Assessment of the Fish Resources of Southeast Asia, with Emphasis on the Banda and Arafura Seas*
641
Netherlands Journal of Sea Research 24 (4): 641-650 (1989)
ASSESSMENT OF THE FISH RESOURCES OF SOUTHEAST ASIA, WITH EMPHASIS ON THE BANDA AND ARAFURA SEAS*
PAUL DALZELL and DANIEL PAULY International Center for Living Aquatic Resources Management (ICLARM), MCC Po. Box 1501,Makati, Metro Manila, Philippines
ABSTRACT Then, we refer to another contrast: the strong east- west population gradient within Indonesia (Fig. 2) Following a brief presentation of marine catch and its implications for marine fisheries resources trends in Southeast Asia, some biological peculi- assessment, development and/or management. arities of the stocks upon which these fisheries This gradient within Indonesia, at both ends of rely are discussed. Two empirical log- linear which important continental shelves occur, implies models are presented allowing rough estimation very different types of fisheries exploitation and/or ex- of potential yield of small pelagic fishes fish from ploitation levels, and different markets for the primary production, and of demersal fish from resources on these shelves. mean water depth and primary production. These In the west where, especially in Java, populations models are applied to the Banda and Arafura are very high, the fishery resources of the Sunda Seas, and the results compared with yield esti- Shelf, both demersal and pelagic were exploited mates from similar ecological areas, the Sulu Sea heavily by an extremely wide variety of gears at least (Philippines) and Gulf of Papua. The standing until the 1980 ban on trawling in western Indonesia stock and ecological production of mesopelagic (SARJONO, 1980). fishes in the Banda Sea are also estimated. The The overwhelming part of the catch, including the implications for management of these findings smallest fish, is for domestic human consumption. are discussed, with emphasis on the strong east In eastern Indonesia on the other hand, human to west human population gradient of Indonesia. populations are relatively low and the demersal fish- ery of the Sahul Shelf concentrates on exportable 1, INTRODUCTION penaeid shrimp, while the by-catch of small and even large fish is usually discarded at sea. The pelagic A common cliche is for a country or region to be fisheries concentrate on tuna for export, while the described as 'full of contrasts'. Yet Southeast Asia, low-value small pelagics (sardines, anchovies, also known as the 'Europe of Asia' (another cliche), roundscads, mackerels, etc.) probably remain un- is really full of contrasts, whether one deals with its derexploited (see below). peoples, political entities or natural resources (Table This latter situation makes stock assessment and 1). Stark contrasts-and conflicts-also occur with yield predictions for researchers who, like us, must regard to the marine fisheries of Southeast Asia. rely on secondary data, rather difficult. Therefore, we Among the conflicts, those prevailing betweenthe in- use comparative methods to achieve the main aim of dustrialized and heavily (if indirectly) subsidized trawl this contribution, i.e. to estimate the potential yields fisheries and the small-scale artisanale fisheries of the non-tuna fisheries of the Banda and Arafura have been illustrated in numerous recent studies, Seas. The reasons for this limitation are: e.g. for the Gulf of Thailand (PANAYOTOU& JETANAVA- a. the tuna stocks occurring in eastern Indonesia NICH, 1987) and San Miguel Bay, Philippines (SMITH can probably not be assessed without accounting for et al., '1983). large-scale migrations and various international fish- Another important set of contrasts and conflicts be- eries and tween the ability of the fisheries to overexploit the b. most demersal and small pelagic stocks of resources and the inability of the local governments western Indonesia are fully exploited and they do not to regulate such fisheries has been equally well need their 'potential' to be estimated (DWIPONGGO, documented (Table 2, Fig. 1, MARR, 1976, 1982). 1987).
.ICLARM Contribution No. 41Z Presented at the Snellius-II Symposium, 23-29 November 1987, Jakarta, Indonesia 642 P. DALZELL & D. PAULY
TABLE 1 Selected statistics relevant to fisheries development andlor management of the six members of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations and illustrating the diversity of these countries. aMacLachlan (1985); bMarr (1976);CHinton(1985); dFAD Statistics for 1983. Per Capita Marine Demersal Shrimp Area Coastline Populations income landings landings Prod. Country (km3'103)a (kmjb (millionsf (US$.a- ')C (tonnes'103 a- ')d (t'103 a - ')d (t'103 a - ')d Brunei 5.80 163 0.2 12000 3 3 0.5 Indonesia 1919 36800 169 500 1600 900 130 Malaysia 329 3400 16 1800 726 523 76.5 Philippines 300 17500 57 800 127 704 55.7 Singapore 0.62 140 2.6 6500 191 17 0.0 Thailand 514 2580 53 700 2100 1770 174 -
TABLE 2 Total marine landings (t.103) of the six member states of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (source: FAD Statisti- cal Yearbooks). aMean of 5 years series used as reference (i.e. 100%) in Fig. 2; bExcluding subsets (i.e. Philippine small pelagics and Gulf of Thailand demersals).
Year Brunei Indonesia Malaysia Philippines Philippines Singapore Thailand G. of Thai!. Totalb (Total) Small pelagics (Total) demersals (ASEAN)
1946 79.5 79.90 1947 230.7 230.70 1948 172.0 109 172.0 1949 213.5 133 108.8 322.30 1950 194.7 125 115.6 310.30 1951 266.4 188 141.0 107.40 1952 572.6 135.8 282.0 206 5.6 138.5 993.10 1953 616.9 147.0 272.2 192 5.7 148.2 1037.30 1954 628.5 137.3 308.6 239 6.3 166.4 1103.50 1955 0.7 651.5 138.8 326.2 256 6.2 151.4 1129.10 1956 1.3 717.1 139.1 355.2 239 9.6 152.2 1224.50 1957 1.0 732.0 .138.9 347.8 238 13.8 170.9 1250.70 1958 1.8 691.0 139.9 369.0 273 12.3 145.0 1205.00 1959 2.6 758.1 146.5 378.4 270 11.5 147.8 1284.27 1960 2.7 760.7 169.4 384.5 273 9.2 146.5 58852 1291.67 1961 2.8 910.8 181.2 394.1 283 9.7 233.3 106552 1538.18 1962 1.7 947.0 201.0 422.5 304 11.5 269.7 129702 1639.21 1963 4.3 936.2 230.8 485.3 336 12.5 323.4 198190 1744.87 1964 3.3 992.9 235.9 540.8 327 10.4 494.2 320614 2027.90 1965 3.8 1066 252.3 604.3 292 11.0 529.5 343141 2200.58 1966 3.1 1201.6 294.3 - 641.6 299 18.5 135.2 363842 1978.37 1967 1.3 1180.4 367.1 682.2 312 18.2 762.2 437424 2624.79 1968 2.0 1159.0 406.5 851.0 365 17.3 1004.1 513380 3014.06 1969 2.0 1159.0 406.5 851.0 365 17.0 1179.6 518650 3240.20 1970 1.5 807.2 338.5 892.4 435 17.3 1335.7 530890 3035.29 1971 1.5 820.0 363.9 925.2 457 14.3 1470.3 608580 3215.49 1972 1.5 836.0 354.1 1023.5 486 14.8 1548.2 737949 3407.66 1973 1.5 889.0 441.4 1105.2 526 17.9 1538.0 830873 3532.22 1974 1.5 949.0 522.2 1155.2 520 18.6 1351.6 604853 3455.79 1975 1.5 997.0 471.4 1230.3 530 16.9 1394.6 752107a 3231.91 1976 1.6 1082.0 514.4 1126.9 527 15.8 1551.8 787914a 3760.69 1977 2.1 1158.0 616.7 1229.1 546 14.3 2067.5 848103a 4454.53 1978 2.6 1227.0 682.4 1192.7 527 15.6 1948.8 814054a 4277.49 1979 2.7 1318.0 693.3 1136.3 466 16.4 1813.2 832390a 4267.46 1980 2.1 1395.1 733.6 1135.8 476a 15.5 1648.0 798035a 4178.75 1981 2.2 1408.0 792.9 1204.8 486a 15.6 1824.4 4437.24 1982 2.2 1491.0 666.3 1234.3 514a 18.8 1986.6 4711.87 1983 3.0 1600 725.9 1290.3 532a 19.1 (2000) 4890.30 1984 495a 1985 468a FISH RESOURCES OF SOUTHEAST ASIA 643
2. SOME BIOLOGICAL PECULIARITIES OF SOUTHEAST ASIAN FISH STOCKS
120 A few more points must be addressed before . proceeding to the actual comparisons, and these . pertain to the applicability of concepts such as 'maxi- -. .--;;100 . .. . -- . ~~~~--~i--.~m~ .. mum sustainable yield' or MSY (of which 'potential .2 ~ . . yield' or Py is supposed to be a prediction), and of ~ g ~ 80 other concepts initially formulated by scientists work- ~Q)E .. a.'" . . .c; ." ing on temperate stocks. <>= .. 8 E-g60 . .. The last 10 years have seen a flowering of stock '" 0 Q) = 4 assessment in Southeast Asia and elsewhere in the > '" 0 . ...· '': c: ~ - . tropics. The features of tropical stocks which crucial- ~ .~I- 40 0::=0.c; ly differ from those of temperate stocks have been a..- identified (PAULY, 1986; lONGHURST & PAULY, O~ 2012'. ." 1987). Fig. 3 is provided here as an example; it illus- c - o . trates the resolution of previously puzzling apparent o differences between the dynamics of a tropical stock 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 and expectations. Thus, the massive increase in Relative tishing ettort (0;,,) fishing effort from 1966 to 1974, which resulted in the decline in the mean length in samples of Selaroides Fig. 1. Relative catch as function of relative effort in two leptolepis (a small carangid) was expected to result typical Southeast Asian fisheries: (.) Philippine small in steeper slopes of the descending right arms of the pelagics, (.) Gulf of Thailand demersals. Catch (from Ta- 'catch curves' on the left side of Fig. 3. POPE (1979), ble 2) and effort data (from DALZELLet a/., 1987, and noting that these slopes do not become steeper, sug- BOONYUBOI& PRAMOKCHUTIMA,1982, respectively) ex- gested that 'therefore, either increased fishing mor- pressed as % to emphasize common features of both sets, representatives of fisheries with stable or gradually declin- tality has been matched by decreasing natural ing gross catches and excessive fishing effort. mortality [ ] or we must conclude that these catch
i I Chi n a \ - t ,. ,/ ,-1 ~r <}1I . Pacific Oceon \) ~ .",:---/'-, J Burma , \., -~... "-"\ r/ i-Loos} 200N ( I < \ i/-.~, '\ '-../ SOU f h '. \ ... \ I Gult at Thailand / Thailand'. \Vietnom 2 San Miguel Bay d '1 (_-l~\. Chino 3 Sulu Sea ,0 ,r ,Kampuchea D \ If _\I. r./ 4 Banda Sea lOON CD 5 Aratura Sea 6 Gulf of Papua I 10 million Inh. ~lndonesiO
O.
In dio n
100S Oceon ..
Fig. 2. Map of Southeast Asia, showing areas discussed in the text and illustrating population imbalance between eastern and western Indonesia.
------644 P. DALZELL & D. PAULY
.... .cP .80 0 0
0 . . . 1966 10 0 0 .. 00 . 00 1967 I ..0 . . . 0 0 Z r y I \ \. - - 1968 I <] 0 . '- . 0\\ \ .\ Z g'1 7' .t .J)...... , \ ICb 0 o 0 o 00 Q) \ CI 0. . \ \ 0 1969 I o .. . o · 1970 I0 . 0. 19721 o 0 O0 0 0 .0 0
197310 1974 ....L...... - a 9 10 II 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 0.5 1.0 1.5 Length (em) Relative age (yr -to)
Fig. 3. Analyses of annual cumulations of length-frequency data for Gulf of Thailand specimens of Selaroides leptolepis. Left side: data as redrawn from fig. 4.17 in POPE (1979), and showing decrease in mean length with time, but no increase of slope, as was expected from these 'catch curves'. Right side: the same data redrawn as proper length-converted catch curve show an increase of slope (i.e. total mortality), as expected (see text). FISH RESOURCES OF SOUTHEAST ASIA 645
500 a curves do not measure mortality', and that 'it could 400 . ~ ~-----.------... be that the slope of the righthand limb is more a . . . 300 result of changes in recruitment within the year'. The recently developed theory of length-converted catch ,;) 200 o curve (see PAULY, 1984) demonstrates, however, small pelagic catch )( 100 minus anchovies that total mortality (2) is not proportional to the slope .::: o . of a plot of log N on length, but rather must be ob- 120 tained from a plot of log N/6t on (relative) age, where c u . b 6t is the time needed for the fish to grow through a 100 given length class. Since, within a given species, "0 ::J c: 80 small fish grow faster than large ones, the gradual c: . . ---..--.----.- shift of the 'catch curve' on the left side of Fig. 3 does
TABLE 3 The trawl fishery of the Gulf of Papua commenced Area, depth and primary production data for the Arafura and in 1969. Annual shrimp landings range from 800 to Banda Seas. (See Fig. 1 for definition of boundaries of 1 000 tonnes (tail weight) and the by catch of finfish Arafura and Banda Seas). aAIl waters between 0 and 6500-14500 tonnes, 90% of which, stemming from 200 m depth; bEstimated from data in FAO (1972). an area of 9600 km2, is discarded (GWYTHER, 1982; Characteristic Arafura Sea Banda Sea DALZELL, 1986). GWYTHER (1982) presented an anal- ysis of catch and effort data for the shrimp fishery 599 584 Surface area (km2'103) which suggested a maximum sustainable yield of 535 38 Shelf area (km2.103) a 640 tonnes.a - 1, a figure doubted as too low by Mean depth of shelf (m) 40 100 some subsequent authors (BRANDFORD, 1982; Non-shelf area (km2.103) 64 546 KOLKOLO, 1983). Mean depth of non-shelf (m) 1279 2286 Primary production (g C.m - 2.a -1) b 167 152 In addition to identifying analogues. we have der- ived two empirical, log-linear models based on pub- lished yield estimates presented by MARTEN & POLOVINA (1982) for predicting potential yields of usually made with purse seines and ring nets set at tropical neritic pelagic and demersal shelf fisheries, night around floating fish aggregating devices or respectively, i.e.: 'payaos'. Between 1978 and 1984, the mean annual landing of small pelagic fishes from the Sulu Sea log10 Py = 0.0046 PP - 0.223 (1) was 157000 tonnes, representing about 31.5% of the Philippines' total small pelagic catch. and
log10 Py = 0.3031 + 0.257 log10 PP-0.4321 10glOD(2)
O.B . -0.2 7- where Py = potential yield in tonnes.km2 of shelf, <; ..... PP is the annual primary productivity in g C.m2.a - 1 0 0.6 -0.4 ~ >-'" (IJ and D is mean shelf depth in m (Fig. 5). 0.4 -0.6 'e (IJ u The potential yield of fish, expressed as g 'e .>< 0.2 -O.B ~ C.m2.a -I, is also shown in Fig. 5 for the pelagic fish- +- >- -1.0 0- eries model. From this, it is possible to calculate the ;. 0 o 0- ratio of fish yield to primary productivity, which Q -0.2 -1.2 't 01 .J ranged from 0.0008 to 0.0036, similar to the range of o L I I 0.0003 to 0.003 given by MARTEN & POLOVINA(1982) .J 0 100 200 for continental shelf fisheries. Primary production (gCm-2 year-I) The Banda Sea, due to its predominantly deep 1.0 oceanic waters can be expected to contain a relative- ..... O.B I""'-...... '"0 ly large amount of mesopelagic fishes. Table 3 sum- >- marizes the data used here to estimate the size of (IJ 0.4 'e this non conventional 'resource'. .>< +- 0.2 >- 0 4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 0- 0-02 't -0.4 The empirical estimates of potential small pelagic .J I I I I I I fish yield over the shelf areas of the Banda and Sulu o 0.15 1.0 1.15 2.0 2.15 Seas in Tables 4 and 5 appear to be consistent with log 10Mean depth (geometric mean, m) observed yields of small pelagic fishes from the Philippines as a whole. DALZELLet a/. (1987)estimat- ed the MSY for Philippine small pelagic fishes to be Fig. 5. Relationship between tropical fish yield and selected 540000 tonnes.a-1 or 2.34 tonnes.km-2 of shelf. predictor variables. Above: relationship between observed yields of small pelagic fishes and primary production In the Gulf of Papua, an average of 12 000 (based on table 8 in MARTEN& POLOVINA, 1982, with cor- tonnes.a -1 of fish are caught along with shrimp, the rection of value for the Philippines; see also equation (1). target species. On a total shelf area basis, this Below: relationship between observed yields of demersal represents a production of 0.38 tonnes.km - 2, which fishes and mean water depth after adjustment of line at a suggests that the fish resource is underexploited. On mean primary production of 133 g C.m-2.a-1 (based on the basis of a total fished area of 9600 km2, table 7 in MARTEN & POLOVINA, 1982; distances between however, production amounts to 1.25 tonnes.km -2, points and line represent the residuals). similar to that predicted by the empirical equation.
--- FISH RESOURCES OF SOUTHEAST ASIA 647
TABLE 4 Estimates of potential yields for small pelagic and demersal fisheries in the Banda Sea and its ecological analogue, the TABLE 5 Sulu Sea. Estimates of potential yields for small pelagic and demersal 'P y figures computed from equation (1) in text when multi- fisheries in the Arafura Sea and its ecological analogue, the plied by 0.83for the Sulu Sea and by 0.70for the Banda Sea Gulf of Papua. to account for larger pelagic species (e.g. tunas) in the 'Py figures multiplied by a factor of 0.7 to account for large catch. Conversion factors estimated from catch statistics for pelagics (see also legend of Table 4). the Philippines and Indonesia (FAD Statistical Yearbooks). Potential Yields (t'km-2.a-l) Potential Yields (t'km-2.a-l) Sulu Sea Banda Sea Gulf of Papua Arafura Sea (Philippines) (Indonesia) (Papua New Guinea) (Indonesia) Small pelagics' Small pelagics 0.88 DWIPONGGO (1987) 0.55 Dwiponggo (1982) This study 2.75' 2.46' This study 2.12 2.10 Demersals Demersals 1.25 DWIPONGGO (1987) 0.37 Dwiponggo (1982) 1.12 1.52 This study 0.91 1.00 This study
Other estimates of potential yield for the Banda (tail weight)/fish ratio of about 1:12 of the Gulf of and Arafura Seas have been made by DWIPONGGO Papua (see above) is used as reference. (1982), who, however, used different reference GJ0SAETER & KAWAGUCHI (1980), SMITH & HEEM- areas. Further, Dwiponggo's methods were based STRA (1986), CLARKE (1973) and SARENAS (1954) on survey data as well as extrapolation of informa- provide information on the mesopelagic fishes likely tion for fisheries outside Indonesian waters. In only to occur in the Sanda Sea. Some important conclu- one instance, that of the Arafura Sea demersal sions from the work are that most species are usually stocks (Table 5), was there any agreement between very small, the great majority under 10 cm (standard his and our estimates. It should be clearly under- length). stood that the results from the empirical equations Each of these factors bears on the potential ex- used here express yield in terms of square kilometer ploitability of mesopelagic fishes, albeit in different of shelf, and not as appears to be the case with ways. Their small size implies that most are annual Dwiponggo's estimates, for the entire surface area of fishes, with high productionlbiomass (P/B) ratios. the particular water body. Values of PIS equal to two and more are considered Little published information is available on the sta- realistic (MANN, 1984; LONGHURST& PAULY, 1987) tus of the fish stocks of the Arafura and Banda Seas, and we shall use PIS = 2 further below. although scattered biological observations are avail- A high wax ester (i.e. alkoxydiglyceridae) content able (e.g. SHUNTOV, 1971). DWIPONGGO(1987) has of most mesopelagic fishes renders them unfit for presented some data on pelagic catches from the direct human consumption, at least in unprocessed waters around the Moluccas Islands which comprise form, even if their size, appearance and consistency the Sanda, Seram and Molucca Seas (Fig. 6a). allowed such consumption-(which is not the case These data suggest that the level of fishery effort for for most species). Thus, if at all, these fishes could pelagic fishes in the late 1970s is close to that which be used only indirectly, e.g. as animal feed, or for generates MSY. This inference, however, is based production of fish meal and oil. on only five data points, on highly aggregated data Many mesopelagic fishes, especially the lantern- of questionable validity. fishes (myctophids), undertake daily migrations The corresponding graph for Arafura Sea demer- which take them from the great depths of their day- sal catches (Fig. 6b), which suggests that this stock time habitats (300 to 1000 m) to the epipelagic zone, is strongly overfished, also rests on data which may where they feed at night. be considered questionable. However, independent Some do reach the surface, they concentrate evidence is available to support the inference of themselves into aggregations within the upper 100 overfishing (see Fig. 6c and based on Fig. 6d, NAA- m. Of these, some occur far offshore, some over the MIN, 1984 and DWIPONGGO et al., 1987). slope. The latter are the most promising group since The present catch level of 4000 tonnes of shrimp they are vulnerable to existing fishing technique or in the Arafura Sea implies that this fishery discards slight modifications of them (GJ0SAETER & about 50 000 tonnes of fish annually if the sh~mp KAWAGUCHI, 1980). According to these authors, the 648 P. DALZELL & D. PAULY
OJ on on III a > 3
"0 "0 ... a ... C C "0 3;-- "eN C o co2 ~ :: 60 c - 8 on ._ x U; )( 4- o 2 _ ...- .c. G;- 40 III .- U c. -Q) ~ c.~ - u 2 c ~ ::: 20 ~ u U Q) -c u Ci > U -c u U 5 10 15 20 25 30 I 3 579 Effort (standard vessels x 102) Effort (standard vessels x 10)
81974 C I') - I d 5 0 :... 10 c 1977 )( CD >- 178 81974 - 4 - 1980 19BI197:5 >- 1979 u 3 - -c c u -... 5 0 "0 2 :J E c c 0 0 5 10 15 5 10 15 Fishing effort (x 103 standard Fishing effort (x 103 standard vessel days) vessel days) Fig. 6. Dynamics of various fishery resources of western Indonesia: a. Surplus-production model for small pelagics in the Moluccas (from DWIPONGGO, 1987); b. Surplus-production model for fishes and invertebrates in the Arafura Sea (from DWIPONGGO, 1987); c. Schaefer-type (solid) and Fox-type (dotted) surplus-production model for Arafura Sea banana prawn (from DWIPONGGO et al., 1987); d. Relation between total mortality (as estimated from length-converted catch curves) and fishing effort in Arafura Sea banana prawn (from DWIPONGGO et al.. 1987). far offshore (i.e. non-slope) species, on the other timate due to avoidance of the sampling gear by the hand, appear less promising, especially in tropical large specter. Assuming a PIB ratio of two (see waters (such as in the Banda Sea). above) the potential yield is 2.4 tonnes.a -1, if Py = The approximate size of the Banda Sea mesopela- 1/2 (P/B) x unexploited biomass (GULLAND,1971). gic stock can be roughly estimated by multiplying the Of this, however, only a very small fraction (if any) is mean standing stock per unit area (in Table 6) by our likely to occur at depths and in concentrations that reference area. This gives an estimating standing would make them amenable to commercial exploi- stock of 2.4 million tonnes, possibly a slight underes- tation. TABLE 6 Standing stock estimates of mesopelagic fishes in the southeast Asian region. (Adapted from GJ0SAETER& KAWAGUCHI(1980»'Weighted by the numberof samples;this is probablyan underestimate due to net avoidance by large mesopelagic fishes. Standing stock (g.m-2) Number of Sampling area (depth, m) (mean) range samples Soure IndonesialPhilippines (1000-1500) 4.2 (0.6 -7.7 ) 10 PARINet al.: 1977 South China Sea (1000) 4.7 (3.64-5.46) 4 Kawaguchi (unpubL) Mean' 4.34 (0.6 -7.7 ) (14) FISH RESOURCES OF SOUTHEAST ASIA 649 5. CONCLUSIONS --, 1987. Indonesia's marine fisheries resources. In: C. BAILEY,A, DWIPONGGO& F. MARAHUDIN.Indonesian Marine Capture Fisheries.-ICLARM Studies and 1. The small pelagic fisheries resources of eastern Reviews 10: 10-63. Indonesia, outside of the Arafura Sea, are probably DWIPONGGO,A., T. HARIATI,S. BANON,M.L. PALOMARES& small due to the absence of any sizeable shelf. D. PAULY,1987. Growth, mortality and recruitment of Based on empirical methods and comparisons with commercially important fishes and penaeid shrimps elsewhere, there appears to be considerable in Indonesian waters.-ICLARM Tech. Rep. 17: 1-91. resource potential for the Arafura Sea small pelagic FAO, 1972. Atlas of the living resources of the seas. stocks. The low human population levels as well as Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Na- marketing problems argues at present, however, tions, Rome. against high exploitation. FAO, 1972. Atlas of the living Resources of the sea. Pre- 2. The demersal resources of the Arafura Sea are pared by the Department of Fishery. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, as overexploited as those of the Sunda Shelf. A Rome. potential of about 50 000 tonnes may exist, in the by- GJ0SAETER,J. & K. KAWAGUCHI,1980. A review of the catch of the shrimp fisheries. Realizing this potential world resources of mesopelagic fish.-FAO Fish. implies solving, however, another set of marketing Tech. Pap.. Rome: 1-151. problems. GULLAND,J.G.. 1971. The fish resources of the ocean. 3. Although numerically large, the nonconvention- Fishing News (Books) Ltd., West Byfleet. Surrey, En- al resources of eastern Indonesia (here exemplified gland: 1-255. GULLAND,J.G. & S. GARCIA,1984. Observed patterns in by the Banda Sea mesopelagic fishes) are practically unharvestable and unmarketable under present con- mullispecies fisheries. In: R.M. MAY. Exploitation of Marine Communities. Dahlem Konferenzen. Springer ditions. Verlag, Berlin: 155-190. GWYTHER,D., 1982. Yield estimates for the banana prawn 6. REFERENCES (Penaeus merguiensis de Man) in the Gulf of Papua prawn fishery.-J. Cons. perm. int. Explor. Mer 40: BAKUN,A., 1985. Comparative studies and the recruitment 245-258. problem: searcing for generalizations.-CALCOFI HINTON, H.C., 1985.East Asia and the WesternPacific. Rep. 26: 30-40. 1984. Skye Corporation, Styker-Post Publications, BOONYUBOL,M. & S. PRAMOKCHUTIMA,1982. Trawl fisher- Westinghouse: 1-104. ies in the Gulf of Thailand.-ICLARM Translations 4: KOLKOLO,U., 1983. The Gulf of Papua prawn fishery, 1982. 1-12. 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