11. Jahrgang 2011 · Heft 1 83

Innovations in Ship Construction at Lagoon, Israel

Results of the INA/CMS Joint Expeditions (1994-96)

Shelley Wachsmann

Abstract – From 1994 to 1996 the Institute of Nautical Archaeology (INA) at Texas A&M University and Haifa University’s Leon Recanati Institute for Maritime Studies (RIMS, previously the Centre for Maritime Studies, or CMS) joined forces to locate and to study shipwrecks buried in Tantura Lagoon, Israel. We located remains of seven shipwrecks during this exploration. Of these, we studied two in situ (Tantura A and B) and five others (Tantura C-G) were surveyed in part. This paper served as an introduction to a session at „In Poseidon’s Realm XV“ dedi- cated to shipwrecks found in Tantura Lagoon during the INA/CMS Joint Expeditions (1994-1996) and their signif- icance.

Inhalt – Von 1994 bis 1996 arbeiteten das Institute of Nautical Archaeology (INA) der Texas A&M University und das Leon Recanati Institute for Maritime Studies (RIMS, ehemals Centre for Maritime Studies [CMS]) der Haifa University zusammen, um Wracks in der Tantura-Lagune, Israel, zu lokalisieren und zu untersuchen. Bei dieser Suche stellten wir Reste von sieben Wracks fest. Davon untersuchten wir zwei (Tantura A und B) in situ und nah- men fünf weitere (Tantura C-G) teilweise auf. Dieser Beitrag diente im Rahmen der Tagung „In Poseidons Reich XV“ als Einführung in eine Sitzung, die den bei den gemeinsamen Expeditionen von INA und CMS 1994-96 gefundenen Wracks der Lagune und ihrer Bedeutung gewidmet war.

Introduction Byblos in Lebanon to acquire wood for Tantura Lagoon lies Herihor’s rebuilding of on the Carmel Coast, a the Amunuserhet, the half-hour drive south cult ship of the god of the modern city of Amun5. Wenamun re- Haifa. It is one of the ports that in his time few natural harbors the site had been set- along Israel’s long tled by Sekels, one of Mediterranean coast Fig. 1: Tantura Lagoon and its environs. the groups of Sea and is situated next to the ancient Peoples known from Egyptian and mound (tel) of Dor, which con- The tel and the cove contain four Ugaritic texts6. Phoenicians ruled tains occupation levels 15 meters millennia of history and archaeo- this coast during the Persian period thick and is the second largest tel logy. Dor/Naphat Dor appears sev- (586-332 BC)7. For a short time in in Israel1. While the local geo- eral times in the Bible. The city joi- the mid-fifth century B.C. Dor may graphy has no doubt changed ned Jabin, the king of Hazor in have been absorbed into the Athe- dramatically over time, it is clear opposing Joshua2. Later, the Israe- nian empire8. that the cove served as an anchor- lites under Joshua killed the king of age for Dor and its immediate Dor3. The city itself, was not defeat- The lagoon could not compete environs: it was a significant, if ed, however, and it remained a Ca- with the great Herodian harbor at not the most significant, reason naanite enclave during the period Caesarea during the Roman period for the establishment of settle- of the Judges. Under Solomon, and by the mid-third century A.D. ment at this location, acting as a Naphat-Dor became an admin- the tel itself was abandoned, how- gateway between the cosmopo- istrative center4. ever, a century later a church arose litan Mediterranean Sea and the immediately adjacent to the tel that hinterland of the Carmel Mount- In 1075 BC Wenamun, an Egyptian attracted Christian pilgrims during ains. priest, visited Dor on his way to the Byzantine period9. 84 Innovations in Ship Construction · Sh. Wachsmann

Inhabitation appears to have de- clined in this area after the seventh century. The Arab village of Tantu- ra, which gave its name to the cove, apparently sprang up opposite it in medieval times10. While Dor is not mentioned by Arab geographers of the ninth-twelfth centuries, an Arab graveyard dating to the eighth- fourteenth centuries in the vicinity of the Byzantine church testifies to continued occupation in the area at this time11. Subsequently, numer- ous travelers recorded visiting this location. The Chevalier d’Arvieux, who served as the French consul to Sidon, describes the wrecking of a Greek ship in the lagoon during a visit to Tantura in 166412.

Undoubtedly, Napoleon Bonaparte was the most illustrious of these Fig. 2: Map of the vessels found in Tantura Lagoon by the INA/CMS Joint Expedition 13 (1994-1996). The ship remains lay in an extremely small area. As a reference, the visitors . He passed through Tan- superimposed rectangle represents the size of a single regulation basketball court tura during his benighted retreat (28.65 by 15.24 meters). Note that all the coherent hulls align roughly northwest to from his siege of Acco, arriving southeast. This is perhaps the result of the eastern part of each ship being buffeted there on May 21st, 1799. Bonaparte during its wrecking event by the cove’s powerful north-to-south current generated expected to liaison with his fleet in during storms. the cove, but it never arrived and he was forced to jettison a score of artillery pieces into the sea. A protective covering of sand. Thus, Subsequently, I assigned the wreck Turkish cannon and a Spanish the lagoon acts as a natural mecha- letter designations (Tantura A-G). mortar from among these have nism for trapping and preserving been retrieved from the lagoon14. the remains of hapless vessels and their related remains, as well as the Tantura A (Trenchs IV & VI) In the 19th century Tantura Lagoon regular jetsam and debris of a continued to function as a port fully-functioning anchorage. These The discovery of the Tantura A ship- trading mainly in watermelons and considerations, in addition to the wreck began in 1983 when, while charcoal. In the 1890s the Baron four millennia during which the serving as Inspector of Underwater Edmund de Rothschild founded a anchorage has been active, make Antiquities for the Israel Depart- short-lived glass factory at Tantura Tantura Lagoon an ideal location ment of Antiquities and Museums to manufacture bottles for the Zi- for the study of shipwrecks. (IDAM, now the Israel Antiquities chron Yaakov vineyards15. Settlement Authority), I conducted a routine continues with the Israeli commun- From 1994 to 1996 the Institute of survey with K. Raveh in the lagoon ities of Nahsholim and Dor: the Nautical Archaeology (INA) at following a winter storm. During cove is home to a small fleet of Texas A&M University and Haifa the dive my hand came to rest on Arab fishing boats and has also be- University’s Leon Recanati Institute something jutting from the seabed come a popular recreational beach16. for Maritime Studies (previously that felt „spongy“. Upon examina- the Centre for Maritime Studies, or tion, this turned out to be the Today Tantura Lagoon is closed on CMS) joined forces to locate and to extremity of a ship’s waterlogged the north by a sand tombolo con- study shipwrecks buried in the wooden frame that was otherwise nected to an unnamed rocky island cove17. During three seasons of ex- entirely buried in the sand. Hand and bordered to the west by a series ploration we located seven ship- fanning revealed additional strakes, of islands named from north to wrecks in an area about the size of frames and ceiling planking upon south: Shafit, Dor, Tafat and Hofa- a regulation basketball court (Fig. which lay intact „bag-shaped“ jars mi (Fig. 1). During storms water 2). Although the wrecks range in and copious quantities of sherds flows in between the islands result- date from the Roman period to re- dating to the Byzantine period, A.D. ing in a strong north to south cur- cent times, most of the vessels clus- 324-63818. Some of the timbers sho- rent, which constantly shifts the ter in the Late Roman to Medieval wed signs of charring. thick sand layer covering the lagoon. periods. In early publications the This process tends to rapidly bury wrecks were identified by the tren- It was not possible to expand the ships that wreck in the cover under a ches in which they were discovered. search area at that time as the same 11. Jahrgang 2011 · Heft 1 85

storm that uncovered these timbers rent had transported them during also revealed additional cargoes on the wrecking event. the Carmel coast that required im- mediate attention19. By the time this Employing a hydraulic probe we work was completed, the shifting began following the general line of sands of Tantura had buried the tim- the buried pottery flow north (Fig. bers again. In 1985 we returned to 3 A)21. Along the way we located two the site with CMS staff members S. lead-filled wooden anchor stocks Breitstein and Y. Tur-Caspa, as well under 2 meters of sand22. The stocks as a team of British divers from the were barely 20 centimeters across Nautical Archaeology Society (NAS) and about 2 meters in length. Find- led by Vallerie Fenwick. This at- ing these anchor stocks is arguably tempt, too, was stymied due to logis- the archaeological equivalent of tical problems and we, again, suc- finding a needle in a haystack and ceeded in uncovering only a small speaks volumes to the effectiveness area of the „hull“ and its cargo. of this search technique under the proper conditions. In 1994, I returned for a third time determined to excavate the „ship- Eventually, we found two adjacent wreck“ that had eluded me for so wood anomalies at the northern long. By this time I was teaching at end of the pottery flow suggestive Texas A&M University, and I car- of a larger wooden structure bur- ried out this excavation under the Fig. 3: A) Using the hydraulic probe. ied in the sand. Opening Trench VI INA aegis jointly with CMS led by we found a large section of hull, Y. Kahanov. which I termed „Tantura“ A (Fig. 4 A). A post and the keel continued In the 1980s I had recorded the for over 6 meters23. The hull is location of the buried timbers by believed to have been about 12 me- means of shore sightings: Unfor- ters long and 4 meters at its greatest tunately, a decade later structures breadth. The ship’s southern side that had formed one of my two ref- survived up to the turn of the bilge. erence lines had been demolished. The hull lay on an approximately This left us with a line rather than northwest to southeast axis. At the a point with which to relocate the Fig. 3: B) Wood fragments raised by the southeastern end the keel had been timbers hidden under some 2 me- probe. snapped off cleanly, as if it were a ters of sand. Following this line, we matchstick. The entire northern excavated a series of test trenches. side of the hull, except for a portion These ultimately proved useful, as of the garboard strake had been they gave us our first view of the swept away at the keel. Even on the positioning of artifacts beneath the surviving southern side of the hull sand in the cove. In this way we we saw evidence of the forces that discovered a „flow“ of Byzantine had ripped apart the ship. Most of period artifacts stretching north- the frames had been torn off the south, which we followed for about hull in what must have been a zip- 60 meters. Finally, in Trench IV we per-like effect, taking with them the relocated the timbers studied in superstructure and cargo. Only a 1983 and 1985. Until then I had as- few frame pieces remained in place sumed – wrongly as it turned out – near the post. Framing positions that these few timbers constituted Fig. 4: A) The Tantura A shipwreck.. appeared as discolorations, some of part of a coherent shipwreck. which contained concreted iron nails that had once held the plank- The newly enlarged area revealed, ing to the frames: In other cases the however, that the entire collection nails had been ripped out of the of timbers consisted of only a few planks when they accompanied the strake fragments, ceiling planks frames, leaving behind holes in the and frames that had been ripped strakes. from a hull surrounded by Byzan- tine ceramics20. I hypothesized that The hull showed signs of charring the timbers and pottery flow must similar to that noticed on the have come from a shipwreck loca- flanks in Trench IV (Fig. 4 B).On ted farther north and that the cur- Fig. 4: B) Charring on the strakes. Tantura A charring was limited to 86 Innovations in Ship Construction · Sh. Wachsmann

the two ends of the hull. It also Arguing against this, however, were continued across framing stations, two considerations. First, some of indicating that it was not the result the Byzantine sherds lying on the of fire onboard ship, but rather hull were stuck to the planking that the planks had been charred with what appeared to be mastic, prior to their attachment to the the putty-like material, now rock frames. These considerations led hard, that the shipwrights had placed J.R. Steffy to conclude that the between the frames and planking. charring represents evidence of Second, we removed sections of the Fig. 5: A) Stone anchor stock in situ „char-bending“ a process by which keel for dendrochronological and beneath the keel of the Tantura A water-soaked planks are formed radiocarbon testing. While the for- shipwreck. into their required curvatures as mer proved inconclusive, the radio- they are heated over a fire. Thus, carbon tests suggest that the wood the charring is located specifically was cut ca. A.D. 415-530, agreeing at the ends of the hull because that with the Byzantine date derived is where the stakes require their from the pottery25. strongest curvature, as they bend inwards to meet the posts. This is Thus, the Tantura A shipwreck be- Fig. 5: B) The anchor stock. the earliest documented evidence came the first of several vessels from for this process on planked-hull the lagoon to indicate a complete ship construction. transition to a frame-based hull The sample also contained three construction about a half millen- hemp (Cannabis sativa) pollen, At the time of Tantura A’s discov- nium earlier than previously which perhaps derive from the ves- ery common wisdom had the trans- thought26. This modest little coaster sel’s cordage. The only pollen fer of technologies from shell- had been built with the innovative grain, of wild grass, identified from based with pegged mortise-and- methods that were to evolve more a sample of rope derives from the tenon joints to frame-based con- fully and to become standardized cordage compressed between the struction was completed only in during medieval times. Steffy notes keel and the anchor stock. The the 11th century A.D., with the Serçe that such changes were likely to have most common seed type was wine Limanþ shipwreck being the ear- taken place first on small vessels like grape (Vitis vinifera). liest known example of this type of Tantura A as these employed lighter construction24. We fully expected timbers, which permitted the ship- One rarely finds multi-period to find the earlier construction wrights to discontinue the use of stratigraphy while excavating a ship- techniques on the Tantura A vessel, mortise-and-tenon joinery that by wreck, but Tantura Lagoon is so which seemed to date to a half a their time were being used only to abundant in material culture that we millennium earlier than the Serçe align planks on larger contempora- repeatedly uncovered meaningful Limanþ shipwreck, but we found neous ships, like the seventh-centu- configurations. For example, Tantu- no indicators of shell-based con- ry Yassþ Ada shipwreck27. ra A’s keel rested on two earlier an- struction. During the limited re- choring devices: a stone anchor and maining time available in 1994 we Paleoethnobotanical study of or- an inverted 53 kilogram stone an- studied the keel, as well as all ex- ganic remains retrieved from the chor stock, which predates the wreck posed strake edges for mortise- shipwrecks can give us additional by about a millennium (Fig. 5 A-B)28. and-tenon joints, but found none. information regarding the ships It seemed that in its constructional that wrecked in Tantura Lagoon, The hull must have come to rest details Tantura A found its closest their crews and cargoes. A single here before it broke up entirely as parallels in the 11th-century A.D. sample of bilge mud recovered otherwise it would be difficult to Serçe Limanþ shipwreck. from near the Tantura A ship- explain the near perfect alignment wreck’s keel contained a potpourri of the surviving strakes even though We considered other possibilities. of pollen from 19 taxa, while most of the frames are missing. We hypothesized that there may others remain unidentified. Olive The wrecking event apparently also have been two shipwrecks: one that (Olea europaea) is the most com- caused the dispersal of the vessel’s sank at the end of the Byzantine mon domesticated plant in the cargo. Cordage found beneath the period and scattered its cargo sample, with cereal pollen second wreck, between it and the stone across the lagoon and another in quantity. Other significant fossil anchor stock, presumably re- (Tantura A) that wrecked in the pollens include grape (Vitis sp.), presents the ship becoming entan- cove a few centuries later and into hazelnut (Corylus), sumac (Rhus), gled in its own rigging during the which pottery from the first wreck terebinth (Pistachia sp.) and palm wrecking event29. had washed in. This scenario, al- (Areacaea), as well as several spe- though unlikely, is not entirely cies of umbels, a family that includes In 1995 we completed the in situ impossible due to the dynamics of many spices, such as caraway, study of Tantura A. That year we the lagoon during storms. celery, cumin and dill. also continued the hydraulic probe 11. Jahrgang 2011 · Heft 1 87

Fig. 6: A) The Tantura B shipwreck. Fig. 6: B) Y. Kahanov records crenella- tions on the bottom surface of the Tantura B keelson. survey in search of additional mis- bers, attached by means of a hook- The shipwrights made the vessel’s sing sections of the Tantura A hull. scarf covered by a timber secured keel of oak (Quercus). They also We did not find any, but the results to it by nails. used oak for the longitudinal were not disappointing for we dis- strengthening piece placed over the covered remnants of other ship- The keelson has a lightly fastened keelson scarf and probably for the wrecks. longitudinal stringer on either side. bilge keels as well. Pine (Pinus) was This may indicate that the main used for the keelson and planks. purpose of these stringers was to Aleppo pine (Pinus halepensis) Tantura B (Trench VIII) serve as a base for the inner edges served for the keelson stringers, fra- of ceiling planks aligned perpendic- mes, garboards, and the ceiling One vessel lay west of Tantura A in ular to the keel. The outer edges of planking. Trench VIII. This wreck, designated the ceiling planking would have Tantura B, was the primary focus been seated at the turn of the bilge. Cordage of various diameters was of the 1996 expedition during Three loose-fitting ceiling planks found throughout the hull. We re- which it was recorded entirely in survived on the wreck. The crenel- covered four wooden toggles, two situ30. The continuity of this ves- lations on one ceiling plank appar- of which were found with rope still sel’s long and narrow hull breath ently originally were meant to sit adhering to them and three spatu- indicates a galley (Fig. 6 A)31. Steffy snugly over the frames at the turn late-shaped objects34. M. Polzer has felt that the surviving section of the bilge. It has a single graffito identified the latter as spill-toggles, might represent less than 25 per- – HX – when viewed from the ves- each with a hole for the attachment cent of the hull’s bottom32. sel’s centerline. of a trip-line. These may support the likely conclusion that the ship This vessel dates to the early ninth The southwestern side of the hull carried one or more lateen sails35. century A.D.33. It is constructed in had seven surviving strakes while a skeleton-based method, which is six remained on the northeastern The wreck also contained an inlay indicated by planking joints situ- side. The sixth strake on each side of bone or ivory, a wooden decora- ated against frame stations and the is narrower and thicker than the tive piece and a gourd, which still extensive use of caulking. The rock- other strakes and appears to be a bears a deep orange color36.Three ered keel is preserved for 9.8 me- bilge-keel or bilge-wale. wooden roundels were recovered: ters and contains two horizontal one bears a carved Kufic inscrip- hook scarves. The imposing rock- The hull is relatively flat, with a tion: „God has the purest judg- ered keelson, preserved for 7.48 me- maximum beam of about 5 meters. ment“37. ters is the most substantial center- The vessel’s original length is im- line timber: it has a maststep cut possible to determine as both ex- Although the hull contained no into its upper surface and notches tremities are missing. If it was a cargo, numerous artifacts recover- in its undersurface to seat the alter- single master, it may have been 19 ed teach us much about the ship nating floors and pairs of half-frames meters long, but if it carried two and crew. Of particular interest is a (Fig. 6 B). The extant part of the masts it might have reached an orig- large Abbasid-period (A.D. 750- keelson is composed of two tim- inal length of 30 meters. 935) oil lamp, which was found 88 Innovations in Ship Construction · Sh. Wachsmann

Fig. 7: Shipwrecked oil lamps. A) Tantura B. Fig. 7: B) Tantura C. associated with five bivalve shells date for this shipwreck (Fig. 7 B)43. (Fig. 7 A): similar shells found on Trench VIII also contained remains the seventh century A.D. Yassþ Ada of a third wreck (Tantura D). shipwreck have been interpreted as During the 1995 season a small spoons38. A second Abbasid lamp, piece of plank with two pegged smaller in size lay just beyond the mortise-and-tenon joints was found hull’s northwest quadrant39. northwest of the Tantura B wreck, associated with Roman pottery44. The next year northeast of Tantura Tantura C-D (Trench VIII) B we uncovered a keel and two frames belonging to a more lightly- In a truly remarkable example of built vessel, constructed with pegged underwater stratigraphy, in 1996 mortise-and-tenon joinery (Fig. 9 we found that Tantura B rested upon A-B). another shipwreck, Tantura C, which was built in pegged mortise- Fig. 8: The Tantura C shipwreck peeks and-tenon construction and covered out from beneath Tantura B. with Roman pottery and glass (Fig. 8)40. As this shipwreck was found at the end of the expedition and con- Fig. 9: The Tantura D shipwreck. A) The tinued under Tantura B, we were keel and the two frames. able to reveal only a small portion of Tantura C, which we then recorded and reburied. D. Davis tentatively interprets the timbers as consisting of a keel, a false keel and a garboard strake41. One plank was identified as cypress (Cupressus)42.

The vessel’s ceramic cargo consist- ed primarily of globular vessels with different upper finishings. It also contained a pristine oil lamp with a Christian tau-rho symbol, B) Detail of the keel with a pegged mor- suggesting a fourth century A.D. tise-and-tenon joint. 11. Jahrgang 2011 · Heft 1 89

Fig. 10: The Tantura E shipwreck. Fig. 12: Timbers and cordage of the Tantura G shipwreck.

Tantura E (Trench IX) to the eighth century A.D. In 2006- Tantura F (Trench X) 2008 Tantura E was excavated in On the last days of the 1995 season situ by a joint expedition of RIMS The 1996 hydraulic probe revealed we found another shipwreck in the and NAS47. another shipwreck, termed Tantura channel that runs through the cove F (Fig. 11)48. Trench X came down that had been deepened by storm on the center of the hull, revealing action (Fig. 10)45. We uncovered one a massive rectangular maststep. of the keel’s extremities and found Fig. 11: The Tantura F shipwreck at the This was placed over a pair of rough- a false keel that continues forward time of its discovery. Note the maststep. hewn centerline „stringers“, which of the keel and is then slotted back were half-logs cut lengthwise down into its end. The hull had many the center, each with one flat and heavy stingers, most of which were one rounded end, which were plac- only roughly finished. Of particu- ed flat side up. A layer of reeds had lar interest was a transverse timber been placed parallel to the keel, placed over the frames and strin- over the frames, as dunnage. This gers, with a groove carved into the vessel, which dates to the early length of its upper surface, which eighth century A.D., was excavated appears to be the seat for a removable in situ in 2004 by a joint expedition bulkhead46. Ceiling planking cov- of RIMS and NAS49. ered most of the visible hull. The ceiling planking is laid perpendicu- lar to the keel from the end of the Tantura G (Trench VII) keel to the bulkhead seat: beyond that, towards amidships, the plank- Finally, north of Tantura A we lo- ing is laid parallel to the keel. We cated ten disarticulated frames and a found two graffiti carved into ceil- single plank, designated Tantura G ing planks – one was a cross sur- (Fig. 12)50. This area also contained rounded by an arc and the other organic items including long spans was delta-shaped. This vessel dates of rope, basketry and some dyed 90 Innovations in Ship Construction · Sh. Wachsmann

Fig. 13:A + B Artist’s conception of the shipwreck process at Tantura Lagoon.

A ship runs before a storm (A, right). She is caught against a lee shore and makes a run between two islands, but is broken on the shoals between the islands (A, center).

As the vessel takes on water (B), the surge and waves push her into the lagoon, where the large sections of the hull are swiftly buried by the constantly migrating sands. cloth. One rope ended in an eye- their lives traumatically. This is results, however, in a very strong splice and another was knotted. It certainly the case with shipwrecks north to south current due to the appears that all these artifacts come Tantua A, B, D and G. In some northern tombola. The most likely from a single vessel. A radiocarbon cases keels and keelsons were snap- scenario for the catastrophic de- test of one of the timbers suggests a ped like matchsticks, and entire sec- struction of these vessels is that date in the 18th century A.D. tions of ships are missing or trans- they entered the lagoon between posed51. We simply do not know the islands during storms, were the reasons for the sinking of Tan- damaged as they went over the Conclusions tura C, E and F.As noted above, the rocks between the island and began islands prevent waves from enter- breaking up (Fig. 13 A). Once inside Most of the ships discovered by the ing even during the most violent the lagoon, the current during a INA-CMS Joint Expedition ended winter storms. The onrush of water storm could account for the spread 11. Jahrgang 2011 · Heft 1 91

of the ship’s parts and its cargo wreck and Its Construction Details. SKYL- Kahanov, Y. – Breitstein, S. 1995: A Prelim- across the bottom of the lagoon. LIS Zeitschrift für Unterwsserarchäologie inary Study of the Hull Remains, INA Very soon after the sinking event 8, 83-85. Quarterly 22.2, 9-13. the shifting sands must have buried Dahl, G. 1915: The Materials for the His- Kahanov, Y. – Royal, J.G. 2001: Analysis of the wreck and its cargo (Fig. 13 B). tory of Dor, Transactions of the Connec- Hull Remains of the Dor D vessel, Tantura ticut Academy of Arts and Sciences 20 Lagoon, Israel, IJNA 30.2, 257-265. Tantura Lagoon has proven to be a (New Haven). remarkable ship graveyard. Some Kahanov, Y. – Royal, J. – Hall, J. 2004: of the loose ceramics recovered Dauphin, C.M. 1979: Dor, Byzantine Church, The Tantura Wrecks and Ancient Mediter- from the cove date to periods for IEJ 29, 235-236. ranean Shipbuilding, in: Hocker, F.M. – 52 Ward, C.A. (eds.), The Philosophy of Ship- which we have no shipwrecks .If Dauphin, C.M. 1981: Dor, Byzantine Church, building: Conceptual Approaches to the these remains have been spread 1980, IEJ 31, 117-119. across the lagoon by ships that Study of Wooden Ships (College Station, wrecked and sank in the lagoon, in Dauphin, C.M. 1982-1983: On the Pil- Texas) 113-127. grim’s Way to the Holy City, Bulletin of the manner that we documented Kapitän, G. 1982: On Stone-Stocked Greek with the Tantura A shipwreck then the Anglo-Israel Archaeology Society 1, 25-31. Anchors as Found in Thracia Pontica: Sug- they suggest a treasure trove of ar- gested Reconstruction of Their Wooden chaeologically and historically sig- Dauphin, C.M. 1983: La basilique de Dors, Parts, in: Fol, A. (ed.), Thracia Pontica I. nificant shipwrecks. There are few Archaeologia 180-181 (Juillet-Aout), 68-75. 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The Khalilieh, H.S. 2005: The Enigma of Barkai, O. 2010: The Tantura F Shipwreck: Jerusalem Cathedra: Studies in the History, Tantura B: Historical Documentation and A Case Study of Trade in the Eastern Me- Archaeology, Geography and Ethnography the Lack of Circumstantial Documentary diterranean Between the Mid-7th and the End of the Land of Israel 2, 146-167. Evidence, IJNA 34, 314-322. of the 8th Century AD, SKYLLIS, Zeitschrift für Unterwasserarchäologie 11, 2011, 18-20. Gianfrotta, P.A. 1977: First Elements for Khalilieh, H.S. 2008: The Ribã? of Arsu¯f the Dating of Stone Anchor Stocks, IJNA 6, and the Coastal Defence System in Early Barkai, O. – Kahanov, Y. 2007: The Tan- 285-292. Islamic Palestine, Journal of Islamic tura F Shipwreck, Israel, IJNA 36, 21-31. Gilboa, A. 2005: and Phoeni- Studies 19, 159-177. Barkai, O. – Kahanov, Y. – Klein, S. 2007- cians Along the Southern Phoenician Coast: Kingsley, S.A. 2003: The Dor D Shipwreck 2008: The Tantura F Shipwreck: Analysis A Reconciliation: An Interpretation of and Holy Land Wine Trade, IJNA 32.1, 85-90. of the Ceramic Material, SKYLLIS Zeit- Šikila (SKL) Material Culture Bulletin of schrift für Unterwasserarchäologie 8, 30-32. the American Schools of Oriental Research Kritzas, C.B. 1989: Remarks on an Inscribed Brosh, N. 1985: Finds from the Mamaluke 337, 47-78. Anchor Stock from Aegina (IG IV, 176), in: Tzalas, H. (ed.), Tropis I. First Internat. Period: 15th Century CE, in: Misch-Brandl, Greene, E. 2003: Endless Summer: The O. (ed.), From the Depths of the Sea: Car- Symposium on Ship Construction in 2002 Excavation seaon at Pabuç Burnu, Antiquity, Piraeus 1985 (Athens) 203-207. goes of Ancient Wrecks from the Carmel Turkey, INA Quarterly 30.1: cover, 3-11. Coast. The Israel Museum Catalogue No. Lehmann, G.A. 1979: Die Šikalãyu¯ ? Ein Greene, E.S. – Polzer, M.E. 2004: Evidence 263 (Jerusalem) 17-22, pls. 31-22. neues Zeugnis zu den „Seevölker“-Heer- for a 6th-Century Lifeboat and its Anchor? Carmi, Y. – Segal, D. 1995: How Old is the fahrten im späten 13. Jh. v. Chr. (RS 34. INA Quarterly 31.3 (Fall), 12-18. Shipwreck from Tantura Lagoon? The 129), Ugarit-Forschungen 11, 481-494. Haldane, D.D. 1984: The Wooden Anchor Radiocarbon Evidence, IJNA 22(2), 12. Liphschitz, N. – Pulak, C. 2007-2008: (MA Thesis, Texas A&M University). Charlton, W.H., Jr. 1995: The Rope, INA Wood Species Used in Acnient Shipbuild- Quarterly 22(2), 17. Hale, J.R. 2009: Lords of the Sea: The Epic ing in Turkey: Evidence from Dendro- Story of the Athenian Navy and the Birth chronological Studies, SKYLLIS Zeitschrift Christides, V. 1988: The Coastal Towns of of Democracy (New York). für Unterwasserarchäologie 8, 73-79. Bilãd al-Shãm at the Time of the Rãshidu¯n (632-661). Defence and Trade &QFUIShK Heyd, U. 1956: A Turkish Description of Littman, R.J. 1990 [2001]: Dor and the ,zOUSPV&QJTUINPOJLÎO&SFVOÎO 13-14 (1 the Coast of Palestine in the Early Six- Athenian Empire, American Journal of -FVLXTeB, 1984-1987), 49-62. teenth Century, IEJ 6, 201-216, pls. 29-30. Ancient History 15, 155-176. Cvikel, D. 2007-2008: One of Napoleon Israeli, E. 2010: Tantura E, Hull Construct- Misch-Brandl, O. – Galili, E. 1985: Finds Bonaparte’s Ships? The Dor 2002/2 Ship- ion Report, SKYLLIS 11, 2011, 41-45. from the Hellenistic Period: 4th-2nd Centu- 92 Innovations in Ship Construction · Sh. Wachsmann

ries BCE. In Misch-Brandl, O. (ed.), From Excavations in the Holy Land, Vol. 1 Wachsmann, S. – Davis, D. 2002: Nautical the Depths of the Sea: Cargoes of Ancient (Jerusalem) 357-368. Archaeology in Israel, in. Ruppé, C.V. – Wrecks from the Carmel Coast. The Israel Barstad, J. (eds.), International Handbook Stern, E. 1993b: The Many Masters of Museum Catalogue No. 263 (Jerusalem) of Underwater Archaeology (New York) Dor: Part I – When Canaanites Became 12-16, pls. 8-30. cover, 499-517. Phoenician Sailors, Biblical Archaeology Mor, H. – Kahanov, Y. 2006: The Dor Review 19.1, 22-31, 76-78. Wachsmann, S. – Raveh, K. 1982: The 2001/1 Shipwreck, Israel – A Summary of Search for Napoleon’s Lost Ordnance in the Stern, E. 1993c: The Many Masters of the Excavation, IJNA 35, 274-289. Sea off Tantura/Dor, Qadmoniot 15, (23 Dor: Part I – How Bad was Ahab?, Biblical [58-59]), 87-91 (in Hebrew). Polzer, M.E. 2004: An Archaic Laced Hull Archaeology Review 19.2, 18-29. in the Aegean: The 2003 Excavation and Wachsmann, S. – Raveh, K. 1983-1984: Stern, E. 1993d: The Many Masters of The Guns of Tantura: Napoleonic Weap- Study of the Pabuç Burnu Ship Remains, Dor: Part III – The Persistence of Phoe- onry from Beneath the Sea, Israel – Land INA Quarterly 31.3 (Fall), 3-11. nician Culture, Biblical Archaeology Re- and Nature (English Edition) 9.2, 56-60. Polzer, M.E. 2008: Toggles and Sails in the view 19.3, 38-49. Wachsmann, S. – Raveh, K. 1984a: A Ancient World: Rigging Elements Recov- Stern, E. 1994: Dor – Ruler of the Seas: Bronze Napoleonic Mortar from the Tan- ered from the Tantura B Shipwreck, Israel, Twelve Years of Excavation at the Israelite- tura/Dor Coast, Qadmoniot 17, 33-34 (in IJNA 37, 225-252. Phoenician Harbor Town on the Carmel Hebrew). Rainey, A.F. 1982: Toponymic Problems Coast (Jerusalem). Wachsmann, S. – Raveh, K. 1984b: A (Cont.), Tel Aviv 9, 130-136. Stern, E. (ed.) 1995: Excavations at Dor, Concise Nautical History of Dor/Tantura, Rainey, A.F. – Notley, R.S. 2006: The Final Report: Areas A and C: Introduction IJNA 13, 223-241. Sacred Bridge: Carta’s Atlas of the Biblical and Stratigraphy, Qedem Reports (Jeru- World (Jerusalem). salem). Wachsmann, S. – Raveh, K. 1984c: Dor, Underwater Find, Excavations and Surveys Royal, J. – Kahanov, Y. 2000: An Arab Pe- Stern, E. 2008: Dor, in: Stern, E. (ed.), The in Israel 3, 25. riod Merchant Vessel at Tantura Lagoon, New Encyclopedia of Archaeological Ex- Israel, IJNA 29, 151-153. cavations in the Holy Land 5: Supple- Wachsmann, S. – Raveh, K. 1984d: In the mentary Volume (Jerusalem) 1695-1703. Footsteps of Napoleon at Tantura, Israel, Royal, J. – Kahanov, Y. 2005: New Dating Archaeology 37.5, 58-59, 76 and 17. and Contextual Evidence for the Fragmen- van Doorninck, F., Jr. 1982: The Hull, in: tary Timber Remains Located in the Dor D Bass, G.F. –. van Doorninck, F.H, Jr. (eds.), Wachsmann, S. – Kahanov, Y. 1997: site, Israel, IJNA 34, 308-313. Yassi Ada I: A Seventh-Century Byzantine Shipwreck Fall: The 1995 INA/CMS Joint Shipwreck (College Station, TX) 32-64. Expedition to Tantura Lagoon, Israel, INA Sibella, P. 1995: The Ceramics, INA Quar- Quarterly 24.1, cover, 3-18. terly 22.2, 13-16. Wachsmann, S. 1982: The Ships of the Sea Peoples (IJNA 10.3: 187-220), IJNA 11, Wachsmann, S. – Kahanov Y. – Hall, J. Sibella, P. 1997: Light from the Past: The 297-304. 1997: The Tantura B Shipwreck: The 1996 1996 Tantura Roman Lamp, INA Quarterly INA/CMS Joint Expedition to Tantura 24.4, 16-18. Wachsmann, S. 1987: Napoleon’s Guns., in: Throckmorton, P. (ed.), The Sea Re- Lagoon, INA Quarterly 24.4, cover, 3-15. Simpson, W.K. (ed.) 1972: The Literature members (London) 81-83. Womer Katzev, S. 1982: Miscellaneous of : An Anthology of Stories, Finds, in: Bass, G.F. – van Doorninck, F.H., Instructions, and Poetry (New Haven). Wachsmann, S. 1995: The 1994 INA/CMS Joint Expedition to Tantura Lagoon, INA Jr. (eds.), Yassi Ada I: A Seventh-Century Steffy, J.R. 1982a: Reconstructing the Hull Quarterly 22.2, Cover, 3-8. Byzantine Shipwreck (College Station, TX) in: Bass, G.F.J. – van Doorninck, F.H. (eds.), 266-295. Wachsmann, S. 1996: Technology Before Yassi Ada I: a Seventh-century Byzantine its Time: A Byzantine Shipwreck from Tan- Shipwreck (College Station, TX) 65-86. tura Lagoon, The Explorers Journal 74.1, Notes Steffy, J.R. 1982b: The Reconstruction of 19-23. the Serçe Liman Vessel: A Preliminary Re- 1 Wachsmann, S. 1998: Seagoing Ships and Publications on the work at are port, IJNA 11, 13-34. Seamanship in the Bronze Age Levant extensive. For an introduction, see Stern Steffy, J.R. 2004: Construction and Anal- (College Station/London). 1993b; 1993c; 1993d; 1994; 1995; Khalilieh ysis of the Vessel, in: Bass, G.F. – Matthes, 2005. For a recent update on the excava- Wachsmann, S. 2005: The Graveyard of S.D. et al. (eds.), Serçe Limanþ: An Elev- tions and a comprehensive bibliography, Ships: Tantura Lagoon, Israel, in: Bass, G.F. enth-Century Shipwreck. Vol. I. (College see Stern 2008. On the history of Dor/- (ed.), Beneath the Seven Seas: Adventures Station, TX) 153-169. Tantura, see Dahl 1915; Wachsmann – with the Institute of Nautical Archaeology Raveh 1984b. Steffy, J.R. 1994: Wooden Ship Building (New York) 98-99. 2 and the Interpretation of Shipwrecks (Col- Joshua 11: 1-2. Wachsmann, S. 2007-2008: Deep Sub- lege Station, TX). 3 mergence Archaeology: The Final Frontier, Joshua 12: 23. Stern, E. 1993a: Dor, in: Stern, E. (ed.), SKYLLIS Zeitschrift für Unterwasser- 4 1 Kings 4: 11; Rainey – Notley 2006, The New Encyclopedia of Archaeological archäologie 8, 129-153. 175-176. 11. Jahrgang 2011 · Heft 1 93

5 Simpson 1972, 143-144 (I, 9-28); Eg- down into the sand. If during this process no. MF 50, 288 fig. 12: 16). I thank F. van berts 1991. the pipe strikes buried waterlogged wood, Doornick for bringing this parallel and that 6 On the Sekels/Tjeker, see Dietrich – pieces of it break off and migrate to the in the following footnote to my attention. Loretz 1978; Lehmann 1979; Rainey 1982, surface, indicating a buried timber anom- 38 Wachsmann – Kahanov – Hall 1997, 5, 9 (Fig. 3 B) 133-134; Wachsmann 1982, 297; 1998, 163, aly . fig. 9; Womer Katzev 1982, 293, 294 fig. 12-26). 22 324; Wachsmann – Raveh 1984b, 228-229; Wachsmann – Kahanov 1997, 11, 13 39 On the possible identification of the Gilboa 2005. figs. 14-15. ship type to which the Tantura B shipwreck 7 Stern 1993d. 23 For comprehensive discussions on the belongs in Arabic sources, see Khalilieh 2005. 8 Littman 1990[2001]; Hale 2009, 102- construction of Tantura A, see Kahanov – 40 Shipwrecks Tantura C and D were stud- 103, 106 (map). Breitstein 1995; Kahanov – Royal – Hall ied by D. Davis (Wachsmann – Davis 2002, 2004, 113-118. cover, 513, 514 fig. 30.9, 515). 9 Dauphin 1979; 1981; 1982-1983; 1983. 24 On the construction of the Serçe Li- 41 10 Wachsmann – Davis 2002, 515. On possible sources for the name „Tan- manþ wreck, see Steffy 1982b; 1994, 84 fig. 42 Wachsmann – Davis 2002, 514. tura“, see Dahl 1915, 28-33. 4-8: D, 85-91; 2004. 11 43 Sibella 1997. Dahl 1915, 121-122; Stern 1994, 322. 25 Carmi – Segal 1995. On settlement processes during the Arabic 44 Wachsmann – Kahanov 1997, 10 fig. 8: 26 Wachsmann 1996. The Dor 2001/1 period in general, see Heyd 1956; Karmon A; Wachsmann – Kahanov – Hall 1997, 6, shipwreck, is better preserved than Tantura 1956, 44-49; El’ad 1982; Christides 1988; 12 fig. 17. Khalilieh (2008, 164 fig. 1) includes Tantu- A, also dates to the fifth-sixth centuries A.D. 45 Wachsmann – Kahanov 1997, 11 figs. 9- ra as a defensive position: the basis for this and has frame-based construction (Mor – 10, 12 fig. 11; Royal – Kahanov 2000. assertion is not clear. On remains of the Cru- Kahanov 2006). Also apparently dating to sader period at Dor, see Stern 1994, 323-328. the fifth-sixth centuries A.D, the poorly 46 Wachsmann – Kahanov 1997, 12 fig. 12. preserved Dor D shipwreck appears to be 12 47 Israeli 2010. See in this volume, pp. 41-45. Dahl 1915, 123-129; Wachsmann – Ra- contemporaneous with both Tantura A veh 1984b, 231-232. and Dor 2001/1 but was constructed em- 48 Wachsmann – Kahanov – Hall 1997, 12 13 Wachsmann – Raveh 1984b, 232-233, 235. ploying (mostly unpegged) mortise-and- fig. 18. tenon joints (Kahanov – Royal 2001; Kings- 49 14 Wachsmann 1987; Wachsmann – Raveh Barkai 2010; Barkai – Kahanov 2007; ley 2003, 87-88; Royal – Kahanov 2005). 1982; 1983-1984; 1984a; 1984c; 1984d; Barkai – Kahanov – Klein 2007-2008; Stern 1994, 329-332. Cvikel (2007-2008) 27 van Doorninck 1982, 55 fig. 3-29, 56, Liphschitz – Pulak 2007-2008, 76. See in proposes that shipwreck Dor 2002/2, 59, 61-62; Steffy 1982a, 71-73, 75-76, 78, this volume, pp. 18-20. found in Tantura Lagoon and dated to ca 82-84. 50 Wachsmann – Kahanov 1997, cover, 9 fig. 7. 1800, may be a local vessel related to Bo- 28 Wachsmann 1995, 6 fig. 7; 2005; Wachs- 51 Wachsmann 2007-2008, 143 fig. 12: B-C. naparte’s activities there. mann – Kahanov 1997, 7 fig. 4, 8 fig. 5. On 52 The earliest ceramics that we found in- 15 Wachsmann – Raveh 1984b, 224 fig. 1, stone anchor stocks, see Gianfrotta 1977; side the lagoon dated to the Middle Bronze 225 fig. 2; Stern 1994, 333-336. The glass Haldane 1984, 1-16; Kapitän 1982; 1984, Age II period (2000-1550 BC): Sibella factory now serves as the site archaeologi- 33-37; Kritzas 1989; Greene 2003, 8, 9 fig. 1995, 13 fig. 1. The discovery of Persian- cal museum. 13; Greene – Polzer 2004; Polzer 2004, period ceramics suggests that one or more cover, 6 fig. 5, 7 fig. 6. 16 Wachsmann – Raveh 1984b, 237 fig. 17. ships may have wrecked in the lagoon dur- 29 Charlton 1995. 17 For annual reports, see Wachsmann ing this era (Sibella 1995, 13 fig. 2 a-b; 1995; Wachsmann – Kahanov 1997; 30 On the Tantura B shipwreck’s construc- Wachsmann 1995, 7; Wachsmann – Raveh Wachsmann – Kahanov – Hall 1997. tional details, see Wachsmann – Kahanov – 1984b, 239). Hall 1997, 13; ; Kahanov – Royal – Hall 18 Wachsmann – Raveh 1984b, 230 fig. 11. 2004, 118-123. 19 Misch-Brandl – Galili 1985; Brosh 1985. Credits of figures 31 Wachsmann 2005. 20 Wachsmann 1995, 4 fig. 3; Kahanov – 32 J.R. Steffy (pers. com.). Breitstein 1995, 9, 10 fig. 10. Fig. 1: Drawing S. Wachsmann; Fig. 2: Map 33 On the date, see Wachsmann – Kahanov P. Sibella; Figs. 3-6, 8-12: Photos S. 21 A hydraulic probe consists of a small- – Hall 1997, 10-11; Khalilieh 2005, 314-315. Wachsmann; Fig. 7: Photos C. Tibi; Fig. 13: bore 2 to 3 meter long metal pipe attached Drawing C. Brandon. to a fire pump by means of a flex hose (Fig. 34 Wachsmann – Kahanov – Hall 1997, 5, 3 A). A survey line is defined by a rope at- 9 fig. 10, 10 fig. 12. tached to two weights placed on a defined 35 Polzer 2008. Address compass heading. The probe is then drilled 36 Wachsmann – Kahanov – Hall 1997, 10 into the ground each meter along the line. figs. 11: D, 13-14. Shelly Wachsmann This process is then repeated by moving Institute of Nautical Archaeology 37 the base-line in 1 meter increments and re- Wachsmann – Kahanov – Hall 1997, 3, PO Drawer HG peating the process. As the probe goes into 5-6, 10 fig. 11: A-C. An uninscribed roun- College Station, TX the sand the water pressure creates a sleeve del was found on the seventh century A.D. 77841-5137,USA of water allowing the pipe to be drilled Yassþada shipwreck (Womer Katzev 1982, Email: [email protected]