Paper 2 Flashcards The Human Environment _____________________________________________ Paper 2: Human Environment • 1 hour and 30 minutes • 94 marks Unit 4 Unit 5 Unit 6 Topics Urbanisation Development Resources Any case studies? London India China Sao Paulo Germany Urbanisation Urbanisation means that more people live in cities compared to the countryside than ever before. Over 50% of people in the world live in cities. In developing and emerging countries, cities are growing really fast. Eg: India, Brazil In developed countries, cities are still growing, but more slowly. These cities grew fastest in the Industrial Revolution, 200 years ago. Eg: UK, USA Urbanisation 1) Write a definition for urbanisation. (1 mark) 2) State one trend in global urbanisation (1 mark) 3) Describe one trend in urbanisation in developing (1 mark) countries 4) Describe one trend in urbanisation in developed (2 marks) countries 8 markers None for this section of the exam What causes urbanisation? Cities are growing fastest in developing and emerging countries. They are growing so quickly it is hard for their governments to keep up – many new arrivals end up living in the slums. Cities in places like India and Brazil are growing quickly because: • People migrate to cities for jobs • Most people who migrate are young. They will start families when they arrive in the city. • Access to clean water and health care is improving, so the death rate is going down What causes urbanisation? 1) State 1 cause of urbanisation (1 mark) 2) Explain one cause of urbanisation in developed (2 marks) countries. 3) Explain one cause of urbanisation in developing (2 marks) countries. 4) Explain how migration causes urbanisation in (3 marks) developed countries. 5) Explain how death rates impact urbanisation in (3 marks) developing countries. 8 markers None for this section of the exam Urbanisation in the UK In the UK, most of our cities are in the South East. There are many reasons for this. Flat land– easier to build big cities Close to government– companies move to London, close to power. Close to Europe – easer to share knowledge and skills and grow businesses. There are also some big cities in the Midlands, like Birmingham. These cities are located close to coal deposits, and grew in the Industrial Revolution. They are still important places for the manufacturing industry. Urbanisation in the UK 1) Describe the pattern of urbanisation in the UK. (1 mark) 2) State 1 reason for the distribution of cities in the UK (1 mark) 3) Explain how one physical factor affects urbanisation (2 marks) in the UK. 4) Explain how one social factor affects urbanisation (3 marks) in the UK. 8 markers Assess the factors impacting urbanisation in the UK *Choose a factor *Explain how it impacts where cities in the UK are *Say how important you think this is *Repeat for at least 1 more factor Locating London When we describe the location of a city, we use 3 key terms. Site: A description of the actual place it is built Situation: Where it is, relative to other places Connectivity: How it is connected to other places The site of London is flat, on the lower course of the River Thames. The situation of London is in the South East of the UK, approximately 70km from the North Sea. It is close to major cities such as Oxford. London has excellent connectivity. It is surrounded by the M25 motorway. It has 5 international airports. It has excellent rail links to every part of the UK, as well as to Europe by the Eurostar. Locating London 1) Write a definition for situation (1 mark) 2) Describe the site of one UK city you have studied. (2 marks) 3) Describe the situation of one UK city you have studied. (2 marks) 4) Describe the site of the city in Figure 1 (2 marks) 5) Describe the connectivity of one UK city you have (2 marks) studied 8 markers None for this section of the exam. Figure 1 Structure of London London is divided into 4 sections • CBD (Central Business District) City centre Government and business HQs • Inner City: Grew during the Industrial Revolution Terraced houses in bad condition • Suburbs: Grew after WW2 Bigger houses with gardens • Rural-Urban Fringe: The edge of the city, before the countryside Very big houses, usually very expensive. Structure of London 1) State the meaning of the term ‘CBD’. (1 mark) 2) State one characteristic of the inner city. (1 mark) 3) Describe one characteristic of the suburbs. (1 mark) 4) Explain the difference between the rural urban (2 marks) fringe and the inner city. 5) Describe the structure of one UK city you have (3 marks) studied. 8 markers None for this section of the exam Structure of London (2) Different areas of London have grown at different times. This pattern helps us tell the story of London’s past. The CBD is full of historic buildings, like the Houses of Parliament. They have been there for 100s of years. This is the oldest part of the city The inner city was booming in the 1800s. This is where all the factories were built in the Industrial Revolution. The terraced houses here were built for the workers when they migrated. The suburbs were built in the 1940s, after WW2 ended. They are bigger houses built with gardens and drives so people could leave the inner city for a better life. Structure of London (2) 1) Describe the inner city of one UK city you have (1 mark) studied 2) Describe one characteristic of the suburbs in one (1 mark) UK city you have studied. 3) Explain one factor that influenced the growth of the (2 marks) inner city. 4) Explain one factor that influenced the growth of the (2 marks) suburbs 8 markers None for this section of the exam How has London changed? There has been a city at London for over 2000 years. We will zoom in on just the last 100 years – phew! Get ready for some key terms. • Urbanisation: – People moving to the city for the first time Why: To work in the factories When: 1800s • Suburbanisation: People leaving the inner city for the suburbs Why: The inner city was polluted and really run down. When: 1940s to 1970s • Counter urbanisation: People leaving the city for the countryside Why: They don’t like the pollution or the small houses When: 1970s to now • Re-urbanisation: People moving back to the inner city. Why: The inner city has been modernised – it is cool there now When: Now How has London changed? 1) Write a definition for suburbanisation. (1 mark) 2) State the meaning of counter-urbanisation (1 mark) 3) Explain one cause of suburbanisation. (2 marks) 4) Explain one characteristic of counter-urbanisation (2 marks) 5) Explain one cause of re-urbanisation in one UK city (3 marks) you have studied. 8 markers Assess the factors affecting the changing structure of one UK city you have studied. *Name the factor (eg: suburbanisation) *Explain how it has changed the way London looks *Say how important you think this is *Repeat for at least one more factor Migration in London London has always been a popular city for people to migrate to. Maybe you and your family migrated here, too. 20% of all workers in London were born in another country, and migrants contribute a huge amount to our city. Causes of migration Impacts of migration Jobs – pay is much higher in the UK Housing crisis – migrants often need than in many other EU countries. affordable housing and there is not much in London. Opportunities – universities in London are some of the best in the More workers– migrants bring skills world. and add workers to our economy. Eg: nurses in the NHS. Safety – people move to London if there is war or danger in their own Food and culture – migrants bring country new types of food (eg: Turkish) and eg: Jewish people to London in WW2. music to the city Migration in London 1) State 1 cause of migration in the UK. (1 mark) 2) Explain 1 economic cause of migration in the UK. (2 marks) 3) Explain 1 impact of migration on UK cities. (3 marks) 4) Explain 1 social impact of migration on UK cities. (3 marks) 8 markers Evaluate the impact of migration in one UK city you have studied. *State the impact (eg: more workers in the NHS) *Explain how it has affected London *Say whether this has been good or bad – and why? *Repeat for at least one more factor. Assess the causes of migration in one UK city you have studied. Population in London London’s population is growing quickly because of migration. 1980: 6.7 million There are not many old people – few people retire 2000: 7.2 million in London 2020: 9.3 million London has lots of 20-40 We show population year olds – these people on these graphs are workers. they are called population pyramids. The blue side is men There are quite a lot The red side is women of young children – the kids of workers They describe the age and gender of the population Population in London 1) Name 1 graph you could use to describe population (1 mark) in UK cities. 2) State 1 way population in London is changing. (1 mark) 3) Explain one cause of population growth in London. (2 marks) 4) Explain one characteristic of population in one UK city (2 marks) you have studied. 8 markers Evaluate the factors affecting population growth in one UK city you have studied.