, 200 years ago. Eg: UK, USA Urbanisation
1) Write a definition for urbanisation. (1 mark) 2) State one trend in global urbanisation (1 mark) 3) Describe one trend in urbanisation in developing (1 mark) countries 4) Describe one trend in urbanisation in developed (2 marks) countries
8 markers None for this section of the exam What causes urbanisation?
Cities are growing fastest in developing and emerging countries. They are growing so quickly it is hard for their governments to keep up – many new arrivals end up living in the slums.
Cities in places like India and Brazil are growing quickly because:
• People migrate to cities for jobs • Most people who migrate are young. They will start families when they arrive in the city. • Access to clean water and health care is improving, so the death rate is going down What causes urbanisation?
1) State 1 cause of urbanisation (1 mark) 2) Explain one cause of urbanisation in developed (2 marks) countries. 3) Explain one cause of urbanisation in developing (2 marks) countries. 4) Explain how migration causes urbanisation in (3 marks) developed countries. 5) Explain how death rates impact urbanisation in (3 marks) developing countries.
8 markers None for this section of the exam Urbanisation in the UK
In the UK, most of our cities are in the South East.
There are many reasons for this. Flat land– easier to build big cities Close to government– companies move to London, close to power. Close to Europe – easer to share knowledge and skills and grow businesses.
There are also some big cities in the Midlands, like Birmingham. These cities are located close to coal deposits, and grew in the Industrial Revolution. They are still important places for the manufacturing industry. Urbanisation in the UK
1) Describe the pattern of urbanisation in the UK. (1 mark) 2) State 1 reason for the distribution of cities in the UK (1 mark) 3) Explain how one physical factor affects urbanisation (2 marks) in the UK. 4) Explain how one social factor affects urbanisation (3 marks) in the UK.
8 markers Assess the factors impacting urbanisation in the UK *Choose a factor *Explain how it impacts where cities in the UK are *Say how important you think this is *Repeat for at least 1 more factor Locating London
When we describe the location of a city, we use 3 key terms.
Site: A description of the actual place it is built Situation: Where it is, relative to other places Connectivity: How it is connected to other places
The site of London is flat, on the lower course of the River Thames.
The situation of London is in the South East of the UK, approximately 70km from the North Sea. It is close to major cities such as Oxford.
London has excellent connectivity. It is surrounded by the M25 motorway. It has 5 international airports. It has excellent rail links to every part of the UK, as well as to Europe by the Eurostar. Locating London
1) Write a definition for situation (1 mark) 2) Describe the site of one UK city you have studied. (2 marks) 3) Describe the situation of one UK city you have studied. (2 marks) 4) Describe the site of the city in Figure 1 (2 marks) 5) Describe the connectivity of one UK city you have (2 marks) studied
8 markers None for this section of the exam.
Figure 1 Structure of London London is divided into 4 sections
• CBD (Central Business District) City centre Government and business HQs • Inner City: Grew during the Industrial Revolution Terraced houses in bad condition • Suburbs: Grew after WW2 Bigger houses with gardens • Rural-Urban Fringe: The edge of the city, before the countryside Very big houses, usually very expensive. Structure of London
1) State the meaning of the term ‘CBD’. (1 mark) 2) State one characteristic of the inner city. (1 mark) 3) Describe one characteristic of the suburbs. (1 mark) 4) Explain the difference between the rural urban (2 marks) fringe and the inner city. 5) Describe the structure of one UK city you have (3 marks) studied.
8 markers None for this section of the exam Structure of London (2)
Different areas of London have grown at different times. This pattern helps us tell the story of London’s past.
The CBD is full of historic buildings, like the Houses of Parliament. They have been there for 100s of years. This is the oldest part of the city
The inner city was booming in the 1800s. This is where all the factories were built in the Industrial Revolution. The terraced houses here were built for the workers when they migrated.
The suburbs were built in the 1940s, after WW2 ended. They are bigger houses built with gardens and drives so people could leave the inner city for a better life. Structure of London (2)
1) Describe the inner city of one UK city you have (1 mark) studied 2) Describe one characteristic of the suburbs in one (1 mark) UK city you have studied. 3) Explain one factor that influenced the growth of the (2 marks) inner city. 4) Explain one factor that influenced the growth of the (2 marks) suburbs
8 markers None for this section of the exam How has London changed?
There has been a city at London for over 2000 years. We will zoom in on just the last 100 years – phew! Get ready for some key terms.
• Urbanisation: – People moving to the city for the first time Why: To work in the factories When: 1800s • Suburbanisation: People leaving the inner city for the suburbs Why: The inner city was polluted and really run down. When: 1940s to 1970s • Counter urbanisation: People leaving the city for the countryside Why: They don’t like the pollution or the small houses When: 1970s to now • Re-urbanisation: People moving back to the inner city. Why: The inner city has been modernised – it is cool there now When: Now How has London changed?
1) Write a definition for suburbanisation. (1 mark) 2) State the meaning of counter-urbanisation (1 mark) 3) Explain one cause of suburbanisation. (2 marks) 4) Explain one characteristic of counter-urbanisation (2 marks) 5) Explain one cause of re-urbanisation in one UK city (3 marks) you have studied.
8 markers Assess the factors affecting the changing structure of one UK city you have studied. *Name the factor (eg: suburbanisation) *Explain how it has changed the way London looks *Say how important you think this is *Repeat for at least one more factor Migration in London
London has always been a popular city for people to migrate to. Maybe you and your family migrated here, too.
20% of all workers in London were born in another country, and migrants contribute a huge amount to our city.
Causes of migration Impacts of migration Jobs – pay is much higher in the UK Housing crisis – migrants often need than in many other EU countries. affordable housing and there is not much in London. Opportunities – universities in London are some of the best in the More workers– migrants bring skills world. and add workers to our economy. Eg: nurses in the NHS. Safety – people move to London if there is war or danger in their own Food and culture – migrants bring country new types of food (eg: Turkish) and eg: Jewish people to London in WW2. music to the city Migration in London
1) State 1 cause of migration in the UK. (1 mark) 2) Explain 1 economic cause of migration in the UK. (2 marks) 3) Explain 1 impact of migration on UK cities. (3 marks) 4) Explain 1 social impact of migration on UK cities. (3 marks)
8 markers Evaluate the impact of migration in one UK city you have studied. *State the impact (eg: more workers in the NHS) *Explain how it has affected London *Say whether this has been good or bad – and why? *Repeat for at least one more factor.
Assess the causes of migration in one UK city you have studied. Population in London
London’s population is growing quickly because of migration.
1980: 6.7 million There are not many old people – few people retire 2000: 7.2 million in London 2020: 9.3 million
London has lots of 20-40 We show population year olds – these people on these graphs are workers. they are called population pyramids.
The blue side is men There are quite a lot The red side is women of young children – the kids of workers They describe the age and gender of the population Population in London
1) Name 1 graph you could use to describe population (1 mark) in UK cities. 2) State 1 way population in London is changing. (1 mark) 3) Explain one cause of population growth in London. (2 marks) 4) Explain one characteristic of population in one UK city (2 marks) you have studied.
8 markers Evaluate the factors affecting population growth in one UK city you have studied. This is a sneaky question – it is really asking you about migration… *Say 1 reason population is increasing *Explain why it causes population to go up *Say how important this is *Repeat for at least one more factor Causes of de-industrialisation
Deindustrialisation means the closure of factories.
If we went back in time to the 1970s, we would see lots of factories and docks in London. Now these have all closed down - this is de-industrialisation.
London’s factories closed down for 2 main reasons. • It was cheaper to build new factories in emerging/developing countries like China. • It was cheaper to move stuff made in other countries on container ships, so we didn’t need our own factories.
Because of this, factory owners closed down their UK factories, and moved to countries like India and China. Causes of de-industrialisation
1) Write a definition for de-industrialisation (1 mark) 2) State one cause of de-industrialisation (1 mark) 3) Explain one cause of de-industrialisation (2 marks) 4) Explain how globalisation caused de-industrialisation (3 marks)
8 markers Assess the causes of de-industrialisation in one UK city you have studied. *State the cause (eg: cheaper to build factories abroad) *Explain how it affected industrial activity in London *Say how important you think this is. *Repeat for at least one more factor. Impacts of de-industrialisation
De-industrialisation changed the way London looks forever. Most of London’s factories and docks have been demolished, and the workers that worked there migrated away.
Some people believe de-industrialisation has changed London for the better – some disagree.
Positives Negatives Less air and water pollution Factory workers were unemployed
Factories were turned into luxury Local people could not afford houses or office blocks that these new houses, and had to looked much nicer. move away.
New transport links were built New jobs were mainly in finance, eg: Docklands Light Railway (DLR) and factory workers were not qualified. Impacts of de-industrialisation
1) State one impact of de-industrialisation (1 mark) 2) State one economic impact of de-industrialisation (1 mark) 3) Explain one impact of de-industrialisation (2 marks) 4) Explain one social impact of de-industrialisation (3 marks) 5) Explain one environmental impact of (3 marks) de-industrialisation
8 markers Evaluate the impacts of de-industrialisation in one UK city you have studied. *State the impact (eg: factories shut down) *Explain how it affected people in London *Say how important you think this is. *Repeat for at least one more factor. Inequality in London
London has always been a city where rich areas are right next to poor ones. Inequality has had lots of negative impacts on London, because when some people don’t have enough to get by, we all suffer.
• Health: Hospitals in areas like Enfield are ‘requires improvement’ – they are overcrowded and understaffed. Eg: North Middlesex • Education: Schools in poorer areas do not have enough good teachers or enough money to buy resources. Schools in rich areas have a long-waiting list. • Housing: People in poorer areas struggle to afford rent – prices are high because there are not enough houses. Inequality in London
1) State one impact of inequality in UK cities (1 mark) 2) Explain one impact of inequality on UK cities (2 mark) 3) Explain one social impact of inequality on UK (2 marks) cities 4) Explain one economic impact of inequality on UK (2 marks) cities
8 markers Assess the impacts of inequality in one UK city you have studied. *State the impact (eg: some people cannot access good hospitals) *Explain how it affects people in London *Say how important you think this is. *Repeat for at least one more factor. Changes in retailing
Cities are usually a centre for shopping! However, in the past few years, this has been changing.
The CBD is not a centre for shopping anymore. In fact, many shops in the CBD of London are closing down. This is because:
• More out of town shopping centres are built – They have every shop you want plus restaurants and cinemas for entertainment. They are usually easy to get to. • Online shopping is cheap and easy – you can get whatever you want at a low price, posted to your house.
Because of this, shops in the CBD get fewer customers and can’t afford to rent the shops anymore. They usually close down. Changes in retailing
1) State one way retailing is changing in UK cities (1 mark) 2) State one impact of changes in retailing on the CBD (1 mark) 3) Explain one impact of changes in retailing on the (2 marks) CBD 4) Explain one way internet shopping has affected the (2 marks) CBD 5) Explain one reason for the growth in popularity of (2 marks) Out of Town Shopping Centres
8 markers None for this section of the course Making London more sustainable
As London’s population grows, we have to take steps to make it more sustainable. It is up to you to decide whether these steps are enough to keep London a great place to live for everyone in the future.
Environment: The Ultra Low Emissions Zone will improve air quality. North Enfield Waste Commission encourages recycling and educates children at school with a ‘recycling week’
Health: Improve hospitals in London by renovating them eg: Chase Farm has been rebuilt and improved.
Housing: Enfield Council has 1500 people waiting for a council house. Enfield Housing Association has renovated 50 quality homes They also check to make sure the houses are safe and clean. Making London more sustainable
1) Explain one strategy to improve the environment (2 marks) in one UK city you have studied. 2) Explain one strategy to improve sustainability in one (3 marks) UK city you have studied.
8 markers Assess the strategies used to make life more sustainable in one UK city you have studied.
Evaluate the strategies used to improve quality of life in one UK city you have studied. Locating Sao Paulo
Sao Paulo is a city in an emerging country, Brazil. It is our contrasting case study to London.
The site of Sao Paulo is 4000m above sea level. The Tiete River flows through it.
The situation of Sao Paulo is in the South East of Brazil, approximately 70km from the Atlantic Ocean. It is 350km from Rio de Janeiro.
Sao Paulo has excellent connectivity. It has 2 international airports, and is connected by motorways to most major cities in Brazil. It has a subway system and lots of public transport – like London. Locating Sao Paulo
1) Describe the site of one city you have studied in (2 marks) an emerging or developing country. 2) Describe the situation of one city you have studied (2 marks) in an emerging or developing country. 3) Describe the connectivity of one city you have studied (3 marks) in an emerging or developing country. 4) Suggest one reason why connectivity in developing (2 marks) countries is worse than in developed countries.
8 markers None for this section of the exam. Structure of Sao Paulo Sao Paulo can also be divided into 4 sections. • CBD (Central Business District) City centre Government and business HQs • Inner City: Cortiços – abandoned factories turned into flats for poor people. Working factories • Suburbs: Big favelas (slums). Some wealthy residents live in flats. Big contrast between the rich and poor. • Rural-Urban Fringe: Big gated communities for the cities richest people. Some very large slums. Structure of Sao Paulo
1) State the meaning of the term ‘suburbs’. (1 mark) 2) State one characteristic of the inner city in (1 mark) developing or emerging countries. 3) Describe one characteristic of the suburbs in a (2 marks) developing or emerging country you have studied 4) Explain why slums are often found in the rural- (2 marks) urban fringe.
8 markers None for this section of the exam Population in Sao Paulo
Population in Sao Paulo is growing extremely quickly.
1980: 13 million 2000: 17 million 2020: 21 million
The main reasons for this are: • Migration – People are migrating to the city for work and a better quality of life • High birth rate – Most people who move to Sao Paulo are young. They will have babies soon after moving there. • Low death rate – The government is working to improve quality of life in the city through healthcare and clean water. This means fewer people are dying. Population in Sao Paulo
1) State 1 cause of population growth in cities in (1 mark) a developing or emerging country. 2) Describe how population is changing in one developing (2 marks) or emerging city you have studied. 3) Explain one cause of population growth in a developing (3 marks) or emerging city you have studied.
8 markers Assess the causes of population growth in one developing or emerging city you have studied. *State 1 cause of population growth *Explain how it causes population to grow *Say how important you think this is *Repeat for at least one more factor Migration in Sao Paulo
Sao Paulo has always been a popular city for people to migrate to in Brazil. We need to know the causes and impacts of migration in the city.
Causes of migration Impacts of migration Jobs – People move to find better paid Favelas grow – Most migrants can’t work in the city. afford a house or flat, so they have to live in the favelas. Drought – North East Brazil is in a drought. Most people there are Not enough schools – Schools in poor farmers so they have to leave to find areas run 3 session a day. somewhere else to work. A big ethnic mix – Sao Paulo has lots Opportunities – Parts of rural Brazil of different nationalities, including are extremely poor. People leave to try lots of Japanese people. This is to start a better life in the city. reflected in the foods and languages people speak. Migration in Sao Paulo
1) State 1 cause of migration to Sao Paulo (1 mark) 2) Explain 1 economic cause of migration to Sao Paulo (2 marks) 3) Explain 1 impact of migration on Sao Paulo (2 marks) 4) Explain 1 social impact of migration on Sao Paulo (3 marks)
8 markers Assess the causes of migration in one developing or emerging city you have studied. *State the cause (eg: drought in North East Brazil) *Explain how it has affected migration *Say how important this is *Repeat for at least one more factor.
Evaluate the impacts of migration in one emerging city you have studied. Inequality in Sao Paulo
Sao Paulo is a city of extremes. In London we are used to seeing rich and poor communities right next to each other, but in Sao Paulo the problem is even worse.
Rich Sao Paulo Poor Sao Paulo Gated communities Favelas Housing - Luxury apartments - Little running water - Restricted access - Not much electricity - Swimming pools - High crime Private schools Overcrowded schools Education - Excellent teaching - Attend 1/3 sessions in a - Sports facilities day - Big class sizes Private hospitals Not enough doctors Health - Excellent doctors Drinking dirty water - High tech equipment Overcrowding spreads disease Inequality in Sao Paulo
1) State 1 impact of inequality in Sao Paulo (1 mark) 2) Explain 1 impact of inequality in Sao Paulo (2 marks) 3) Explain 1 social impact of inequality in Sao Paulo. (2 marks) 4) Explain 1 way inequality affects quality of life in Sao (3 marks) Paulo.
8 markers Assess the impacts of inequality in one developing or emerging city you have studied. *State one impacts (eg: people in poor communities have…. but in rich ones….) *Explain this affects people *Say how important this is *Repeat for at least one more factor. Effects of rapid urbanisation
Sao Paulo is growing so quickly, the city cannot cope with the large number of people who arrive there every year. We call this rapid urbanisation – very fast growth in a city.
Rapid urbanisation has created many problems in Sao Paulo. For example:
• Favelas are growing – Most new arrivals move into the favelas because they can’t afford flats or houses. • Under-employment – migrants have to take any job they can find. It will probably be worse than they hoped for. eg: shoe shining. • Services cannot cope – There are not enough doctors or school places for children. Schools run 3 sessions a day, and pupils attend just 1. • Pollution – there are not enough toilets or rubbish collection. Human waste and litter is thrown in rivers and pollutes them. Effects of rapid urbanisation
1) Write a definition for rapid urbanisation. 2) State 1 impact of rapid urbanisation (1 mark) 3) Explain 1 impact of rapid urbanisation (2 marks) 4) Explain 1 environmental impact of rapid urbanisation. (2 marks) 5) Explain 1 way rapid urbanisation affects quality of (3 marks) life in Sao Paulo.
8 markers Evaluate the impacts of rapid urbanisation in one developing or emerging city you have studied. *State one impact (eg: pollution is getting worse) *Explain this affects people *Say how important this is *Repeat for at least one more factor. Fixing the problems in Sao Paulo:
People are working very hard to improve quality of life in Sao Paulo. There are two main ways to do this.
Top down: When the government improves an area Bottom up: When local communities work together to improve an area
Advantage ☺ Disadvantage Top Government has lots of money Local people don’t get a say. down to afford big projects People might not like it Can happen quickly Bottom People get a say and feel like It is slow – hard to get everyone up they are in control. to agree
People might prefer the finished Not much money to spend flats/area Fixing the problems in Sao Paulo:
1) State 1 characteristic of top-down projects. (1 mark) 2) Explain 1 advantage of top down projects. (2 marks) 3) Explain 1 way bottom-up projects improve quality (2 marks) of life 4) Explain 1 disadvantage of bottom-up projects. (2 marks) 5) Explain 1 limitation of top-down projects (2 marks)
8 markers Evaluate whether top-down or bottom-up strategies have been more effective at improving quality of life in one emerging city you have studied. Fixing the problems in Sao Paulo: Top-down
One top down project in Sao Paulo is the Cingapura Housing Project You need to know some basic facts about this so you can give evidence in your writing.
• The Cingapura Housing Project was run by the government. • They built 14 000 new homes, but planned to build 100 000. • The new homes were built over old favelas to improve their quality.
Advantages: New houses had clean water and electricity They also built a little park for children to play safely. Disadvantages: The rent was $26/month – people couldn’t afford it Lots of people didn’t actually like the new flats. Fixing the problems in Sao Paulo: Top-down 1) Explain one way top-down projects can improve (3 marks) quality of life in one emerging city you have studied.
8 markers Evaluate the impact on quality of life of one top-down project you have studied
Assess whether top-down or bottom-up strategies have been more effective at improving quality of life in one emerging city you have studied. Fixing the problems in Sao Paulo: Bottom-up
One bottom-up project in Sao Paulo is the Monte Azul Housing Project.
• The Monte Azul Housing Project was run by a German teacher. • He organised local people to clean up a little river to improve pollution. • Then they built a community centre which has a nursery and adult classes in reading and writing.
Advantages: Local people got a say and were in control. One community of 4000 people was improved Disadvantages: Not many people actually learned to read and write. The improvements were only in this one community Fixing the problems in Sao Paulo: Bottom-up 1) Explain one way bottom-up projects can improve (3 marks) quality of life in one emerging city you have studied.
8 markers Evaluate the impact on quality of life of one bottom-up project you have studied
Assess whether top-down or bottom-up strategies have been more effective at improving quality of life in one emerging city you have studied. Development
Development is the improvement of quality of life in a country. When development is improving, life is getting better.
Geographers are really interested in development because supporting it is the best way we can improve life for millions of people around the world.
When we talk about development, we might mean: • Economic development – how rich a country is. • Social development – how happy, healthy and educated people are. • Political development – how free people are • Cultural development – how equal rights are for different people. Development
1) Write a definition for development. (1 mark) 2) State one aspect of development (1 mark) 3) Describe what is meant by economic (1 mark) development 4) State one example of cultural development (1 mark)
8 markers None for this section of the exam What affects development?
How developed a country is depends on lots of different factors. By investigating these factors, we can work out how best to improve life for people there.
These factors could be: • Economic – what types of jobs do most people do? • Social – how healthy or educated are people? • Cultural – how equal are men/women, different races? • Technological – could machines help the country? • Food and water security – is there enough for everyone?
All of these factors are important, but a country has to work out which ones are most important to work on first. What affects development?
1) State 1 factor that can affect development. (1 mark) 2) Describe what is meant by cultural development. (1 mark) 3) Explain how one economic factor can impact (2 marks) development. 4) Explain how technology can impact development (2 marks) 5) Explain how one physical factor can impact (2 marks) development
8 markers None for this section of the exam Measuring development
We can measure development in lots of different way. We need to know 3 different ways to do this, and what their strengths/weaknesses are. • GDP per capita: The value of all the goods and services in a country divided by the number of people there. + Tells us a lot about how rich the country is - Does not tell us about how fairly the money is shared out
• HDI: A measure of life expectancy and standards of living + Helps us measure more than just money - Still only uses 3 different measurements.
• Corruption Perceptions Index: How corrupt the government is thought to be. 100 is perfect. + Helps us investigate fairness in a country - A high score does not mean development will be good Measuring development
1) Write a definition of GDP per capita. (1 mark) 2) Name 1 component of HDI (1 mark) 3) Explain one advantage of using HDI to measure (2 marks) development. 4) Explain one advantage of using Corruptions (2 marks) Percentage Index to measure development 5) Explain one disadvantage of using GDP per capita (2 marks) to measure development
8 markers None for this section of the exam Global patterns of development
We have known about global patterns of development for a long time.
Rich North eg: USA, UK Poor South eg: Madagascar, Rwanda
Well developed countries tend to have ✓Lots of natural resources ✓A good climate for growing food ✓A history of colonialization – taking over other countries.
Poorer countries tend not to have these things. That is why they find it hard to develop. Global Patterns of Development
1) Describe the global pattern of development (2 marks) shown on Figure 1. 2) State 1 reason why the USA is a developed country (1 mark) 3) State 1 reason why Madagascar is a developing country (1 mark) 4) Explain how one physical factor affects development in (2 marks) the USA 5) Explain one reason why Madagascar is a developing (2 marks) country.
8 markers None for this section of the exam They will relate to your case study
Figure 1 Development in the UK
In the UK, we have a very distinctive pattern of development.
Poor North Rich South
We call this the North-South divide.
The South East of UK is best developed of all. This is because it has: ✓The best paying jobs – lots of company HQs are here ✓The government is here – so decisions often benefit this area ✓Good links to Europe – for trade ✓Flat land – for building excellent transport links Development in the UK
1) State 1 reason why the South East of the UK is more (1 mark) developed that the North. 2) Describe the pattern of development shown in (2 marks) Figure 1 3) Explain how one physical factor affects development (2 marks) in the UK. 4) Explain how one factor affects the pattern of (3 marks) development shown in Figure 1.
8 markers None for this section of the exam They will relate to your case study Figure 1 Impacts of uneven development
Uneven development means that life looks very different depending on the country you are born in. We should know some examples.
Developed country Developing country Housing • Many people live without • Everyone has a fresh water electricity or running water supply and sanitation. Education • Most people only go to • Everyone attends secondary primary school. school. • Many can’t read or write, • Most people attend university. especially girls. • Equal chances for boys and girls Food and • Not enough clean water • Clean water is organised by the water • Most people have to grow government. their own food. We get food in the supermarket from all over the world. Employment • Most people work in • Most people work in tertiary primary industry (farming). industry (services). • Low wages • High wages Impacts of uneven development
1) State one impact of uneven development (1 mark) 2) Describe the impact of uneven development on (2 marks) education. 3) Explain one social impact of uneven development (2 marks) 4) Explain one impact of uneven development on (3 marks) quality of life
8 markers None for this section of the exam They will relate to your case study Aid
Aid is help given to a country to improve development.
There are two types of aid.
• Bilateral aid: Given from one government to another government + Governments can give high amounts of money - The money does not always get from the government to people who need it.
• Voluntary aid: Given from charities direct to local people. + Goes straight to the people who need it - Local people might not be able to use the money without help
Most developing countries get both types of aid. We need to be able to discuss the pros and cons of each type. Aid
1) Write a definition for aid (1 mark) 2) State one type of aid given by governments (1 mark) 3) Explain one advantage of bilateral aid (2 marks) 4) Explain one disadvantage of bilateral aid (2 marks) 5) Explain one disadvantage of voluntary aid (2 marks)
8 markers None for this section of the exam They will relate to your case study Development – top-down or bottom-up? Development projects can be top-down or bottom-up. We have learned their pros and cons already when we looked at Sao Paulo.
Top-down: Run by the government Bottom-up: Run by local communities
Examples of a top-down development project could be: • Making it the law everyone has to go to school • Redeveloping housing so it has running water
A bottom-up development project could be: • A charity teaches local women how to fish to earn their own money • A charity teaches people how to grow coffee to sell Development – top down or bottom up? 1) Write a definition for bottom-up development (1 mark) 2) Explain one advantage of bottom-up development (2 marks) projects 3) Explain one disadvantage of bottom-up development (2 marks) projects 4) Explain one advantage of top-down development (2 marks) projects 5) Explain one disadvantage of top-down development (2 marks) projects
8 markers None for this section of the exam They will relate to your case study Locating India
India is an emerging country in South Asia.
In 1950, India was very poor. It was a developing country. Life there is improving very quickly. This is why it is an emerging country now.
India is the 7th largest country in the world. It is on the Arabian Sea. It has borders with countries including China, Pakistan and Bangladesh.
India is our case study for development – we need to know all about it. Locating India
1) Describe the location of India (2 marks) 2) Describe the location of one emerging or (2 marks) developing country you have studied
8 markers None for this section of the exam What is India like?
India has a huge population – 1.3 billion people. It is a very interesting and varied country. We need to able to describe what it is like.
The environment: Mountains in the North Rainforest in the South
The culture: Most people are Hindus People have a caste – a social rank they are born into. Your caste determines how respected you are.
The government: Biggest democracy in the world. Used to be a colony of the UK
The economy: Very strong and growing rapidly What is India like?
1) State one environmental characteristic of India. (1 mark) 2) State one economic characteristic of the emerging/ (1 mark) developing country you have studied. 3) Describe the cultural context of India. (2 marks) 4) Describe the political context of the emerging/ (2 marks) developing country you have studied
8 markers None for this section of the exam India’s core and periphery
All countries have a core and a periphery. The core is where all the power and wealth is. The periphery is far away from the power, and is usually quite poor. Periphery Core • In the North East • On the West Coast • Includes Bihar • Includes Mumbai • Most people are farmers • Lots of big companies • Not much money including Disney • Women and men are • Centre of Bollywood film not equal industry
Most development is needed in the periphery, but there are still problems in the core India’s core and periphery
1) State 1 characteristic of a core region. (1 mark) 2) State 1 characteristic of a periphery region. (1 mark) 3) Describe the location of the core on Figure 1. (2 marks) 4) Explain one reason why the periphery in Figure 1 (2 marks) has low levels of development
8 markers Evaluate the differences in quality of life between the core and periphery regions of India.
*State the difference (eg: women are less equal in the periphery) *Explain how it affects people. *Say how important this is *Repeat for at least 1 more factor. Industry in India (1) There are 4 types of industry in all countries.
• Primary: Getting raw materials (farming, fishing) • Secondary: Using raw materials (factory workers) • Tertiary: Services (police and teachers) • Quaternary: Technology and knowledge (finance, law)
The balance between these types of industry tells us lots about development there.
Well developed countries tend to have: ✓Few people in primary industry –there is plenty of food. ✓Lots of people in tertiary –there are lots of schools and hospitals ✓Lots of people in quaternary – these earn lots of money Industry in India (1)
1) State one example of a primary industry (1 mark) 2) State one example of a quaternary industry (1 mark) 3) Describe one feature of industry in a developed (2 marks) country. 4) Explain why developed countries have low levels (2 marks) of people employed in primary industry.
8 markers None for this section of the exam Industry in India (2) Industry in India is changing a lot at the moment. This is because it is now an emerging country.
Fewer people in primary industry More people in secondary industry More people in tertiary industry
This tells us that people are stopping work in hard, low paid jobs like farming and migrating to cities to work in factories.
This has pros and cons for development. + Factory work can pay more than farming + Factory work is more stable than farming -Slums are growing as people move to the cities -More factories cause more pollution Industry in India (2)
1) Describe the changes in employment structure shown (2 marks) on Figure 1. 2) Explain how development has affected primary industry (2 marks) in India. 3) Explain one positive impact on development of (2 marks) increasing secondary industry. 4) Explain one way increases in secondary industry (3 marks) impact the environment.
8 markers Evaluate the impact of changes in employment in one developing/emerging country you have studied *State the change (eg: primary industry decreased) *Explain how it affects people *Say whether this is good or bad Figure 1 *Repeat for at least one more change Aid in India Aid is very important to India. It supports people in the city slums and in the rural periphery. Some projects are run by the government, and some are run by charities.
ActionAid: India Clean India Mission
❖ Bottom up ❖ Top down ❖ A UK charity ❖ Run by the Indian Government ❖ Teaches women how to work ❖ Aims to make sure everyone has ❖ One project taught women how to access to a toilet. fish, and then dry and sell them ❖ Built 11 million toilets across the ❖ This supported women to leave country. abusive marriages and become ❖ Stops disease spreading through poor independent. sanitation
India also gives a lot of aid to Sri Lanka and Afghanistan. It does this to boost its reputation – it does not want to be seen like a charity case. Giving aid makes it look strong. Aid in India
1) Explain one positive impact of aid in India (2 marks) 2) Explain one positive impact of top-down aid in India. (3 marks) 3) Explain one disadvantage of bottom-up aid in India. (3 marks)
8 markers Evaluate the impact of aid in one emerging/developing country you have studied. *State one impact of aid (eg: ActionAid taught women to work in fishing) *Explain how it affected people. *Say whether this is good or bad *Repeat for at least 1 more impact.
Assess the impact of bottom-up and top-down strategies on one emerging/developing country you have studied. TNCs in India
TNCs are Trans National Corporations – companies that have factories in many countries around the world.
TNCs are a great way for a country CocaCola India to earn money. Companies build a factory and make things to trade. • Has 58 factories in India They create jobs, and the Advantages government takes a share of the • Provides 1000s of jobs in rural areas profits through tax. • The government gets a share of profits through tax
India has lots of TNCs. They have Disadvantages brought lots of benefits to India, but • Takes a lot of water to bottle the also some problems. Coke. • There is not enough water left for farmers. You need to know 1 example: • Causes water and air pollution Coca Cola TNCs in India
1) State the meaning of the term ‘TNC’ (1 mark) 2) Explain one impact of TNCs on development (2 marks) 3) Explain one economic impact of TNCs on development (2 marks) 4) Explain one negative impact of TNCs on development (2 marks) 5) Explain one environmental impact of TNCs on development (2 marks)
8 markers Evaluate the impact of TNCs on development in one emerging/ developing country you have studied. *State the impact (eg: providing stable jobs) *Explain how it has affected people *Say whether this is good or bad – and why? *Repeat for at least one more factor Population in India Population in India is changing very quickly. We can use a type of graph called a population pyramid to see this change. People are living longer *The pyramid stretches up higher in 2017
Fewer babies are born *The base of the pyramid is narrower in 2017
These changes have happened because: • Death rate has gone down– safer drinking water and more doctors mean fewer people die. • Birth rate has gone down – women have access to contraception so fewer babies are born. Population in India
1) Identify the type of graph shown in Figure 1. (1 mark) 2) Describe one change to the population shown in Fig.1 (2 marks) 3) State 1 cause of the rise in life expectancy in India. (1 mark) 4) Explain one cause of the fall in birth rate in India (2 marks) 5) Explain the cause of one change shown in Fig. 1 (2 marks)
8 markers Assess the factors impacting change in population in one emerging/developing country you have studied. *State the change in population (eg: fall in birth rate) *Explain how it affected population *Say how important it is *Repeat for at least one more factor Figure 1 Social change in India
Life in India is changing very quickly. Children born today will have much better opportunities than their parents. For example, there is:
• Improved education: This has been a big focus for the government. School is free between ages 6-14, and everyone has to go.
• A bigger middle class: More people have moved up to the middle class as jobs and wages have improved. They will get a good education and go to university.
However, there is still lots of inequality in India • Older people – left out of technology • Women – not viewed as equal to men • Muslims – discriminated against by Hindu political groups. Social change in India
1) State one social change that has occurred in India (1 mark) 2) Explain one impact of social change in a developing/ (2 marks) emerging country you have studied. 3) Explain one impact of improving education in a (2 marks) developing/emerging country you have studied.
8 markers
Evaluate the impact of social change in one emerging/developing country you have studied *State the social change (eg: growing middle class) *Explain how it is affecting people. *Say whether this is good or bad – and why? *Repeat for at least one more factor India and Geopolitics
Geopolitics means the relationships between countries. India has very tricky relationships with other countries. Some help it, and others hurt its reputation.
Helping development Not helping development India and ASEAN India and Pakistan • ASEAN is a network of 10 countries • Pakistan used to be part of India in Asia • India and Pakistan disagree about • India is powerful in this network who should control an area called • India gets a big say in trade Kashmir • India gets cheap oil through this • This has caused 3 wars network India and the UK (in the past) India and the UK (now) • India was a colony of the UK • India and the UK have positive trade • The UK exploited India and took its relationships. resources eg: cotton • The UK gives India lots of aid money • The UK accidentally caused serious • UK charities improve equality in famines because they exploited India farmers so much. India and Geopolitics
1) Write a definition for geopolitics. (1 mark) 2) Explain one positive impact of geopolitics on (2 marks) development in India. 3) Explain one negative impact of geopolitics in India (2 marks) 4) Explain one impact of geopolitics on development (3 marks) in an emerging/developing country you have studied
8 markers Assess the impact of geopolitics on development on one developing/emerging country you have studied *State the geopolitical relationship (eg: India and Pakistan) *Explain how it affects people/India *Say whether it is good or bad – and why? Tricky question *Repeat for at least one more factor. Alert! Technology and development in India
Technology is helping development in India a lot. The government has called this the Smart Cities Mission.
• Smart bins (Jabalpur) – alert the council as soon as they are full so they can be collected. • City command centre (Pune) – CCTV cameras link to a command centre so people can monitor traffic, flooding and crime. • Children’s bike park (Chennai) – has electric sensors and pretend traffic lights to help children learn how to keep safe.
However, technological solutions like this are expensive. It is not possible to use them everywhere. Also, they do not always work on the biggest problems – electronic bins is only a small step to improving quality of life in the slums. Technology and development in India 1) State one impact of technology on development. (1 mark) 2) Explain one impact of technology on development (2 marks) in India. 3) Explain one positive impact of technology on (3 marks) development in one country you have studied.
8 markers Assess the impact of technology on quality of life in one emerging/ developing country you have studied. *State the impact (eg: electronic bins make rubbish collection easier) *Explain how it has affected people *Say how important this is *Repeat for at least one more factor. Impacts of rapid development
Rapid development means improvements in quality of life that are happening quickly. It is a good thing, as long as it is sustainable.
Positives Negatives • The government has more money • Factories are causing air pollution to spend on improving education, and releasing CO₂. This is making housing and services. global warming worse. • Better paid jobs in factories are • Cities are growing too quickly – providing more stable there is not enough clean water employment for millions of for everyone. people. • Rivers are polluted with human • Technology can speed up solving waste and factory waste. problems even more • Deforestation is causing flooding and droughts. This means some areas can’t grow enough food.
The government in India needs to work out how to make development more sustainable so people in the future will enjoy a good life. Impacts of rapid development
1) Write a definition for rapid development (1 mark) 2) Explain one positive impact of rapid development (2 marks) 3) Explain one disadvantage of rapid development (2 marks) 4) Explain one environmental impact of rapid (3 marks) development in an emerging country you have studied
8 markers Evaluate the impacts of rapid development in one emerging/ developing country you have studied. *State the impact (eg: pollution from factories) *Explain how it affects people *Say whether it is good or bad *Repeat for at least one more factor Resources
Resources are any part of nature that can be useful to people. They can be:
• Abiotic: Non-living (water, soil, sunlight) OR • Biotic: Living (plants, farm animals)
• Renewable: Can be used again (wind, solar energy) OR • Non-renewable. Can run out (oil, coal, gas)
•
Today we are using far too many natural resources. We have to think carefully about how to change this, or they may run out or be damaged beyond repair. Resources
1) Identify one abiotic resource. (1 mark) 2) Identify one renewable resource. (1 mark) 3) State one example of a non-renewable resource (1 mark) 4) Suggest one reason why resources must be carefully (1 mark) managed
8 markers None for this section of the exam Exploiting resources
When we exploit natural resources, we use them carelessly in a way that causes damage. It is not sustainable, and it damages the environment.
• Water is exploited when we dump plastic and chemicals in it. It causes water to become poisonous and fish to die. • Soil is exploited when we graze too many animals on it. It causes soil to erode away and minerals to disappear so plants don’t grow. • Fossil fuels are exploited when we burn them in large quantities It causes greenhouse gasses to be release, causing global warming Exploiting resources
1) Explain one way resources can be exploited (1 mark) 2) Explain one way abiotic resources can be (2 marks) exploited 3) Explain one impact of exploiting energy resources (2 marks) 4) Explain one impact of exploiting natural resources (2 marks)
8 markers None for this section of the exam Where are our resources?
Natural resources are not found everywhere. Some countries have very few natural resources – these tend to be poorer, developing countries. We show the pattern on maps called choropleth maps.
Water Oil Canada China Canada Somalia has has has has little lots little lots
Saudi Egypt South Brazil Arabia has Africa has has little has little lots lots
The availability of resources matches closely with development. The more resources you have, the easier it is to develop. Where are our resources?
1) Identify the type of map shown in Figure 1 (1 mark) 2) Identify one country on Figure 1 with a high (1 mark) amount of resources. 3) Describe the distribution of resources shown on Fig.1 (2 marks) 4) Explain one way the distribution of natural resources (2 marks) can impact development
8 markers None for this section of the exam
Figure 1 Energy resources
We use energy resources to generate electricity and as fuel. Energy resources are more in demand than ever.
Energy resources can be classified just like all other types of resources. It is most useful to think of them as renewable and non-renewable.
Non-renewable Renewable Coal Wind power Oil Solar power Gas Hydro electric power Nuclear Biomass
Coal, oil and gas are sometimes called fossil fuels. They are the most common energy resource used by most countries. Energy resources
1) State 1 example of a non-renewable energy (1 mark) resource 2) State 1 example of a renewable energy resource (1 mark) 3) Identify 1 fossil fuel (1 mark) 4) Suggest why non-renewable energy resources must (1 mark) be carefully managed.
8 markers None for this section of the exam Non-renewable energy: Coal Coal is a fossil fuel. It is formed when dead plants and animals are squashed over millions of years. Their bodies turn into coal.
Coal is found under the ground. You have to get it out by mining – digging with machines or by hand. Not all countries have coal deposits. The UK and China have lots of coal.
Advantages Disadvantages Coal is easy to convert to When you burn it, it releases energy – you just burn it. CO₂ - This causes global warming.
It is cheap to mine coal if it Mining it can be dangerous is close to the surface. - If the tunnels collapse, people can get stuck and die.
Coal supplies should last for Coal will eventually run out. another 250 years. Non-renewable energy: Coal
1) Explain why coal is a non-renewable resource (1 mark) 2) Suggest one advantage of using non-renewable (1 mark) energy. 3) Suggest one disadvantage of using non-renewable (1 mark) energy. 4) Explain one environmental disadvantage of using (2 marks) non-renewable energy
8 markers None for this section of the exam Renewable energy: Wind Wind is a renewable energy. To capture it, you build a turbine. As the turbine spins round, it generates electricity.
It is a major source of electricity in lots of countries now. However, it is most useful in places where windy weather is common.
Advantages Disadvantages Wind is free It needs to be windy for them to generate energy. Turbines are quite cheap to build. Some people think they are ugly. It does not give off greenhouse gases They can disturb birds
You can put turbines on land or out at sea. Renewable energy: Wind
1) Explain why wind is a renewable resource (1 mark) 2) Suggest one advantage of using renewable energy (1 mark) 3) Suggest one disadvantage of renewable energy (1 mark) 4) Explain one environmental advantage of using (2 marks) renewable energy 5) Explain one social disadvantage of using renewable (2 marks) energy
8 markers None for this section of the exam The UK’s energy mix
The energy mix is the way countries use energy in different proportions.
This is the UK’s energy mix.
We use mostly gas and coal, because the UK has lots of gas and coal deposits.
The UK uses 20% renewables – this number is going up all the time.
We mainly use wind energy because this is a windy country, and turbines are cheap to build. The UK’s energy mix
1) Write a definition for the term ‘energy mix’ (1 mark) 2) Describe the energy mix shown in Figure 1 (2 marks) 3) Suggest 1 disadvantage of the energy mix shown (2 marks) in Figure 1 4) Suggest 1 environmental impact of the energy mix (2 marks) shown in Figure 1. Fig.1 8 markers Assess the impacts of the energy mix shown in Figure 1 *State one impact (eg: renewable energy cannot be relied upon) *Explain how it affects people *Say how important this is *Repeat for at least one more factor What affects the energy mix?
The types of energy a country uses depends on lots of factors.
• What resources does it have? Countries that have oil, coal or gas deposits will use those. If a country has sunny weather, they could use solar. Eg: Saudi Arabia could use solar. The UK could not.
• How much money does it have? Rich countries could invest in renewables – the technology is expensive. Poor countries use mostly fuelwood – just burning wood for heat.
• How much energy does it need? Countries with big populations need lots of energy – only fossil fuels or nuclear can provide this. What affects the energy mix?
1) State 1 factor that can affect a country’s energy (1 mark) mix 2) Explain how population size affects energy mix. (2 marks) 3) Explain one factor that affects a country’s energy (3 marks) mix
8 markers Assess the factors that can affect a country’s energy mix *State the factor (eg: population size) *Explain how it affects energy use *Say how important it is *Repeat for at least one more factor Growing demand for energy
We need more energy than ever before. This means energy resources are under a lot of pressure.
There are many factors that affect how much energy we need:
• Population: Big populations need a lot of energy • Money: Richer countries have more cars and technology to power. They need more energy • Technology: We use more technology than every before. This uses lots of energy.
Around the world, all 3 of these things are increasing – this means we need to act quickly to make sure there is enough energy for the future. Growing demand for energy
1) State one factor that affects the growing (1 mark) demand for energy 2) Suggest one cause of the growing demand for (1 mark) energy 3) Explain how population size affects the growing (2 marks) demand for energy. 4) Explain how technology affects the growing demand (2 marks) for energy
8 markers None for this section of the exam Meeting the demand for energy
To meet the growing demand for energy, we have to make sure our actions are sustainable.
This means we need to find alternatives to fossil fuels. The two main choices are nuclear energy and renewables.
Advantages ☺ Disadvantages Nuclear Generates a huge Very expensive Rich countries with small power amount of energy populations find it easy to People are frightened of rely on renewable energy. Today, it is very it because of explosions safe eg: Chernobyl Eg: Scotland, Norway. Renewa They will never run Not that efficient – bles out don’t generate a realistic amount of It is more difficult for larger Do not create energy for most countries to generate greenhouse gases countries. enough energy this way. Meeting the demand for energy
1) Suggest one way developed countries can meet the (1 mark) growing demand for energy. 2) State one disadvantage of using non-renewables to (1 mark) meet the growing demand for energy. 3) Explain one advantage of using renewables to meet (2 marks) the growing demand for energy. 4) Explain one way non-renewables can be used to meet (2 marks) the growing demand for energy
8 markers None for this section of the exam. It will relate to your case studies. Fracking
Fracking is a way to get gas out from rocks underground. 1 year ago, people thought it would be a great new source of energy. It is now banned in the UK.
You blast water into the rocks to break them apart. The gas is released and goes up the pipe.
Advantages Disadvantages Would create 17 000 jobs in Causes earthquakes Northern England The chemicals used to blast Would supply gas for another the rocks apart can leak into 200 years water supplies, making them poisonous Companies would give local areas a 1% share of the profits. Fracking
1) Suggest one advantage of fracking. (1 mark) 2) Suggest one reason fracking was banned in the UK (1 mark) 3) Explain one environmental disadvantage of fracking. (2 marks) 4) Explain one social advantage of fracking. (2 marks)
8 markers Evaluate the reasons fracking was banned in the UK. *State the reason (eg: it caused earthquakes) *Explain how it affected people *Say whether this is good or bad – and why? *Repeat for at least one more factor Managing energy sustainably
Managing energy sustainably means there will be enough for today and enough for the future. However, doing this will mean tough choices about where we get energy from and what we use it for.
To make these choices, we have to consider the opinions of lots of people. These people are called stakeholders.
I don’t want a We need to We make most wind farm near make sure money from my home. there is enough fossil fuels They’re ugly energy for the future
I can make money from my But our We need fossil solar panel – company fuels to power great! Energy needs to our factories companies last for Local people Government years to come… Managing energy sustainably
1) Suggest what is meant by ‘managing energy (1 mark) sustainably’ 2) Suggest how local residents might feel about (1 mark) managing energy sustainably. 3) Suggest how energy companies might feel about (2 marks) managing energy sustainably. 4) Suggest how government might feel about (2 marks) managing energy sustainably.
8 markers None for this section of the exam It will link to your case study Energy in China
China has a huge population – 1.4 billion people live there. It has many factories and its demand for energy is enormous.
The problem • China uses too much coal It pollutes the air, causes global warming and is likely to run out within the next 100 years.
The solutions • Hydroelectric Power China built the biggest HydroElectric Dam in the world – the Three Gorges Dam. It makes lots of electricity, but 1.4 million people lost their homes to build it, and it cost $30 billion to build. • Solar energy: China has built a solar park in the Gobi Desert. This is a great way to capture the solar energy, but it can’t realistically replace coal. Energy in China
1) Suggest one way developing countries can manage (1 mark) their energy demand sustainably
8 markers Evaluate the strategies used to manage energy sustainably in one emerging/developing country. *State the strategy (eg; building the 3 Gorges Dam) *Explain the impact on people *Say whether this is good or bad – and why? *Repeat for at least one more factor. Energy in Germany
Germany is the richest country in Europe. It has a huge demand for energy, but its population cares a lot about the environment.
The problem • Germany chose nuclear energy as its alternative to fossil fuels. People in Germany hate nuclear energy because it make radioactive waste. People are also scared it is dangerous.
The solutions • Wind power Germany has more wind turbines than any other country in Europe. It is a windy place, and makes lots of electricity this way. • Solar energy: Germany has built a Solar Park in the South of the country. This will take 20 years to finish, but will generate lots of energy too. Energy in Germany
1) Suggest one way developed countries can manage their (1 mark) energy demand sustainably
8 markers Evaluate the strategies used to manage energy sustainably in one emerging/developing country. *State the strategy (eg; building the 3 Gorges Dam) *Explain the impact on people *Say whether this is good or bad – and why? *Repeat for at least one more factor.
Assess whether developed or developing countries have managed their growing energy demands more successfully.