MFR PAPER 103 0
An important shrimp fishery has blossomed in Indonesia since 1965.
A Review of the Indonesian Shrimp Fishery and Its Present Developments
M.UNAR
INTRODUCTION modern o nes were operating in th ese waters. In the beginning of the devel opment of this fishery. s hrimp \0\ as Although there has been a shrimp the main objective. H owever. owing fis hery for a long time in Indonesia. to the great demand for fish in the . . it attracted specia l attenti o n only after surrounding regions. such as Java 1960 a nd grew rapidly some ti me after which traditionall y has become a ma r 1965 when modern shrimp fishing Location of IndoneSia In wt'I ket for salted fish processed from the technology was introduced in I ndone catches of tidal traps in this region. sia n waters. Some of the meth ods of J a)..arta. F-rom there thc\ \\cre c por the new shrimp fishery has fin a ll y de catching shrimp which have been ap cd along ,\ Ith catche\ Irl)1ll other .1rt:a veloped into a conve nti onal tra "",1 fi sh pli ed locall y for many years include The great dcmand lor tJr Illp III ery in which shrimp constitute th e the use of bottom gi II nets. beach o,er~ca~ mar)..ch has dttrdctcd th" most valuable component of the catch. sei nes. the "chant rang" Danish sei ne. attention of 1ll1l onl\ dl)IllC,tIL c, plt,d. In the meantime th ere were increas push nets. and tidal traps. The last but 111 particular 01 II)rclgn Cdrlt, I .1\ ing activities in the local shrimp fish mentioned method. wh ich is conduct \o\cll. In 19M;: JOint \cnture\ 11l\UI\101.! eries along the north coast of J a\ a ed o n a large scale along the east forclgn capital \\cre c\tdbll\he! In and south Sumatra fro m \0\ hich th e coast of Sumatra and particularly in ~hrimp tishenc,> In sc\eral rdrts 01 landings were collected and ta ke n to th e waters of the southern part of IndoneSia. rarticularl~ In thc :-'Ullldtr d Malacca Strait . seems to be the most Marine scientist M. Unar has Kalimantan. and \Ve\t Inan regll''l efficie nt. (See maps. pages 23. 24. and been associated with the Direc ThiS ha" gl\en n\e to thc c\tdbll 'I torate General of the Fisheries 25 . for place names mentioned in the of Jakarta for more than 15 ment 01 ne\\ \Illall \hnmr L~'nt r text.) years, and for the past four )ears ,>uch a, tho,e In Kotabaru. on tll~ I - A ltho u gh it was introduced earlier has been Director of the Marine land of Pulau I aut In ,l'ulhea t "-ab for experimental purposes. shrimp Fishery Institute in Jakarta. He mantan. Aillbon and )orl'ng \t k,l t is now a lecturer with the Facul I () ne\\ eold ,wrage rlanh Inr I'Jnlllp trawling started commerciall y only in ty of Fisheries, Bogor Institute 1966 in the waters of Malacca Strait. of Agriculture. Mr. Unar's paper \\erc Installed through"ut IrlliL)l1" 1.1 pa rticul a rl y in the area surrounding is reprinted by permission and In 1971. In Ihc,c .Il'lnt \entur" ('me th e estua ry of the Rokan river. with with full credit to the author, highl~ c'l.rcrre11ced C('1l1Pd11IL hL Bagansiapi-api as its base. This fishery the Indian Ocean Program, the II)nglng t" Ihe t,'ur hlgge,t Jdr,lIle L United Nations Development is characterized by the operation of Program, and the Food and Ag n,hlng L()lllrallle,. drL 111\,)h~d I wooden sampan-li ke motori zed \essels riculture Organization of the renence h.r ,hLl\\n Ih,1I \\lIhl11 .1 of 5-20 GT employing a single Gulf U.N. through John C. Marr, rLlall\el~ ,hl,rt tlllle Ihe\ \\de d"lc I type shrimp trawl of 40 feet head-rope. Program Leader, Indian Ocean adapt Ihe111',," e, II the IULdl onJI Program, F AO. The paper has This fishery developed rapidl) and at also appeared in a limited edition IIL'n,. e'peclal" d reg.lrd the hn p the e nd of 197 I not less than 800 as NMFS Foreign Fisheries ti,hlng grl'und III the \\. ieI"'> tOf \\ hi \ e sels . including some (less than 50) Leaflet No. 73-16. the~ are Icen cd 10 L'r~'r,11L
21 Ho\\e\cr, the,>e de\elopll1Cnh and \ohcd I hc dala nhl
Sumatra and Ja\a, \\ hIle for ~omc p"'{(,'/I\ lc"fI I r/UII II I oIr~ Ldlku en rdth~r high ' I here I a \\edh nllrlh other areas only recently have ,hrimp dea\llUr anu hlllg pra\\ 11, rcspccti\el) \\ard dnll current thrl'ughl'ut the been considered an ImpLlrtant rc The greater pari III Ihe 1,Inding con "hllk \ ear, \\ hilL..! tlu..!1 current frl1m source Therefore e\act tigures on si t llf P 1I,,'rt;III,'I/\{1 the \ nd,ll11an ca hec,)me, tr,lnger the total landlllgs, the number and nothcr group llt shnl11f1 \\ hleh l'C \\ Ilh an InLfL.I'ing ampitlUde a It hlllds of hshlllg gear emplo~ed, and, Cl1ple~ an Impllrlant pldee In thl' Pfl1- dPprllachc the reloltl\ el) Ilarr,\\\ pa - in partlcullr, data on landlllgs, speci duclwn Jnd ulet lInd ndtillnal scale ,age, O\\lng tl) the etftuent llf the Red according to species or grl)UpS 1\ the \o-called reblln, J,llllhrct. llr n\er, 01 '>umatra. the trait 1\ grad of species ..!nd Rshlllg gear, are laLhlllg. blachan, a Illi\ture III' the 'peClmell, uall~ hecllm ln g hallo\\er anu recent Despite the difficulties encountered at or thc order \1\ .,cluacJc. S, rt;nl<, ob,enatilln, IndlCJle an a\erage depth the beglllnlllg, It is presently po~slbk of thc ordcr ,II Decapl'da. oInu IU \ e 016-)\ m In the ",uthern part "here to compIle data from ne\\ shnmp mil', 01 pcnaeld ,hnmp. rrolll thl\ the thhen 1\ nw,t Inten,e the depth Rshery centers, and more detailed in l11i\ture. "hlch " normall) caught I 6-27 m . formatIOn is expected after the estab along the coa~t ncar C'lUane~. \hril11p In th" area the coa,tal hrimp R,h lishment of" the cold storagc plants. paste i manufacturcd a nd i~ \\ Id el~ er) I, charactenzed b) the u,e of tidal In the meantime, efforts are being tah u~ed In the dady dlct. It~ production trap'. nlO,th con,lstlng of a conical en to Improve the whole fishery sta mu t be fairl) hi gh In \ lew of the net madc of 'y nthetlc t\\ Ines, \\ Ith tistical system. Wide u e of shnmp paste, but thl' the mouth of the net placed bet\\ een In general the establishment of report does not deal \\ Ith this group t\\O poles inserted in the bottom of shrimp joint ventures is preceded by of shrimp. the sea in such a \\a) that their plane trial fishing or surveys which last for The major part o f thc abole-men is perpendicular to the direction of about one year. S u ch commercial tioned penaeid landlllgs comes from the tidal flo\\ . Thus, the net R h on surveys are supervised by the govern the waters of the Indone ian Sunda both direction of the tidal current. ment and conducted by the !'VI a ri ne Shelf. in particular the east coast of Such net are placed in ro\\ , formi ng Fishery Research Institute in coopera Sumatra, Kalimantan, and Ja\a. Su ballerie in places with depths \ ar~ ing tion with the shrimp compani es in- matra i the leading producer \\ ith a from 2-6 m . A unit consi ting of a
22 NDAMAN SEA
Sumatra, showing locations mentioned in the text.
--4°N tunately, except for in formation on the nu m ber o f li censed \ essels, no data a rc o bt ain able o n the catch and effort and it is impossibl e to a nal)ze the conditio n of the stock o n the ba~i~ of this info rmati o n alo ne. H owe\er. about 50 vessel have recentl y tran\ fe rred the ir o pe ra ti o n fro m this area to the no rth coast o f J ava, because. acco rding to the o perato rs, the catch rates in the Malacca Strait have been dwindling rapidl y. This may be an in dicati o n o f overcapita li zati o n at th e producer ' level. Starti ng in 1968, a compa ny with J apanese capital and technic ians, based in Palembang. south Su matra. operated a fleet of Palembang O 26 relati vely mall sh rimp tra" ler\ In that coastal a rea. T hey have recenth tra nsfe rred th eir operations to ea,t 4°5 Ka lima nt a n owing to low catches, which were es ti mated at around 'i metri c to ns (heads-on) per vessel an nu a y. 0 detailed data were obtall1ed duri ng the course of their operatIOns. It is worth noting that other fishll1g row o f 50-80 nets, each having a di the 5-20 GT ci a s. A ltho ugh ma ny of methods, uch as bottom gil l nets. a mete r ra nging be tween 5-8 m , is them are provided with wi nches, Danish seines, and other kinds of commo n. Around Bagansiapi -api, in the re a re still th ose whi ch use manua l traps, can be found all along the Su th e estua ry of Ro ka n ri ve r, th ere are ly ope rated wooden roll ers. Lately matran coast and contribute substan at l ea~ t 500 suc h unit-. These condi some modern dou bl e-ri gged t rawlers, tia ll ) to the ~hr i mp landings. ti o ns a re almost identical to tho e with sizes ranging be tween .+0- 100 GT, prevailing in the coasta l a reas south were introduced in this area. Bases of Ma lacca Stra it reaching as fa r as are scattered over th e enti re coast. The North Coast of Java lat. .+ °S, a lth ough th e num ber o f traps In two provinces o n th e south ern part in the south is less th a n those in th e o f M a lacca Stra it. the Ri ouw and T he central part of the northern Stra it. Since thi s gear is prima ril y the no rth Sumatra provinces. the coast of Java, \\hlch in a \\ay consti empl oyed for Alt ering " rebon," the number of trawlers in creased from 8 tutes a bay, and the Madura trait mesh ~ i ze o f th e codend is very sm all, in 1966 to 830 at the end of 1971 in east Java are the main Ashlng ra ngi ng between 0.5- 1.0 cm. Estua (T a bl e I). As was me ntio ned earl ier, grou nds for t he coastal sh ri m p fisher). rine and othe r coasta l As hes a re the this As hery is becomi ng a con vention There are no large rivers flov.ing Into ma in catch . but "rebon" a nd pe naeid a l trawl As hery a ltho ugh sh ri mp is the Ja\a Sea 111 comparison \\ith the shrimp a re caught together in am ounts still the hi ghest prized catch . Unfor- south coast of Kalimantan \\hlch between 5-80 pe rcent o f th e total faces north Java across the Java Sea. catch . The penaeids a re do minated by Table l.-Number of trawlers licensed from the T he Java Sea, like other waters In lwo provinces bordering the Malacca Strait, Pilropellileop; is spp. fo ll owed by P. the Riouw and north Sumatra provinces, 1966- Indonesia, IS ~ubject to the influence lII erglliellsis a nd, in lesser qua ntity, 1971 . of th e two monsoons: the East or Dr)
by M (' /(/pellllelll hre l'icorni l and M . Year Number of trawlers I\ lonsoon from l ay to October and IIIC11f en ii. the West or Wet :\ Ionsoon from 0- 1966 8 The o ff ho re w uthern pa rt o f Ma l 1967 59 vember to 1\1arch. During the East 1968 113 acca trait is th e a rea in \\ hi ch th e i\ lonsoon. "Ind~ come from the E E 1969 363 tr a v\lcr ~ o pe rate. These a re ge ne ra ll y 1970 590 and reach ma,\lmum force in June 1971 fl at " ooden sampan-like tra" le I's of 830 August. DUring the West .\Ionsoon.
23 I ndonesia, showing areas of importance tance In the la t t\\O years. ne\\ cold d licence for shnmp fi hing In the to Ihe shrimp induslry mentioned in lexl. torag~ plants ha\e been In tailed In \\aters of .,ou th and \\e t Kalimantan JaJ.-arta. emarang. and ~uraba) a. from a ba.,e In J aJ.-arta. In order to \\lnd come from the oppo~lte dIrec determine \\ hether the e tabli hment tion and reach a ma'dmum In Januan of the In\estment could be com mer The West and South F-ebruar}. April and ,'ovember are ciall} JustIfied. It \\ a preceded by Coasts of Kalimantan tran~i tIonal period \\ Ith \\ Ind of Ie s trial fishing or ur\eys for one }ear. ..,trength and unpredictable direction. T\\o \e.,.,els of about 99 GT each \' ere The \\ estbound surface current la ts long the \\est coast l)f !....allmantan. u ed as sune} \e el . The une} from !\ l a} to October. \\ith strongest particularl} In the \ IClnIt) of estuaries. commenced In I\l a) 196 and con Ao\\ culminatIOn In June. The east the coastal shrimp fisher) presents the cluded In Apnl 1969. The area CO\ bound ..,urfdce current lasts from 0- same characteristIc~. although In a ered b) the suney i sho\\n in Figu re \ember to !\Iarch. \\ith a peaJ.- In smaller scale. as those pre\ailing on I. In 1969 It \\ a decided to proceed February The latter. although of short the east coast of umatra \\ here tidal \\ ith the enterpri e and a no th er ve el er duration. I~ stronger and IS a soclat traps pia) an important role . In addi of 377 GT \\as added. In 1970 si '\ ed \\ Ith \\ InUS and generall) hea\) tion. some other gear. although much \e sels. fi\e of "hlch \\ ere of the 100 rains As a consequence of the e phySI Ie s effiCient than tIdal traps. are di - GT cla~s. continued the fis hing opera cal condulom of the ea. the shnmp tributed throughout the Ka limantan tion in thiS area and in 197 1 thirteen are concentrated In the shallo\\ coastal coastal areas. Because there are large \ essel of the same ize cia s con titut \\ ater.., anu tnal fishi ng \\ Ith a tra\\ I ri\ers AO\\ ing in to the J a\ a Sea. ed the total number of \ e els e mplo) ed tailed to produce ati sfactor) results. shrimp grou nds are e'\tended farther b} the compa ny. H O\\ e \"e r. in th at Local Ii hlllg \\ ith bottom gill nets is offshore as compared \\ ith the north same) ear the company expanded it more successful. At present this fi her) coa t of Java where the ri\er are area of operati o n to West Iri an . Onl) I developing at a \ery rapid rate. but smaller. Local F isherie en ices e ti t\\ 0 \essels o pe rated the e ntire ) ear the recent annual landing of 2.S00 mate the present coa tal shrimp land in Kal i mantan and the \\ hole Aeet of metnc tons should not be attributed ings at around 3.500 metri c to ns an thirteen \ es els had o nl y SO boat to thiS fisher) onl}, since hnmp catch nuall) . month in th i a rea. es are also made b} \ aned other fi h In 1968 a compa ny \\ith J apa nese The total la nding ho\\ ed a n in- In g gears of Indi\idual minor impor- capital. the Kyoku)o H ogei. o bt ained crea e each year. Including the catche spent in the waters o f W est Iri a n . The fo reign . Despite ind icati o ns o f the pre ent opera ti o ns arc concentra ted presence o f favorable sh ri m p gro unds in rel ative ly limited a reas, i.e., in the in this a rea, it was not until 1970 th at vicinity ,o f uri Gulf o n th e west a com pany, fo rme rl y operating In K alimantan coast a nd a ro und the south Sumatra, decided to start t'b h Kuma i Gulf o n its so uth coast. both ing in the south ern pa rt of this regio n , in de pth betwccn 10-20 m , w he re from a base at Kotabaru o n the isla nd the de n it) o f hrimp is hi ghest. of Pu la u La ut. ~o uth eas t Kalimantan . In Figure 3 a rc shown the average In 1970 onl y nine vessels were trans m o nthl ) la nding pe r \ esse\. In fo u r ferred from Su matra a nd operated in o f the mo nths th e la nding pe r ve~se l east Ka lima nt a n . In the following (heads-oft) \\ as less tha n 3 metri c to ns. year the whole flee t of 26 vessels had This catch rate could possibly be transferred their operati o n . Most of m arked a~ a minimum ta rget to be these ve 'els arc small 10-20 GT wood reached b) " es~e l s of about 100 GT. en vessels, some of whi ch were buil t The East Coast of Kalimantan in Java. The above-mentioned fleet consists of I vessel of 80 GT, 3 of This coa tal regio n faces the M a kas 60 GT a nd 22 of 10-20 GT. A mother sar tra it. ,,, here thcrc IS a rather lim shi p of 400 GT carries out the collec Itcd shelf a nd a conti nuo us southward tion and proces~ing of the catch. A t u rface current c\cral fa lrl) large the end of 197 I a cold-storage pl ant rI'crs d isch arge the ir watcrs Into this was installed at Kotabaru . trait. Duri ng limited pCrlods, trial The total catch (heads-o n) In 1970 fis hing h a~ a lrcady been pcrformed by was 75,214 kg and this increased in se"eral companl cs, both na ti o na l and 197 I to 345,270 kg. The a nnual of th e ~ u ne) period, the total land -t i n g~ (heads-off) \\ ere a~ fo ll ow, 196/\ .V.OIf>kg 1961J ~(} . (}(}() kg IlJ7(} 132.397 kg 1971 2,1 771 J.;g KALIMANTA T wo \e~,eb which were In full opera lIon~ In th l ~ area In 1971 landed Nuri 6U82 kg and 61,127 kg re~ p ec t l"c I J ' Gulf The a\eragc catch-per-"e,scl In 1968 was 19 metric t on~: In 1969 thi S de crcased sli ghtl y to 16 .7 metric to n,: In 1970 It Increased conSiderably to 22 met ri c ton,: and In 197 I catch-pcr \essel decl ined again to 17 .8 metric t o n ~. h gure 2 il lustrates thc course o f the de" elopmenh a, descrl bed abo\c. The dro p In the landings of 1969 wa,> due to the absence of the "e'>se l, after fi nishing the surveys, while the thi rd Kumai bi gger vessel, whi ch sta rted it s o pcra Gulf ti o n in th a t year, fa il ed to demo n, tra tc 0 ------3 it s a bility to o pe rate effectl vc ly in JAVA sha ll ow wate rs. Thc dro p in 197 1 /W~7~~ must be attributed to th e fact tha t a z~ ,-:.//7 / / '// bl ggcr pa rt o f th e time of the fl ect was , ',;aT SEA / Figure 1.-Map showing the area sur I 4 0 veyed in west and south Kalimantan 0 0 0 0 1968-1969. 110 111 11 2 113
2S 1 150 .\1 ; ...s'" I ~ U I 100 Figure 3.-Monthly average landings of shrimp by each vessel, west and south Kalimantan 1968- 1971 . Shrimp weights are h eads-off.
Figure 4.-Total catch, catch-per-vessel, and number of vessels· per·year , east Kalimantan 1970-1971 . Shrimp weights are heads· on.
water are consequentl y lacking. Like wise, no deta il ed in fo rmati on on spe Figure 2.-Total catch, catch -p er-vessel, and nu m ber of vessels- per-y ear, west cies or group of pecies o f shrimp and south Kalimantan 1968-1971 . Shrimp caught are avail able, except th at weights are heads-off. banana prawn constitutes the main catch . The i ndu try ha expanded in catch-per-vessel also rose from 8.4 197'2 with th e addition of eight new metric tons in 1970 to 13 .3 metric ships. tons in 197 1 (Fi gure 4) when the fl eet was operatin g in fu ll capacity. The monthly catch -per-vessel is shown in The Arafura Sea Figure 5. T he period lune-Octo ber of low catch rates coincides with th e The local shrimp fis hery practiced East Monsoon, du ring which th e along the coastal a reas o f West Iri an weather conditions a re such that the is li mited to simple gears ope rating full -scale operation of such small ves in th e vicinity of towns o nl y. The sels is probabl} impossible. The fact Arafura Sea of the West I ri an a rea that th e catch rates on the east coast constitutes a la rge shelf situated be of Kalimantan are lower than those tween lat. 4 °S a nd la t. 8 0 S al ong th e on the west· and south coasts is, of southwest coast of West Iri an and course, due to th e small er si ze vessels extends westwa rd reaching the Aru used on the east coast. Isla nds. It represents a favorable area Unfortunately, no surveys have been conducted in east Kalimantan like those in west and south Kalimanta n. 3 Essential data needed for the assess 2 ment of the shrimp stock in these
Figure S.-Monthly average landings of shrimp by each ve ss el, east Kalimantan 1970-1971 . Shri mp w eights are heads-on. 8 9 11 12
26 WEST IRIAN
138·
ti ger prawn with P e l1(/e liS selllis lI/C({fll .1 as the most abundant species. The monthly catch-per-vessel data are -----j---6' J shown in Figure 8. There are three ANDS peaks in the course of the year which exceed 10 tons. A n expansion of the fi shery is expected in the comi ng years, RAFURA fo llowing the installation of two cold storage plants in Ambon and one In SEA Sorong toward the end of 197 I .
8'
Figure 6.-Map showing the area sur veyed in the Arafura Sea, West Irian 1969-1970 which is also the present main fishing ground.
for shrimp grou nds In view of ( I) the relatively v.ide area o f shelf. (2) the number of rivers Aowing from the hinterland of We t Iri an. and (3) the Figure 7.-Total catch, catch -per-vessel, lack of stro ng current. and number of vessels-per-year, the Arafura Sea, West Irian 1969- 1971 . Faunistic studies carried out by Shrimp weights are heads-off. the re earch vessel R. I . }(//(/I/illi in Figure B.-Monthly average landings of shrimp by each vessel in the Arafura 1964 and 1967 revealed the presence Sea, West Irian 1969-1971 . Shrimp of shrimp. in each of its haul made wei ghts are heads-off. b) a 40-ft shrimp trawl and a 12 -ft class and the remainder of the 300 GT beam trawl. througho ut the helf a t cla s. The total landings (heads-off) depths vary ing between 12-70 m. In in cluded with th e trial catches were: ASSESSMENT OF THE 1969 two J apanese compani es. the 1969 504.525 kg STANDING STOCKS Taiy o a nd Nippon Suisan. started 1970 805,320 kg OF SHRIMP joint \ entures fro m bases at Ambon 197 1 2.493,371 kg in the M oluccas and Sorong in West Owing to the lack of appropriate Iri an . As was th e case with south The a nnua l catch-per-boat was 56.056 data collections. it is possible to ex Kalimantan. the actual ope ration was kg in 1969. whi ch in 1970 dropped to amine only the newly established In preceded by a surve) or trial fishing 47.247 kg and in 197 1 rose again to donesian shrimp fisheries. for which which lasted for about o ne year. The 59.366 kg. The drop in 1970 was there are appropriate data, in respect area covered by these surveys is shown caused by the absence of the vessels to catch and effort. Catch and effort in Figure 6. Although the licenced after finishing the surveys, reducing data obtained from west. south and fishing a rea covers almost all waters thus the number of fishing days, while east Kalimantan and the Arafura Sea of West Iri an. th e actual o perati ons new vessels started thei r operations off West Irian show that the shrimp thus far have been concentrated in o nl y toward the end of 1970 (Figure 7). resources in these areas are sti ll in the the area where th e surveys were car P I'I/(/I'II.1 IIll'l'l{lIil'l/.li.1 constitutes early stages of exploit ati on. To evalu ried out. Lately. several companies about 80-90 percent of the catch . ate the future development and magni are trying to expand their o perations C loser to the estuaries p(//"(/pl'l/(/e()psi~ tude of these fisheries (say, to deter to the east coast of the A ru Isla nds spp. can be caught in big quantities, mine the maximum number of vessels and the northern coast of W est Irian, but th e thick muddy bottom in such for each area), the ana lyses of catch but so far the southern coast of W es t shallow waters prevents continuous a nd effort data need to be continued Iri an (east of Dalak Islands) has thus operati o ns. A t the end of 197 I some and extended to provide information not been touched yet. new vessels arri ved in these wate rs on the status of the stocks. An esti In 1969 nine vessels were operat and surveyed the area east of the Aru mate of the total shrimp potential can ing as commercial survey vessels; in Islands. From October until December be obtained from a resource survey 1970. 17 vessels; and in 197 I the 1971 six vessels of the 100 GT class carried out by a vessel. The catch rates number increased to 42 vessels, 70 have la nded 20 1,216 kg of sh ri mp, per-area covered by the gear, which percent of which are of the 100 GT of which 16 1, 358 kg consisted of provid e minimum estimates of the
27 shrimp abu ndance in the track of the days were 254 days with 2,302 ha ul!> was aho a tuna longliner, is a 300 GT net, can be used to obtain a minimum and a total catch of 33,985 kg (hea<.b stcel double-riggcd trawler wi th speci estimate of the standin g stock in the off). Most haul were of 2 hour~ dura fications as fo ll ows: tion with a total of 4,582 h o ur ~ ot whole area covered by the survey. If Lcn gth 41.69 m ha uling (Table 2). the shrimp stock in the area is unex Be am 7.40 m ploited, it may be taken that the poten Table 2.-Number of days, hauls and catch Draft 4.00 m tial annual yield of this stock is at (heads-off) by Akafsuki Maw 99 GT during the Mai n engin e 570 HP survey in 1968-1969, west and south Kalimantan. least equal to the standi ng stock esti MaXimum specd 12 .3 knots catch mate. l catch per r Ish holu capacity 157.3 m: There were two surveys performed (kg) haul Month days hauls (ontact IreCLer 4.8 tons/daJ Marine Fisheries Research by the May 1968 19 151 10895 7.22 capaCit y Institute in cooperation with shrimp June 20 165 998.0 6.05 July 23 171 1.0675 6.24 joint venture companies: the first one August 29 262 1,5760 607 Thc tra"" I ncts u~cu throughout the in west and south Kalimantan and September 6 35 216.0 618 .,une} ""cre uoublc polyeth) Icnc October 29 278 6,4500 2320 second in the Arafura Sea area. Al November 22 213 4,450.0 20.89 shrimp tra\\!s ha\lng H5-fl grounu 30 287 4.890.0 17.04 December ropcs. Thc arca unucr .,ur\c) \10 as from though the surveys were made to a - Janu ary 1969 22 222 3.846.0 17.33 ess commercial possibilities, except February 28 269 5,078.0 18.88 lat. h 20'S-lat. H ') on the Arafura coast 3,056.0 16.61 for some minor adjustments and faults March 19 184 01 Wcst Irian anu e'\tcndeu offshore April - 7 65 1,2680 19.51 in hauling, the net and hauling time Total 254 2.302 33.9850 to long. 137 E:.. F-i.,hing \\as carncu out were standardized. in depths bet""een 10-40 m, ""ith a concentration of effort at 17-28 m. The West and South Coasts The catch-per-haul ""as around I-L8 This ~uneJ area ""as also di\lded In kg and the catch-per-hour was 7.4 kg. of Kalimantan grids of 100 square miles and the total The width of the double net ""as e~ti area covered by the sune} ""as 6.500 The survey was conducted by two mated to be 30-40 m and the peed of square mile. The total fis hing days vessels. Only one, the Akwsuki MOrtl, the vessel \\'a~ 3 knots. The area were 228 uaJ \\-ith I. -64 hauls and a 99 GT steel trawler, completed the co\ered by the net is thus O.O-ttl-O.Oh6 a total catch of 173.489 kg, heads-off activities which started in May 1968 square nliles per hour. E,capcmcnt in (Table 3). iV l ost of the hauls ""ere of and terminated in April 1969. The shrimp trawling may be conservatively vessel, which was originally a tuna esti mated to be 25 percent. The stand longliner, modified as a double-rigged ing stock of ~hrimp i~ thus c~timated Table 3.-Monthly number of days, hauls and catch (heads-off) by I zumo Maru 300 GT during shrimp trawler, had the following to be about 1.261.364-1.73-+.375 kg the survey i n the Aralura Sea, West Irian 1969-70. speci fications: heads-off or 140-193 kg per square catch mile. The catch composition is dom catch per Length 28 m Month days hauls (kg) haul inated by Pellll ell~ lI/er!.!lIiell.lil, with Beam 5.20 m May 1969 16 104 4959 4768 the biggest part belonging to the 26-30 Draft 2.40 m June 21 118 21.422 181.55 per Ib size group or 15.5-16.4 cm July 25 158 28,738 181 .88 Main engine 430 HP August 22 126 31,369 248.96 total length . There were indications September 20 150 17.290 115.30 Maximum speed 12 knots that differences in the ti ger prawn October 21 140 17.148 122.5 0 Fish hold capacity 120 m3 November 21 151 14.345 95.00 composi ti on occur locall y. The west December 31 238 13,442 56.48 Contact freezer 2 tons/day coast, which is directly facing the January 1970 20 149 14,392 96.60 capacity February 28 211 9.329 44 .21 West Mo ns oon, ha tiger prawn March 3 24 ~ 43.90 The nets used throughout the opera catches of only 6 percent whi le catches Total 228 1.569 173.488 tion, with ·some minor adjustments, on the south coast are considerably were double polyethylene shrimp hi gher, reaching 35 percent. In both trawls with 65-ft ground ropes. The areas P el1{1ellS selllislI/C{lIIIS was the 2 t '2 hours duration with a total hauling area under survey was primarily along most common species of tiger prawn . time of 4,000 hours. The catch-per the coast of west and south Kaliman The Ar afura Sea, West Iri an haul was about 1 I I kg and the catch tan, where trawling is possible in per-hour was 43.5 kg (heads-off). The depths between 8-25 m with most The survey was conducted from opening of both nets is estimated to trawling concentrated between 10-20 May 1969 to March 1970. The I ;: ulllo be 40-50 m at a speed of 3 knots. The m. The survey area was divided in Mortl, owned by Nippon Suisan com area covered by th e nets was 0.066- grids of 100 square miles and the total pany and which was the first shrimp 0.084 square miles. Escapement is area covered by the survey was about vessel entering these waters, was used also estimated at 25 percent. The 9,000 square miles . The total fis hing as the survey vessel. The vessel, which standing stock in this area is thus
28 e~ ti mated to be about 4 .207.5 88- fro l11 rre \ i o u ~ r ea l... ~ra\\ nll1g\, re.ILh· length \.Ir In' bct\\c.:n I 5.355.023 kg or 647-834 kg per ~ qu a r e ing the age a t abou t H·lJ nlllnth" .It thl' It I 1111) I I'wh.lbk Ih. I mi Ie . fh hing gro un u. 1 here I" 11" ekar IILeur Ihe ,e.lr .Ifllun I T he catch co mposit ion was d o m expla na ti o n concernin g the \ u h\eljuent ,trllng \\ L I \11 n III n drill ina ted by P e ll(/i'II ,1 1I/('I'/:lIie ll,li.\ ro u gh ly bi gger hrimp except th a t the a\ail nld\ pi d) .1Il lillI" I t.lIl1 r kIll th representing 90 perce nt of the c a tch . a b il ity o f the biggeq \ Ile grou r ma\ .Ihtllt\ (II Ih~ hlgg~ I III III tht.: h tI whil e th e ti ger a nd o the r pra wn c a tches be a ttributed to the W e~ t ~I nn\nlln /(1\\ hrllllp gr(lullt!., I he tl!!U pr \\n were low. T he percen tage size c o m dri ft c urre nt. p, 1/(/( /(\ 11111111'''011 .lllti f) I, /I \11' positio n by weight g roups o f P ('I1l1C' II .\ rcrr~"~1l1 I '1ll.t1kl p~r,ent I!.: 111 lh 111 i'1' /:1IiC' l1.Ii,\ , a ~ i presented in Fi gure DISCUSSION catchL\ hut 111 Me.I' 11(11 Jlr.:L!h I 111 9, shows the s ize grou p a t 26-30 pe r th~ \\ ~ I \II'n "(111 Ihell Il11pnrl.IIlLl: t Reviewing th e gene ra l trend" 01 the Ib o r a to ta l le ngth ranging be tween grL .. t~r .1' \\ .1' ,hll\\ 11 111 the L,ll h 15.5- 16.4 cm constitu ted the hi ghe t Ind o nesia n hrimp lish ery. a raplu \outh "-. .III111dl1l.ln .lI1d Ihe n.:\\1 d evelo pme nt o f commercia l \ h nmp d"'Lo\crcu ground "11 thL e.1 I e').1 I a ctivities has ta ke n pl ace th roughout of the .... ru hlanu.,. Rq!II nal ulI1L.:11 the known s h rimp g ro unds. \\ h ich are Irati('n (ll depth, III '''hill!! dlilu m ostly con fi ned to the coa~ t a l ~ h elr ll1arkedl~ due tll Ih~ Ine.t1 I h, IL.tI a reas o f the bi gger isla nus \l he re ri\er conUlllOn\ ()f each Ii hlng ground outA ow is re la ti vely la rge. Regio nal l). the Arafura Sea o n the \l est coa~t of MANAGEMENT W est Iri a n is the best f]shing grounu. fo ll owed possibly b) the \outhern \ .1rtPU., mdl1dgelll,,111 Pl I UI pa rt of I\ la lacca Strait. K a limantan. bc IntroJuc~u. 1(1\\.lrd the a nd J ava in tha t o rder . H o\ve\er. no I11alntdilllng the .,u.,I.IIIl,lbl I d eta iled d a ta a re avai lable o n mo~t olher management l hleell'\: esta blished local fis heries inc luuing ,cnou, C(ln'lder.llIPn h.l\ to OC 'I
the heaviest fi shing areas uch as the to Ihe e,\i.,tlng lI.lUltll)n, I I hUI M a la cca Stra it a nd th e north coast of and thL eCI)f1l,rn\ 01 thl.' ,hr 'llr IIlll. J ava. tr). The effect (II IhL \ d["t"U p' fbk In the new fis hin g area. the earl) management me.l,ure dep 'pd 1 develo pme nts of the sh rimp tl~her) ,0l11e e t~l1t (In Ihl.' grLl\\lh .IP I 111 If includes inc rea es in catch-per-\e\sel lallt~ rate., (II th~ Ill,tller II.: (If a nd in the to ta l catc hes. e'\cept in the ,hnmp. \ aluc,> llhl.lll1ed frpm e 1I111.llc case o f the west a nd outh Kalimantan of "hnmp mort,tllt) hOIl. \t.:f \\lIk a reas w he re the companies In\ol\eu range dnu 11!l)~ e'tllll.tt~ arc c tr 1 a re still adjusting their l)perallons ordlnanl\ high . IkL.lll ~ gr 1\\l1l IP ta kin g into account the location and )oung hnrnr I \~r) l.lpld .1 \( ulJ na ture of the fis hin g ground" anu the be beneficial tI Ihl' \IHlne ,hrlmp Figure 9.-Monthly size group by weight percentages 01 P. m erguiensis landed size of the ir vessels. As the rresent rrotcctcd p.lrlILlIl.trl) 111 hL.l\ '\ II h by l zu m o Maru during th e survey i n 29 catch , th e enforcement of closed areas, f l~ hin g, not only from the '>tandpolnt REFERENCES closed seasons, or me~h regulation'> of maintaining the productivity o f the may appear to be profitable for the resource, but also from the \tandpOlnt shrimp fishery a a whole. The e~tab of avoiding o'vercap itail lati o n. I n the Anon 19h5 B Ullow r~xredlll{)n I 1964 Iishment of closed areas for protecting future development of new fl,>hlng ' MFR Paper 1030 From Marine Fisheries Review, Vol. 36, No .1, January 1974. Copies of thiS paper, in limited numbers, are available from 083, Technical Information Division, EnVironmental Science Information Center, NOAA, Washington , DC 20235. 30