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 Bach  Haydn  Bartók  Mozart  Beethoven  Puccini  Brahms  Reed  Clarke  J. Strauss, Sr. UNIVERSITY INTERSCHOLASTIC LEAGUE  Delibes  Tchaikovsky  des Prez  Walton Making a World of Difference  Ginastera  Williams THE UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS AT AUSTIN Orchestral Suite No. 2 Bach Fast Five Badinerie \'bäk\ 1. German Baroque composer; 1685‐1750 one of the “Three B’s” (Bach, Musical Minute Beethoven, and Brahms). Instrument/Voice 2. Played violin, viola, organ, Suite: a musical form and harpsichord, and organ; Flute, strings (violins, made up of a collection technical expert on organ viola, cello), harpsichord of short pieces. (often invited to inspect mechanics of church organs). Notes 3. Had 20 children: 9 survived him, 4 were composers. Orchestral suite: in Bach's time, a collection 4. Had diabetes; went blind; of dances written for a small group of instruments and a died of a stroke. solo instrument. 5. Better known as a virtuoso Badinerie: "jesting" in French (= scherzo or "joke" in Italian); organist than a composer in badinerie in music: a name given in the 18th century to a his day. Today he is considered type of quick, light movement in a suite. to be the greatest composer of all time. Harpsichord: main keyboard instrument in Renaissance and Baroque music (from about 1400 to 1750). The invention of the piano in the late 1700s caused the harpsichord's popularity to decline.

Bach wrote four orchestral suites in Leipzig between 1725 and 1739, and Badinerie is part of his Orchestral Suite No. 2, composed between 1738 and 1739.

Orchestral Suite No. 2 contains seven short sections or movements. Badinerie is movement 7.

It has two sections, and each is repeated: AABB.

Badinerie is a showpiece for flute players because of its quick tempo and difficulty.

Hungarian Sketches Bartók Fast Five Bear Dance \'bär‐ˌtȯk\ 1. 20th Century Hungarian 1881‐1945 composer. Musical Minute 2. Played piano (musical prodigy). Instrument/Voice Ritardando: gradual slowing 3. With his friend Zoltan Kodály, down. A tempo: return to recorded and transcribed Orchestra the original tempo. thousands of Eastern European folk songs and dances. Developed a scientific system Notes for collecting and analyzing folk music and is one of the founders Musical prodigy: a child (under age 12) who of ethnomusicology. displays a talent in music on the same level 4. Left Hungary in 1940 to escape as a skilled adult musician. the Nazis; settled in New York; taught at Columbia University Ethnomusicology: the study of the music of different and continued to compose; cultures. died of leukemia. Orchestration: writing music for an orchestra, or adapting 5. With Franz Liszt, Bartók is music written for one instrument so that it can be played Hungary's greatest composer. by an orchestra. Transcription: notating a piece that was previously not notated, or arranging a piece of music for a different instrument or instruments. Hungarian Sketches are orchestrations (1931) of five short piano pieces that Bartók wrote between 1908 and 1911 when he was collecting folk songs in western Hungary. The original piano version of Bear Dance comes from a collection called 10 Easy Pieces and is the second piece of the Hungarian Sketches. Bartók described the piece as his impression of "a bear dancing to the song of his leader and growling to the accompaniment of a drum."

Piano Sonata No. 8, “Pathétique” Beethoven Fast Five \'bā‐ˌtō‐vən\ 1. German Classical/Romantic Movement 3 composer, one of the “Three 1770‐1827 B’s” (Bach, Beethoven, Brahms). Musical Minute 2. Played violin, viola, organ, and Instrument/Voice Piano sonata: a work for was a virtuoso pianist. Known solo piano in 3‐4 sections Piano as the finest pianist of his time. or movements. 3. Gradually became deaf (began to lose his hearing in 1796; Notes completely deaf in 1818). Pathétique: tragic, referring to the emotions of 4. Moody, disorganized, and sorrow, grief, or pity. arrogant. 5. Composer of 9 famous Fortepiano: a type of early piano built in Vienna from 1770 symphonies, 16 string quartets, to about 1825. It was the keyboard instrument played by and a large amount of piano Haydn, Mozart, Schubert, and Beethoven. Hammers on the music, including 32 piano fortepiano are covered with layers of leather, rather than sonatas. One of the most with felt pads like on modern pianos. Viennese fortepianos famous and influential had light and speedy keyboard action that made fast notes composers in music history. easy to play, and produced clear, sharp tones. Rondo form: form in which the main theme returns after each contrasting section: A B A C A B A. Rondo can also refer to music that is fast and vivacious. Coda (“tail”): ending of a piece of music. Beethoven composed Sonata No. 8 in 1797‐1798 before he was fully aware that he was becoming deaf. It was published in 1799. Its nickname, “Pathétique,” was added by his publisher. Beethoven approved of the name. Beethoven dedicated this piano sonata to his friend and patron, Prince Karl von Lichnowsky. It became instantly popular and is still one of his most popular sonatas.

Waltz in A‐Flat Major Brahms Fast Five \'brämz\ 1. German Romantic composer, Musical Minute one of the “Three B’s” (Bach, 1833‐1897 Beethoven, Brahms). Instrument/Voice Waltz: a type of ballroom Piano dance music in 3/4 meter. 2. Played cello, French horn, and was a virtuoso pianist. 3. Perfectionist; destroyed many Notes of his compositions before they were published. Accelerando: gradually faster, ritardando: 4. Close friend of composers gradually slower. Johann Strauss II and Robert Crescendo: gradually louder, decrescendo or diminuendo: and Clara Schumann. gradually softer. 5. Never married, died of liver cancer, buried in Vienna next Melody: a line of single pitches that move up, down, or to Beethoven, Johann Strauss II, repeat (the tune of the music). and Schubert. Accompaniment: a musical part that supports the melody.

Form: the overall plan or structure of a piece of music.

Phrase: a musical thought found in a melody. Phrases combine to form larger sections.

Brahms wrote a set of 16 Waltzes, Op. 39 in 1865. The Waltz in A‐Flat Major is No. 15.

Brahms originally composed the Waltzes for piano duet (one piano, four hands). He later arranged the set for piano solo in two different versions (difficult and simplified).

The waltzes were written as a tribute to the waltz dance form, which was very popular in Vienna where he lived. The selection is the most famous waltz of the set.

The Prince of Denmark’s March Clarke Fast Five \'klärk\ 1. English Baroque composer. Musical Minute 1674‐1707 2. Played organ. Instrument/Voice Voluntary: a piece of music, usually for organ, played 3. Lived his whole life in London, Trumpet and organ as part of a church service. England. Sang in choir of the Chapel Royal as a boy; organist at Winchester College, at St. Notes Paul's Cathedral, and at Chapel Royal. Trumpet Voluntary: the name given to some English keyboard pieces from the Baroque era 4. Known for harpsichord and (1600‐1759). A trumpet voluntary is usually played on the organ music. organ using the trumpet stop. 5. Clarke's best‐known composition is The Prince of Rondo form: main theme returns after each contrasting Denmark's March. section: A B A C A; rondo can also refer to music that is fast and vivacious.

The natural trumpet was developed around 1300. It has no valves, and it is used to play mostly high notes. The Baroque Period (1600‐1750) is considered to be the “Golden Age of the Natural Trumpet.” Composers wrote for the natural trumpet well into the 1800s.

Composed in 1699 for Prince George of Denmark, husband to Queen Anne.

From around 1878 to the 1940's the piece was known as "Trumpet Voluntary" by famous English composer Henry Purcell, because of a mistake that was made when an organ arrangement was published in the 1870s.

Popular as wedding music and has been used in royal weddings. Used by the BBC during WWII, especially when broadcasting to occupied Denmark. Masterpiece Theater theme.

Lakmé Delibes Fast Five Flower Duet \də‐'lēb \ 1. French Romantic composer. 1836‐1891 2. Played piano and organ. Musical Minute 3. Known as composer of music Instrument/Voice Duet: composition for two for the theater (opera and Soprano, mezzo‐soprano, voices or two instruments. ballet), and taught composition. and orchestra 4. Delibes' 1870 ballet, Coppélia, with its life‐size mechanical Notes dancing doll, was greatly admired by Tchaikovsky, and Opera: a story told completely through music. influenced The Nutcracker The characters sing with an orchestra ballet. accompanying them and act out the story on a stage with costumes, scenery, props, and choreography. 5. Never in good health; died at age 54 of natural causes; buried Recitative: style used in operas in which the text is sung in in Paris. the rhythm of natural speech with slight melodic variation and little orchestral accompaniment.

Libretto: contains all the words and stage directions for an opera.

Soprano: high female singing voice; mezzo‐soprano: female singing voice that is lower than that of soprano, higher than that of alto.

Lakmé: opera in 3 acts, composed 1881‐82.

Flower Duet, sung by Lakmé (soprano) and her slave, Mallika (mezzo‐soprano), is in Act 1.

The libretto for Lakmé is written in French.

The Flower Duet has been used in many movies, tv shows, and commercials (British Airways).

El Grillo des Prez Fast Five \de‐'prā\ 1. French Renaissance composer, Musical Minute ca. 1450‐1521 aka Josquin (his last name). Instrument/Voice A cappella: performed 2. Singer (sang in the Pope's Choir in Rome). 4‐part male singers without accompaniment. 3. Held music positions in churches and royal courts in France and Italy. Notes 4. Composed many styles of Secular: not religious. sacred (religious) and secular (non‐religious) vocal music. Frottola: comic Italian secular song for several voices, 5. Became one of the most popular from about 1470 to 1530. famous and influential TTBB choir: a 4‐part group of male singers (T=tenor; composer in Renaissance B=bass) Europe after the development of the printing press (invented Countertenor: highest adult male singing voice (higher than In 1440), which allowed his a tenor). music to be printed and widely Josquin probably wrote El Grillo around 1498 in Milan, Italy. distributed. It was published in 1505 in III Libro delle Frottole. El Grillo is believed to be a gentle reminder to Josquin's patron, Galeazzo Sforza, that his musicians needed to be paid. ABA form. A describes crickets chirping. Sometimes singers echo each other, as if two crickets were singing. B (smoother) tells how a cricket is different from a bird (meter changes from beats in sets of 2 to beats in sets of 3). Repeat of A section. El Grillo is one of his Josquin’s best‐known secular pieces.

Estancia Suite Ginastera Fast Five \hē‐nə‐'ster‐ə\ Malambo 1. 20th century Argentine 1916‐1983 composer. Musical Minute Instrument/Voice Estancia: Spanish term for a 2. Played piano. large cattle ranch in the Orchestra pampas (grassland region) 3. One of the most important of Argentina. Latin American classical composers. Notes 4. Worked as a professor at music Latin America: land from the northern part of conservatories in Argentina. Mexico to the southern tip of South America. Argentina: a large country in southeastern South America. 5. Lived in Switzerland from 1970 Its capital city is Buenos Aires. until his death. Gaucho: Argentine cowboy; a symbol of Argentina. Malambo: a quick, energetic Argentine folk dance in which gauchos compete to show off their dancing skills. Estancia: Ginastera's 4‐movement orchestral suite and one‐ act ballet, based on Argentine country life: a depiction of the busy activities on a ranch in the course of one day. The ballet was commissioned in 1941 for the American Ballet Caravan, but the dance company disbanded in 1942. Estancia was not performed as a ballet until 1952. Ginastera used four dances from the score to create a concert suite, which premiered in Buenos Aires in 1943. “Danza final (Malambo)” is the last dance. Estancia is most often heard in its orchestral version. Malambo is one of Ginastera’s most popular works.

Symphony No. 94, “Surprise” Haydn Fast Five Movement 2 \'hī‐dən\ 1. Austrian Classical composer. 1732‐1809 Musical Minute 2. Played violin, harpsichord, harp, piano, organ; sang in Symphony: a piece of music Instrument/Voice boys’ choir. in three or more sections Orchestra or movements for 3. Often called “Papa Haydn” orchestra. because of his jolly personality; had many friends, including Notes Mozart; devoutly religious. Theme: the main melody of a piece of music; variation: a technique where a theme is 4. Well‐respected teacher; had repeated with alterations to the melody, harmony, rhythm, many students, including timbre, or texture. Beethoven.

Staccato: short and separated (staccato notes are marked 5. Born the same year as George with a dot above or below the note head); marcato: heavy Washington. Known as the or "marked" (marcato notes are marked with a horizontal “Father of the Symphony” line above or below the note head). (wrote 104). Coda (“tail”): ending of a piece of music. Two trips to London during the 1790s resulted in Haydn composing two sets of six symphonies (Symphonies No. 93‐98 and Symphonies No. 99‐104). Symphony No. 94 was first performed on March 23, 1792, at the Hanover Square Rooms in London, with Haydn leading the orchestra seated at a fortepiano. Nicknames of Symphony No. 94: "Surprise" or "Mit dem Paukenschlag" ("The Drumstroke"). The ff "surprise" occurs only once, at the end of the theme the first time it is stated. Symphony No. 94 was popular at its premiere, and is still popular and frequently recorded today.

Così fan tutte Mozart Fast Five

Overture \'mōt‐särt\ 1. Austrian Classical composer. 1756‐1791 Musical Minute 2. Played violin, viola, harpsichord, clavier, piano, and organ. Instrument/Voice Overture: instrumental introduction of an opera Orchestra 3. Child prodigy; considered a or operetta. musical genius his whole life.

Notes 4. Traveled extensively with his sister around Europe performing Opera: a story told completely through music. for royalty. The characters sing with an orchestra accompanying them, and act out the story on a stage with 5. One of the most important costumes, scenery, props, and choreography. classical composers in history; Solo: a piece or part of a piece in which the melody is died of rheumatic fever. performed by a single performer; tutti: a passage performed by all instruments. Dynamics: loudness or softness of the sound (pp = pianissimo = very soft, p = piano = soft, mp = mezzo‐piano = medium soft, mf = mezzo‐forte = medium loud, f = forte = loud, ff = fortissimo = very loud; crescendo = gradually louder). Full title of the opera: Così fan tutte, olsia la sculola degli amanti (“All women Are Like That,” or “The School for Lovers”). Così was commissioned by Joseph II, Emperor of Austria. Mozart conducted the premiere in Vienna in 1790. Mozart composed the overture after most of the music for the opera had already been written. Così appears 17th on the Operabase list of the most‐ performed operas worldwide.

La Bohème Puccini Fast Five Aranci, datteri \pü‐'chē‐nē\ 1. Italian Romantic composer. 1858‐1924 Musical Minute 2. Played organ and piano. Instrument/Voice Opera chorus: a group Opera chorus, that sings the parts of the 3. One of the first composers to opera soloists, townspeople or other become a major celebrity. children’s chorus groups of characters. 4. Famous as an opera composer, Notes even though he only wrote 12 operas; composed some of the Opera: a story told completely through music. most popular operas ever The characters sing with an orchestra written. accompanying them, and act out the story on a stage with costumes, scenery, props, and choreography. 5. Heavy smoker; diagnosed with throat cancer; died of a heart SATB: Soprano: high female voice, abbreviated “S,” alto: low attack during surgery. female voice, abbreviated “A,” tenor: high male voice, abbreviated “T,” bass: low male voice, abbreviated “B.”

La Bohème (“the bohemian lifestyle”) is about struggling artists in Paris, France.

Libretto: contains all the words and stage directions for an opera.

La Bohème: opera in 4 acts, Italian libretto, based on Scènes de la vie de bohème by Henri Murger.

The premiere performance was in Turin, Italy in 1896, conducted by the young Arturo Toscanini. Its U.S. premiere took place the next year, 1897, in Los Angeles.

La Bohème is Puccini’s fourth opera and is No. 3 on the Operabase list of the most‐performed operas worldwide. It is probably the most loved opera ever written.

Armenian Dances (Part 1) Reed Fast Five \'rēd\ 1. 20th century American Gna, Gna (Go, Go) composer. 1921‐2005 Musical Minute 2. Played trumpet. 3. WWII ‐ played in Air Force Instrument/Voice Band: a group of people Band, composed and arranged who play instruments Concert band music for radio, television, together. records, and films; conductor of the Baylor Symphony Notes Orchestra, Baylor University in Texas; on faculty of the Concert band: a large group of 20‐60 musicians University of Miami. who play instruments from the woodwind, brass, and percussion families. Sometimes the double bass and 4. With over 200 published works, harp are included. A concert band is also called a wind Dr. Reed is one of America’s band, wind ensemble, wind orchestra, wind symphony, most prolific and frequently symphonic band, symphonic winds, or symphonic wind performed composers. ensemble. 5. Awarded over 60 composition commissions. When he died, Armenia: a former Soviet republic in the Caucasus his commissions would have mountain region between Asia and Europe. lasted until he was age 115.

Suite: a musical form made up of a collection of short pieces.

Armenian Dances is a four‐movement suite. Part I is the first movement and Part II contains the remaining three. Each part contains of a number of Armenian folk songs.

Armenian Dances (Part I) was completed in 1972 and was first performed by the University of Illinois Symphonic Band in 1973.

Armenian Dances (Part I) includes five sections. Gna, Gna (Go, Go) is the fifth section.

Radetzky March J. Strauss, Sr. Fast Five \ˈstrau̇s\ Musical Minute 1. Austrian Romantic composer. 1804‐1849 Instrument/Voice March: a piece of music 2. Played violin and viola. with a strong regular Orchestra rhythm, written for 3. Famous for his waltzes; marching to. responsible for the development of the waltz. Notes 4. Toured frequently all over Dynamics: loudness or softness of the sound Europe, performed his music (pp = pianissimo = very soft, p = piano = soft, in England for the coronation mp = mezzo‐piano = medium soft, mf = mezzo‐forte = of Queen Victoria in 1838. medium loud, f = forte = loud, ff = fortissimo = very loud; crescendo = gradually louder). 5. Father of 3 composers of Form: overall structure or plan of a piece of music. dance music: Johann Strauss II (“The Waltz King"), Josef Introduction: a passage or section which begins a piece Strauss, and Eduard Strauss; of music; interlude: a passage of music between sections died of scarlet fever. of the piece. Trio: the middle section of a three‐part movement, named trio because it was originally written for three instruments. Generally trio sections have a lighter and simpler texture. Named for Joseph Radetzky von Radetz, a Czech nobleman and Austrian military leader. When first performed in 1848 in Vienna in front of Austrian officers, they spontaneously clapped and stamped their feet when they heard the chorus. This tradition continues today. With the Blue Danube waltz by Johann Strauss Jr., it became an unofficial Austrian national anthem. The Radetzky March is traditionally played at the Austrian national team soccer matches and as the last piece at the New Year's Concert of the Vienna Philharmonic.

The Sleeping Beauty Tchaikovsky Fast Five

Waltz \chī‐'kȯf‐skē\ 1. Russian Romantic composer. 1840‐1893 Musical Minute 2. Played piano. Instrument/Voice Waltz: a type of ballroom 3. Began career as a law clerk; Orchestra dance music in 3/4 meter. didn’t study music until he was 22.

Notes 4. Famous orchestra conductor; Ballet: a story told through music and dancing, conductor on the opening performed on a stage with costumes, sets, and night of Carnegie Hall in New lighting. York City in 1891.

Classical ballet: a traditional, formal style ballet that uses 5. Sensitive, handsome man only classical ballet technique (pointe work, turnout of the with fine tastes. legs, high extensions).

Dynamics: loudness or softness of the sound (pp = pianissimo = very soft, p = piano = soft, mp = mezzo‐piano = medium soft, mf = mezzo‐forte = medium loud, f = forte = loud, ff = fortissimo = very loud; crescendo = gradually louder; diminuendo or decrescendo – gradually softer).

Garland: a wreath of flowers and leaves, worn on the head or hung as a decoration.

Tchaikovsky composed the music for The Sleeping Beauty in 49 days. The premiere was in St. Petersburg in 1890, with the Russian Tsar Alexander III in the audience.

The Sleeping Beauty is Tchaikovsky's longest ballet, lasting nearly four hours at full length.

The work has become one of the classical repertoire's most famous ballets. It was Tchaikovsky's favorite ballet.

Belshazzar’s Feast Walton Fast Five Thus in Babylon \ˈwȯl‐tən\ 1. William Walton \ˈwȯl‐tən\ 1902‐1983 (1902‐1983), 20th century Musical Minute English composer. Instrument/Voice Cantata: a choral 2. Played violin, piano, and was composition in several a singer. Choir and orchestra movements with an instrumental 3. Composed music for orchestra, accompaniment. choir, film, and chamber ensembles.

Notes 4. Slow worker, perfectionist, Mixed chorus (SATB): choral piece for adult male and constantly revised his work. female voices: Soprano: high female voice, “S,” alto: low Received knighthood in 1951 female voice, “A,” tenor: high male voice, “T,” bass: low (Sir William Walton). male voice, “B.” 5. Died after a pulmonary Double mixed chorus (SSAATTBB): choral work in which hemorrhage at his home on there are two parts for each voice type. the Italian island of Ischia. Baritone: the most common male singing voice, lower than tenor and higher than bass. Belshazzar (aka Nebuchadnezzar): evil King of Babylon, conqueror of Jerusalem. Belshazzar's Feast is a cantata for baritone soloist, double chorus and orchestra. The story comes from the Bible. The Jews are in exile in Babylon. After a feast at which Belshazzar, the Babylonian king, uses the Jews' sacred vessels to praise the heathen gods, he is miraculously killed, the kingdom falls, and the Jews regain their freedom. Belshazzar’s Feast contains 10 sections. Thus in Babylon is the sixth section.

Star Wars: Episode IV ‐ A New Hope Williams Fast Five Cantina Band \ˈwil‐yəmz\ 1. Contemporary American 1932‐present composer and conductor. Musical Minute Instrument/Voice 2. Plays piano, trumpet, Jazz combo: a small trombone, and clarinet. Jazz combo jazz band. 3. Composed a huge amount of popular movie music. Notes Cantina: a saloon or bar. 4. Conducted Boston Pops Orchestra (1980‐1993). Synthesizer: an electronic instrument, often played with a keyboard, that can produce complex sounds, 5. Won 5 Academy Awards (50 such as those of various other instruments. nominations, second only to Steel drum ("pan"): a 55‐gallon oil barrel which has been Walt Disney), 4 Golden Globes, carefully hammered and tuned by hand to produce musical 18 Grammy Awards, 2 Emmys; tones. received the Kennedy Center Honors in 2004. Drum set: a set of drums (bass drum with foot pedal, snare drum, tom‐toms), suspended cymbal, and other percussion instruments played with drum sticks. Cantina Band was composed for the first Star Wars movie, released in 1977. It appears in a scene when Luke Skywalker and Obi‐Wan Kenobi meet Han Solo on the planet Tatooine. Cantina Band, aka "Mad About Me," is performed in the movie by a 7‐piece alien band of Bith musicians called Figrin D'an and the Modal Nodes. The piece is unlike other music from Star Wars. The idea behind the Cantina Band music: some Bith musicians find some 1930's Benny Goodman swing band music, and they attempt to interpret it.