CULTURE, MEDIA & SPORT | FEATURE CULTURE, MEDIA & SPORT GETTY

56 BRITAIN IN 20152016 FEATURE | CULTURE, MEDIA & SPORT

56 Playing the re-generation game 60 Opinion: Courting controversy 61 Investigating invective CULTURE, 62 Surveillance society 64 Terror tactics; Driven by data 65 Star power MEDIA & SPORT 66 Figures: Drugs in sport PLAYING THE RE-GENERATION GAME Has the legacy of the 2012 London Olympic Games lived up to expectations? Martin Ince looks at how the East End of London is shaping up four years down the line

56 BRITAIN IN 20152016 BRITAIN IN 2016 57 GETTY said inanearlyreport that the Underground was‘obsolete’, revamped andtheUnderground IOC refurbished. “The line,theLondonOvergroundRailway gotanew was London. The Olympics meantthattheDocklands Light Brimicombe inEast pointstotheexampleoftransport quicker andsimplerforacitytoachieve itsexisting aims. ‘additionality’, theideathat theOlympics canmake it place fortheperiodofevent itselfandbeyond. have organisational,governance andfinancialstructures in change effectoftheevent theyare proposing, andthatthey are required toshow thattheyhave minimisedtheclimate organisers are goingforandhow theevent cancatalyseit.” to thinkcarefully inadvance aboutthetypeofchange the genuinetransformationofamajorcity, itisessential the scaleofLondon.Because theseevents offerscopefor for Liverpool butwouldnothave countedforacityon European CityofCulture in2008. That wasamega-event “Another example,”hesays,“was Liverpool becomingthe transformative effectonthecityinwhichittakesplace. ofevent, whichisbigenoughtohave a a specialcategory Brimicombe seesLondon2012asa‘mega-event’. This is SPECIAL EVENTS RE-GENERATION GAME PLAYING THE |FEATURE &SPORT MEDIA CULTURE, 58 BRITAIN IN2016 city’s existingambitionsandaspirations.” they are planningasustainablelegacythatchimeswiththe says: “Olympic candidatecitiesnow have toshow that with establishedplanstoregenerate thearea. Brimicombe London meantthattheycouldproduce alegacyconsistent thinking, notcuttingacross it.Putting theGames inEast London 2012isthatlegacyaboutworking withexisting stadiums leftover and notinuse.”But thereal lessonof in manyways.For example,there are nobigwhiteelephant the effectsoffuture games.Londonisonesuchgoodstory IOCneedssomegoodlegacystoriestotellasittracks “The Olympic Committee’s oflegacy. (IOC)view He explains: have hadapermanenteffectontheInternational anything from Formula 1tothefootball World Cup. global standard forsustainable events thatcanbeappliedto an International Organization forStandardization (ISO) different gameshasledtothecreationthese twovery of and legacyconsciouslymeasured. Experience gainedfrom London Games of2012were thefirsttohave theirimpact transformative effectontheEastEnd ofLondon. knotty questionofwhethertheGames have hadalasting oftheESRCsupport andothers,hehasbeenanswering the A This approach isknown inIOCcircles as This approach isnow standard. For example,organisers Professor Brimicombe saysthattheLondonGames The Vancouver Winter Olympics of2010andthe

neighbour. Instead, withthe not merely thatofacurious games. But hisinterest is 2012 Olympic and Paralympic andaftermathofthe delivery ofthepreparation,close-up view Allan Brimicombe had a the University ofEastLondon, s professor ofgeo-informationat

East Endof London regeneration inthe programme for accelerated the in Stratford has Olympic Stadium Building the Stadium legacy

But headdsthatthismoving targetisaproblematic one. for“stepopportunity change” progress inthisquest. Brimicombe seestheOlympics andParalympics asan affluence ofsomeareas ofLondonmakesthis abigask. inhabitants ofLondonby theyear 2030. The immense have thesamesocialandeconomicchances astheother government ambitionforthepeopleofEastLondonto The baselineforthe2012Olympic legacyisthe CHANGING THEFUTURE and acitysuchasLondonchangesallthetime.” idea ofwhatwouldhave happenedwithouttheGames, “You canonlymeasure thelegacyagainstacounterfactual general problem withmeasuringlegacy. Asheputsit: to theUKasawhole.But thisexampleillustratesamore brought asubstantialeconomicbenefittoLondonand analysis, Brimicombe issure thatthisspendingwillhave have takenadecadelongertocomplete.” otherwise about £6.5billionofinvestment tookplacethatwould and thatstung Transport forLondonalot.Asresult, While hisresearch doesnotincludeformaleconomic FEATURE | CULTURE, MEDIA & SPORT

“If obesity and coronary heart disease increase across London,” he points out, “the East End could match the Putting the Games average by staying in the same place.” In fact, a range of indicators suggest mixed results for in East London this catch-up ambition. The unemployment gap between East London and the rest of the capital has widened for meant that they young people. For school students in Year 6 (about 11 could produce a years old), the same is true of obesity. In terms of housing, levels of overcrowding have also worsened relative to the legacy consistent rest of London. But there is good news as well. Educational achievement in terms of the percentage of students getting with established five A-C Grades in their GCSE exam, the standard measure plans to regenerate of school-leaver attainment, is on track to converge with the rest of London within the 2030 timeframe. There is less the area crime, including violent crime, although this trend is also in evidence across London, and indeed Europe as a whole. But the Olympics and Paralympics are about sporting prowess, and the most obvious long-term ambition for up investment if it is to take root.” The House of Lords the Games was to grow sporting participation and healthy pointed out, for example, that growing school sport will living in East London. Open for business require more specialist sports teachers in primary schools. Professor Brimicombe says: “Both Tessa Jowell The BMX track at Part of the problem may be that participation in (the former government minister in charge of winning the Lee Valley full-scale sport fails to interest large parts of the population, the Olympic bid) and the House of Lords, which has Velopark, a former who, as Brimicombe puts it, may have bad memories cycling track at the reported on Olympic legacy, say that this is a key part of 2012 Games, opened of the idea from their school days. It might be better the legacy that has not been a success. The reason is that for public use in to concentrate on healthy and active lifestyles, perhaps even heavy investment in sports participation needs follow- March 2014 involving more cycling to the shops, or using the stairs rather than the lift, than to expect elite sport to trickle down to the rest of us. Brimicombe says: “There has been funding for specialist sport teachers, but it is not ring-fenced and there is no government minister whose job it is to secure Olympic legacy. Government spending austerity means that individual departments look to safeguard their resources. This works against the co-operative approach required for a successful legacy.” He adds that this low level of longer-term co-operation is a common pattern. It has been seen after several Olympics, with the notable exception of the 2008 Beijing Olympics. He points to the example of volunteering. “The UK was praised around the world for its friendliness after the Games, in part because of the volunteering that took place. That could have led to a national volunteer clearing house, but the momentum was lost.” On the other hand, Brimicombe believes that the showpiece Olympic Stadium has a better long-term future than many of its predecessors. It will house West Ham United Football Club from September 2016, and has been redesigned with moveable seating to allow athletics, music and many other events to be held there. He says: “The stadium is a national asset, comparable to Wembley Stadium or the Millennium Stadium in Cardiff. It should be in regular use for a range of activities.” n

www.olympic.org/content/olympism-in-action/olympic- legacy/london-2012-legacy

Martin Ince, principal of Martin Ince Communications, is a freelance science writer, media adviser and media trainer.

58 BRITAIN IN 2016 BRITAIN IN 2016 59 CULTURE, MEDIA & SPORT | OPINION A week in the online life of Katie Hopkins: Is falling silent a way of calming a Twitter storm?

OPINION

COURTING CONTROVERSY

By Dr Claire Hardaker In the

COMPETITION IN THE changing world of evolving mass media has never been higher. With so many channels, papers, magazines, blogs and stations all vying for our attention, getting a world of new good slice of the ratings has never been so hard. But for those who are not selective about the type of attention they are willing media, it can thousands of tweets per day, peaking at to elicit, there is a shortcut: become a over 5,000 on 21 April (about one every trollumnist – a columnist who trolls. 20 seconds) telling her that she is disgusting, One figure who has been described as a nasty, repulsive, filthy, hateful and hated, and trollumnist is Katie Hopkins, who rose to fame therefore pay these are merely the publishable descriptions. in 2007 after appearing on The Apprentice. Was Hopkins stunned into silence by it? Or was Hopkins regularly writes for the Sun, and there more to her sudden Twitter holiday? joined Twitter (@KTHopkins) in February to be a troll Interestingly, as Hopkins’ Twitter absence 2009. Since then, she has tweeted, progresses, the avalanche of rage gradually on average, once per waking hour, every slows. On the one hand, this is partly due single day for the past six-and-a-half years. to the mayfly lifecycle of online outrages. In that time, she has broadcast many deeply They explode spectacularly and die as a new unpopular opinions, mocked countless critics, story grabs the headlines. On the other hand, and attacked several celebrities. like tennis, it is tedious to play against an On Sunday 12 April 2015, around 400 illegal opponent who will not hit back and few people immigrants died when their boat capsized off have the stamina to keep firing tweets into an the Libyan coast. Five days later, on Friday unresponsive abyss day after day. 17 April, Hopkins’ column in the Sun described Counter to common intuition, silence migrants as feral humans and cockroaches, is a powerful way of quelling online storms likened them to a virus, and advocated the use Friday 24 April, almost five full days later. of this nature. Perhaps most intriguing of all of gunboats to sink migrant ships. Why? What happens to someone like Katie is that while Hopkins’ article might have The article prompted widespread Hopkins on Twitter when they air views that stirred up wrath, and her silence may have condemnation. The UN’s High Commissioner inspire such strong feelings? calmed it, neither stopped her from for Human Rights likened it to language found gaining just under 500 followers per day. in pro-genocide propaganda and, months TWITTER HOLIDAY In other words, the backlash that most of later, during an investigation into allegations Using software developed at the ESRC Centre us would dread guarantees that Hopkins of incitement of racial hatred, Hopkins was for Corpus Approaches to Social Science to remains a person whose controversial questioned under caution about the article analyse just over 150,000 tweets covering opinions will drag in audiences and clicks. by the Metropolitan Police’s Homicide and Friday 18 to Sunday 26 April, we found three In the evolving world of new media, it can Major Crime Command. The anger at Hopkins’ striking themes in the tweets sent directly therefore pay to be a troll. n column was further inflamed when another to her: death, ugliness and dislike. The first is migrant boat capsized on 19 April, killing 700 mainly about the migrants, whose deaths are www.youtube.com/ more men, women and children. described not just as drownings, but also as watch?t=3&v=TGqSLPnniZ4 As news of the second boat’s fate spread, genocide and murder. The second and third Hopkins’ usual stream of tweets abruptly are primarily assessments of Hopkins. From Dr Claire Hardaker is a Lecturer in Linguistics stopped and did not resume until 6am on 18 April onwards, she receives literally and English Language at Lancaster University.

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SOCIAL MEDIA INVESTIGATING INVECTIVE Social science analysis of tweets detects patterns of anti-Semitism to better direct resources to combat it

Tweets reveal that an analysis of tweets sent during the Gaza anti-Semetic conflict that took place in July and August attitudes still exist 2014. They were commissioned to provide a rapid response analysis to inform the 2015 report of the All-Party Parliamentary Inquiry into Anti-Semitism. Working with many millions of tweets, they carried out a detailed analysis, using the core techniques of corpus linguistics – computer-aided linguistic analysis – on a sub-sample of 38,460 tweets containing the words ‘Israel’ or ‘Gaza’, along with the words ‘Jew’, ‘Jews’ or ‘Jewish’. The results from the studying selection were telling. One technique from corpus linguistics is keyword analysis – looking for words with unusually high frequencies. In this data, a keyword approach showed the spectre of Nazism looming large in the data, with words such as ‘Hitler’, ‘Holocaust’, ‘Nazi’ and ‘Nazis’ in the top keywords.

NEGATIVE SENTIMENTS Unlike other approaches to the analysis of social media data, which rely largely on automated techniques, the corpus linguistics approach blends expert human analysis and computer-assisted analysis because the linguistic contexts in which keywords and hashtags are located matter. By exploring the data in this way we IT IS NOW WELL KNOWN that each time better understand the highly negative there is an upsurge in the Israel-Palestine sentiments of the tweets. Some tweets conflict there is a rise in violence against Jews contained explicit anti-Jewish invective, around the world. So it was in 2014 with which, if shouted out on the streets, would Israel’s ‘Operation Protective Edge’ military clearly amount to criminal offences. Some action. According to the Tel Aviv University wished violence upon Jews as proxies for Kantor Centre Anti-Semitism Worldwide Some tweets Israelis, or simply just as Jews. Some expressed 2014 report, it was one of the worst years on contained the sentiment that ‘Hitler should have record for anti-Semitic incidents globally. finished the job’. Shockingly, the use of gas With the growth of social media, an anti-Jewish chambers on Jews was invoked. apparent upsurge of anti-Jewish abuse on invective, which, The impact of the analysis was social media networks such as Facebook and if shouted on underlined by the Report of the All-Party Twitter was also noticeable. Parliamentary Inquiry into Anti-Semitism. Insults against Jews are frequently hurled the streets, would It stated that the ‘importance of this research on the streets and other public places. But the amount to should not be underestimated. It helps sentiments expressed by offenders have not identify some of the themes in discourse and, usually been accessible to researchers because criminal offences with time, could help to detect patterns of of the fleeting nature of their occurrence. anti-Semitism and therefore better direct Insults slung on social media, by contrast, are resources to combat it.’ It also called for preserved for scrutiny. further research, which is being undertaken Criminologists at Lancaster University by the Lancaster University team. n working in the ESRC Centre for Corpus Approaches to Social Science undertook cass.lancs.ac.uk GETTY

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Have we really become a society that is permanently under observation?

SURVEILLANCE SOCIETY In digital environments, how do pervasive monitoring and data collection affect our civil rights?

he revelations by whistleblower Edward Review headed by David Anderson in the UK, Hosted by Cardiff University and bringing Snowden, which have been published have criticised current surveillance practices together five investigators and four research T in the Guardian and other media since and have demanded changes to legislative assistants, the project has applied a range of June 2013, have radically transformed our frameworks. Such changes have started to research methods, including expert interviews, understanding of not only the internet but a emerge, particularly in the United States where focus groups, policy and technology analysis, wide range of social and political concerns. Most the recent US Freedom Act was, according to and media content analysis, to understand immediately, the leaks about contemporary Snowden’s lawyer Ben Wizner (speaking at a the effects of the leaks for policy, technology, mass surveillance have proven that all our conference at Cardiff University), “the first time civil society and news media. It has communication and other activities on the internet since 1978 that the US Congress has restricted, investigated the gaps of the regulatory are monitored, stored and analysed. Detailed rather than expanded, the surveillance authority environment of surveillance, the vulnerability information about programmes such as Prism, of the intelligence community”. of technological infrastructure, public Tempora and Quantum, and analytical tools Beyond citizen concerns and national awareness and activist responses, and the media such as Xkeyscore, has demonstrated how exactly politics, the leaks have affected both coverage of surveillance. and to what extent states collect our data, international and state-corporate relations. While the research is still ongoing, several intervene into communication infrastructure and Responding to customer concerns, internet findings are emerging that point to significant monitor our behaviour. companies such as Google, Apple and Facebook challenges and opportunities for digital Perhaps even more significantly, the leaks have had to strengthen their users’ privacy and citizenship in the ‘Snowden Era’. A common have prompted debates on the nature of civil security, and to distance themselves to some feature reflected in much of the research is the rights in digital environments and the role of degree from the previously close collaborations invisibility of digital surveillance. Whereas, for the security state. While government officials with state agencies. Widespread spying on other example, CCTV cameras are visible in public have pointed to a necessary ‘balance’ between governments, as revealed by Snowden, has led space, online monitoring is hidden from the rights and security, civil society organisations and to geopolitical frictions and to harsh criticisms public eye and its practices and regulatory international institutions such as the UN have of the US and UK governments, for example by limits remain nebulous. argued that restrictions to key human rights, such the President of Brazil. This lack of transparency has caused as the right to freedom of expression, in light of In this historical context, the ESRC-funded significant concern among the British public but, mass surveillance are dangerous for democracy. project Digital Citizenship and Surveillance at the same time, also a powerlessness regarding A range of independent commissions Society was set up to explore the implications appropriate responses. The omnipresence and reviews, such as the Investigatory Powers of mass surveillance and the Snowden leaks. of surveillance leads to disillusioned public GETTY

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4 million There are between 4 million and 5.9 million CCTV surveillance cameras in the UK Source: British Security Industry Association (BSIA)

expectations of persistent surveillance. This ‘surveillance realism’ thus combines critical awareness with weary acceptance of this new reality and points to the chilling effect of surveillance that has been observed consistently in other research. The news media, according to our findings, has not helped to clarify the matter. While some publications have informed about a range of Snowden leaks, the vast majority have focused on a few instances in which world leaders WHISTLEBLOWERS and members of political elites were targeted, Some of history’s most famous leaks whereas mass surveillance of normal citizens went relatively uncovered. In that way, media Sean Hoare David Shayler have contributed to a public debate, which has The former News of the World showbusiness The British journalist and a former MI5 officer prioritised the rights of the state and the need reporter was the first named journalist to passed secret documents to the Mail on Sunday for (state) security over the rights of citizens and allege that Andy Coulson was aware of phone alleging that MI5 was paranoid about socialists their (human) security. hacking by his staff. and had investigated various Labour ministers. Preliminary research results were presented at the international conference Surveillance and Sherron Watkins Daniel Ellsberg Citizenship, which was organised by the project Watkins’ internal memo about accounting While working at the US State Department investigators and held in Cardiff in June 2015. irregularities at Enron proved that Ellsberg leaked the Pentagon Papers, Currently the research is being concluded, executives knew of illegal activities, revealing how the US public had and over the coming year several publications helping lead to the energy giant’s been misled about the Vietnam War. will present the findings and discuss their downfall in 2001. implications for digital citizenship. n Julian Assange Serpico The founder of WikiLeaks in 2006, www.dcssproject.net This New York City police officer a site which published classified and confronted corruption within the secret information from sources around The project is led by the following investigators: police department in 1971. Al Pacino (right) the world, including details of US army Dr Arne Hintz, Dr Lina Dencik, Prof Karin played him in the 1973 movie Serpico. activities at Guantanamo Bay. Wahl-Jorgensen (all Cardiff University), Prof Karen Silkwood W Mark Felt Ian Brown (Oxford University) and Dr Michael The American chemical technician and labour Also known as ‘Deep Throat’, this associate Rogers (Technical University Delft). Research is union activist raised concerns about corporate director at the FBI leaked information about also conducted by Research Associate Dr Jonathan practices related to health and safety of workers Watergate to Washington Post reporters Bob Cable and Research Assistants Dr Grace Eden, in a nuclear facility. She was played by Meryl Woodward and Carl Bernstein in the 1970s, Dr Lucy Bennett (all Cardiff University) and Streep in the 1983 filmSilkwood . leading to the downfall of the Nixon presidency. Dr Josh Cowls (Oxford University).

62 BRITAIN IN 2016 BRITAIN IN 2016 63 CULTURE, MEDIA & SPORT | NEWS

Did the 7/7 attacks change our PUBLIC BEHAVIOUR security concerns in the UK? Terror tactics Reactions to terrorist attacks and managing the consequences

magazine in Paris, the head of the security derived a ‘high resolution’ picture of the social service warned future terrorist successes reaction processes and conflict dynamics that are likely – an assessment echoed by the occurred after this atrocity. Commissioner of the Metropolitan Police. It has identified seven specific behaviours Reflecting wider geo-political events, (reporting; requesting; responding; retaliating; it seems that a decade on from 7/7, how rumouring; reheating; resiliencing) performed to manage the risks and consequences of by members of the public that collectively terrorism is going to be an shaped the tenor and ongoing security challenge tone of social reactions and social problem for to this crime. Britain. Responding to this The UK’s national Providing detailed situation, over the past security apparatus evidence of how the public 10 years there has been reacts in the aftermath of a significant increase in has been revised terrorist attacks has direct social scientific research on through new laws, policy implications for the terrorism. But one neglected strategies and UK’s CONTEST Strategy, issue is how to effectively currently organised around manage the consequences investment ‘the four Ps’ of Prepare, IT IS A DECADE since four men became human of attacks when they do Protect, Prevent and Pursue. bombs on the London transport network, killing happen – a real gap in our The ‘After Woolwich’ 52 people. The UK’s national security apparatus knowledge given the recent comments from the analysis shows CONTEST would benefit has been significantly revised through new heads of the security service and police. from a fifth ‘P’ focused upon ‘post-incident laws, strategies and investment, but we have This is an issue addressed by the ‘After consequence management’. After all, if we become accustomed to terrorist threats and Woolwich’ project, which has tracked and traced can’t prevent all future terrorist attacks, we can counter-terrorist operations occurring in social reactions to the ‘signal crime’ terrorist minimise their negative impacts for society. n different towns and cities across the country. murder of Lee Rigby in Woolwich in 2013. Following the attacks on Charlie Hebdo By analysing social media data the study bjc.oxfordjournals.org

JUSTICE RESEARCHERS AT CARDIFF University’s anti-Semitism on social media.” Recent Social Data Science Lab have been studying high-profile failures of big data, such as the how Big Social Data can be used to help inability to predict the US housing bubble in Driven inform operational and policy decisions in 2008 and the spread of influenza across the the area of crime and security. Funds from US using Google search terms, have resulted various ESRC programmes including Digital in many questioning the utility of these new by data Social Research, Google Data Analytics, forms of data for government. Global Uncertainties and National Centre Social media can inform for Research Methods, have enabled the REALITY CHECK researchers to detect online racial tension Dr Pete Burnap, Director of the Lab and crime and justice policy following sporting events, model the computational lead, commented: “The propagation of cyberhate following a default approach in big data research seems terrorist attack, and estimate crime patterns to have been wholly data driven in the with social media communications. effort to predict. But this approach tends Dr Matthew Williams, Director of the to produce models that are over-fit to the Lab, said: “It is now becoming possible idiosyncrasies of a particular data set, Angry football fans can be to repurpose social media data to address leading to spurious results that don’t reflect caught on substantive questions about social processes reality. So we have put in place a series of social media and mechanisms that preoccupy social strict checks, such as augmenting big data nowadays scientists and policymakers. For example, with conventional sources and using theory if not at the we are embedding our theory-driven big to drive our analytical process.” n match data analytics within the Metropolitan Police Service and we are working with www.cardiff.ac.uk/news/view/131898- Community Security Trust on combating detecting-crime-using-social-media GETTY

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Celebrities like Emma Watson can use social media platforms to promote a cause NEWS IN Terror tactics BRIEF

DIGITAL BOURNEMOUTH Digital innovation goes far beyond London’s Silicon Roundabout. According to the Tech Nation report, Bournemouth is the fastest-growing city in UK’s digital economy. Digital and advertising companies are being based in the city more and more, followed by an emerging community of app development agencies. The ESRC-funded Bournemouth Digital Pier feasibility study (2013) pointed out how the area met a number of criteria that the research identifies as critical for development as a digital hub, and argued that few other cities in the UK were better placed to develop their digital industries. It also called for a broader programme of research and development similar to the successful CELEBRITY Brighton Fuse Project. www.itutility.ac.uk/pilot-projects/ creative-digital-it-cdit-feasibility-study STAR POWER Steve Brewer, University of How social media reacted to Emma Watson’s call to action Southampton, and David Rees, Henley Business School THE POWER AND INFLUENCE of how current events are discussed on social BRITAIN’S FORGOTTEN celebrities is extensive. Companies have long media. To consider views on the HeForShe SLAVE OWNERS jostled for the endorsement of those in the campaign, they analysed a sample of tweets A two-part BBC documentary examined public eye; the same can more recently containing the hashtag #HeForShe. the abolition of slavery in Britain and be said of political parties, charities and It is clear that Watson’s endorsement the choice by the government of the not-for-profit organisations. When UN benefited the campaign. She certainly got day to compensate slave owners for Women recently launched a new campaign, people talking, as many of the tweets mention their loss of ‘property’. The programme HeForShe, dedicated to achieving global her by name. The vast majority of tweets was based on the findings of two major gender equality, it is perhaps unsurprising evaluate her positively, for instance common research projects funded by the Arts and that they looked towards labels for her were Humanities Research Council (AHRC) and celebrities for support. And ‘inspiring’, ‘empowering’ ESRC. Using the records of the millions the celebrities delivered. and ‘kick-ass’. But very of pounds paid in compensation to slave Emma Watson, Within 24 hours of few of the tweets discuss owners for the loss of their ‘property’, the appointed UN Women Emma Watson’s ways in which Watson researchers documented over 46,000 Goodwill Ambassador, could help achieve individual claims and awards made gave an emotional speech speech, the hashtag gender equality; her to those who either owned slaves or at the official launch of #HeForShe was involvement in the benefited indirectly from ownership. the campaign. She campaign appears to be A major output of the research is the first then took to Twitter, trending on Twitter viewed positively simply freely accessible database of Britons encouraging other because she is a celebrity. involved in slave-ownership, which can celebrities to show This suggests that help people explore their family, local and regional histories, and help increase support. A response from One Direction’s the impact of Watson’s support could be understanding about a national past that Harry Styles quickly gained 340,000 retweets extended further still. For example, Watson can often be forgotten or ignored. and 480,000 favourites. Within 24 hours of could use Twitter to show examples of how www.ucl.ac.uk/lbs Watson’s speech, the hashtag #HeForShe was she is trying to achieve gender equality; trending on Twitter, and around the world rather than achieving general support for Professor Catherine people were discussing the campaign. the campaign, this may ensure the public Hall, University Linguists based at the Corpus Approaches follow her lead. n College London to Social Science (CASS) research centre at Lancaster University are investigating cass.lancs.ac.uk ISTOCK

64 BRITAIN IN 2016 BRITAIN IN 2016 65 CULTURE, MEDIA & SPORT | FACTS & FIGURES WHAT A DOPE How long has cheating in sport been going on and who are the biggest culprits?

IN THE BEGINNING The practice of doping in sport could be as old as organised sport 1928 1960 itself. Even in Ancient Greece, The International Association of Danish cyclist Knud athletes used special diets and Athletics Federations, the first Enemark Jensen dies stimulants to build strength. But International Sport Federation, during the 1960 it was not until the 1920s that bans the use of stimulating Olympic Games it became clear that restrictions substances in 1928, paving the in Rome, while were needed on drug use in sport. way for many sports to follow. taking part in the 100km team time trial, aged just 23. An autopsy 2015 reveals traces of Over 120 countries unite to sign up amphetamine. to a revised Anti-Doping Code, establishing National Anti- Doping Organisations (NADOs). Each must: test their national athletes during and outside competitions, and athletes from other countries competing within their country; adjudicate 2000S anti-doping rule violations; An international framework to provide anti-doping education. deal with doping is developed, led by WADA and the 1999 World Doping Code. It The IOC convenes the first is a decade where World Conference on Doping cycling hero Lance in Sport in Lausanne in Armstrong wins February 1999. Following the THE FUTURE then loses proposal of the Conference, High-profile athletes are dogged by everything in the World Anti-Doping Agency controversy but in summer 2015, with one of sport’s (WADA) is established on former Olympic champion Lord Coe greatest doping 10 November 1999. becoming the new President of the scandals, and a IAAF and declaring “zero tolerance” fall from grace of doping, the struggle against drug that is unlikely to cheats remains top of the agenda. be matched.

SUBSTANCES Substances/doping methods are banned when they meet at least two of three criteria: they enhance Anabolic steroids Blood doping Blood transfusions performance, pose a threat to Testosterone is an example Substances such as EPO Use of athlete’s own or athlete health, violate the spirit of of such a steroid. Increases increase red blood cell mass – someone else’s blood – sport. Headline-stealing abusive muscle growth and leads to leads to better stamina increases stamina and substances or practices include: quicker recovery time. and performance. performance.

Ben Johnson Diego Maradona Dwain Chambers BUSTED! The sprinter beat Carl Lewis The footballer tested positive The British sprinter tested positive Some of the most high-profile and set a new world record in for cocaine in 1991 during for THG in 2003 and received sporting cheats to have been caught the 1988 Olympic Games, but Italia 90, leading to a two-year ban from athletics. out in the last 30 years, along with tested positive in his post-race a 15-month ban. He also A lifetime ban from the Olympics the ways in which they disgraced test and was stripped of his tested positive for ephedrine was eventually overturned – he themselves and their sports: medal and new record. at the 1994 World Cup. ran at the 2012 London Games.

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1970S/1980S Athletes’ use of illicit substances continues to hit the headlines with rumours of state- sponsored doping in countries such as the former German Democratic Republic. World-record-winning athletes like Marita Koch 1974 were plagued by rumours 1966 A reliable test for anabolic of illegal substance The cycling and football federations steroids is introduced, with the abuse throughout introduce drug tests; the first Olympic International Olympic Committee their careers, at a time testing follows at Grenoble (winter) (IOC) adding them to the when such things and Mexico (summer) in 1968. Prohibited List in 1976. were hard to detect.

1988 100m champion Ben Johnson is disqualified at the Seoul Olympics after a positive drugs test – the most high-profile drug cheat to be caught out to date. Methods of enhancing performance 1998 become ever-more A large number of prohibited sophisticated. 1986 medical substances are found by The IOC bans ‘blood doping/ the police in a raid during the boosting’ – the practice had been Tour de France. The scandal leads around since the 1970s but it can to a major reappraisal of how take years to get to grips with doping is managed. complex, hard-to-detect practices.

Diuretics Ephedrine Human Growth Hormone Narcotics THG Can prevent detection A stimulant to the central (hGH) Cocaine is a stimulant. An anabolic steroid – helps of banned substances nervous system that can A natural hormone – Makes you think you’re develop muscle mass, as well as help athletes decrease reaction time but promotes muscle, bone and superhuman. You’re not. promoting increased lose weight. increase strength. cartilage growth and thus strength and power. recovery time.

Chinese swimmers Festina cycling Marion Jones Lance Armstrong In the 1990s gold medals and A top Spanish/French cycling The first woman to win five The seven-time winner of the world records galore were team in the 1990s, the team was medals at a single Games. In Tour de France was finally won and broken. Swimmers caught with large quantities of 2007, she was found to have stripped of all titles in tested positive for steroids and EPO in 1998 during the Tour de been taking performance- 2012, and was banned hGH and other performance- France. Several team members enhancing drugs; all her from all sports, following enhancing drugs. were disqualified. medals were stripped from her. the WADA code.

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