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Coinage and Identity in Roman Britain Barry Crump MA by Research

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Coinage and Identity in Roman Britain Barry Crump MA by Research Coinage and Identity in Roman Britain Barry Crump MA by Research University of York Archaeology August 2014 Abstract This research project examines the relationship between coinage and identity within Roman Britain. Rather than using coinage distributions to consider identity, this thesis explores the complex relationship between coins and coin- users. Numismatics has been marginalised within archaeology, yet coinage is a complex embodiment of dualities (coins and money, object and idea, issuer and user) all linked with identity. A full understanding cannot be reached through economics, exchange and integration, but must also consider coins as texts (and coin-users as readers), the structures of coin-use, and the conscious phenomenological experience of the coin-user. By applying concepts from philosophy, literary theory, and linguistics, I develop user-focused perspectives, and assess the potential for new approaches by applying them to analysis of PAS data. ii List of contents Abstract………………………………………….……………………………….ii List of Contents………………………………………….……………………….iii List of Figures……………………………….………….………………………...v List of Tables………………………………………….………………………….vii List of Accompanying Material……………………………………………….….ix Acknowledgements………………………………………….……………………x Authors Declaration………………………………………….…………………..xi 1 Introduction…………………………………………….…….……….……….1 2 Coins, Coin-Use and Identity………………………………………..…...……6 2.1 Identity, Romanisation and Regionality………..………….……………...…7 2.2 Coins and Identity………………………………..……….………………….9 2.3 Widespread Coin-Use…………………………………….……….…………18 2.4 Non-Monetary Coin-Use………………………………….……….……...…21 2.5 Coins as Documents and Coins in the Archaeological Record…….…..……25 2.6 Summary (The Role of Coins?) …………………………………………..…34 3 A Multidisciplinary Theoretical Consideration of Coinage, Coin-Use and Identity…………………………………………………………….……………..38 3.1 Kantian Duality: Coins as Object and Idea…………………….………..….39 3.2 Structuralism and Structural Linguistics – Coinage as Language….………..41 3.3 Reader and Author – The Intentional Fallacy………………………………47 3.4 Style, De-Familiarisation, and Art as Technique………………………....…51 3.5 Phenomenology and Conscious Experience…………………………....……57 3.6 Theoretical Conclusions…………....................................…………………..59 4 Methodology………………………………….................…………..…..….….64 4.1 From Theory to Data……………………………………………….…….…65 4.2 Numismatic Data Analysis……………………………………....…………..68 4.3 From Data to Methodologies……………………………….……......……....72 4.4 Methodology – Coin Diameter………………………………………….…...78 4.5 Methodology – Copies………………………………………………..…..….80 4.6 Methodology – Reverse Types……………………………………………....84 iii 5 Data Analysis………………………………………………….…………….…88 5.1 Data Analysis: Diameters………….……………………………………..….89 5.2 Data Analysis: Copies…………………………………….………………...104 5.3 Data Analysis: Reverse Types……………………….……………………..116 6: Summary……………………………………………….…………….………130 Appendix……………………………………………….………………………137 Glossary………………………………………………………………………...224 List of Abbreviations………………………………………………………...…227 Bibliography……………………………………………………………………228 iv List of Figures Figure 1 Reece Four-Stage Coin-Use Periods………………….…….……10 Figure 2 Early Imperial Portraits (Vespasian, Domitian, Severus Alexander, Faustina Senior, Faustina Junior)………….…………12 Figure 3 Late Imperial Portraits (Constantius II and Julian II)…………....13 Figure 4 Two Franc Coin of Vichy France, 1943…………………………14 Figure 5 CARAVSIVS ET FRATRES SVIS………………………..……15 Figure 6 FEL TEMP REPARATIO ‘Fallen Barbarian Horseman’ Issue and Copies, AD350s………………………………………..….…17 Figure 7 Pierced ‘Fel Temp Reparatio’ Issue of AD348-350, Emperor in Galley with Christian Chi Rho Standard (Constans or Constantius)………………………………………………………24 Figure 8 Pierced Coin of Napoleon III, 1855………………..………….…24 Figure 9 Coins of Domitianus II…………………………….………….….28 Figure 10 The Object Biography of a Recorded Coin………………….….33 Figure 11 A Semiotic Model of Coin-Use……………………………….….44 Figure 12 Coins of the Tetrici………………………………………………46 Figure 13 Relationship Between Issuer, User, and Coin Meaning…….…...50 Figure 14 Pound Coin and First Class Stamp………………………………56 Figure 15 Relationship Between Coins and Identity......................................61 Figure 16 PAS Biases………………………..………………………………70 Figure 17 Reece Period 13, 14 and 17 Date Ranges………………………..72 Figure 18 Roman Coins (PAS) - Published and Awaiting Validation…...….74 Figure 19 Roman Coins (PAS) – Published………………………....………74 Figure 20 Fields Removed Following PAS Data Export……………………75 Figure 21 Number of Coins, by Reece Period, Useable within the Dataset..79 Figure 22 Common Reverse Types Recorded within Reece Period 1..….…86 Figure 23 Mean Coin Diameter by Reece Period……………………….….90 Figure 24 Histogram of Coin Diameters, Reece Period 13…………………91 Figure 25 Histogram of Coin Diameters, by Region, Reece Period 13…....92 Figure 26 Mean Coin Diameters, by Region, Reece Period 13…….……..,93 Figure 27 Histogram of Coin Diameters, Reece Period 14……….…….….94 Figure 28 Histogram of Coin Diameters, by Region, Reece Period 14…....95 Figure 29 Mean Coin Diameters, by Region, Reece Period 14.……….…..96 Figure 30 Histogram of Coin Diameters, Reece Period 17.……….……….97 v Figure 31 Histogram of Coin Diameters, by Region, Reece Period 17…....98 Figure 32 Mean Coin Diameters, by Region, Reece Period 17…………....99 Figure 33 Statistical Analysis of Diameters, Reece Period 14……………..101 Figure 34 Statistical Analysis of Diameters, Reece Period 17……….…….102 Figure 35 Total Number of Coins and Number of Copies within the Dataset, by Reece Period.…………………………………………..……105 Figure 36 Venn Diagram Showing Copies Defined by Size Filter and by PAS Identification (or both), Reece Period 13………..………...106 Figure 37 Venn Diagram Showing Copies Defined by Size Filter and by PAS Identification (or both), Reece Period 14………….………107 Figure 38 Venn Diagram Showing Copies Defined by Size Filter and by PAS Identification (or both), Reece Period 17………….………108 Figure 39 Mean Diameter of Copies, Official Coins, and Total Coins, Reece Period 13…………………………………..……….……112 Figure 40 Size Range of all Coins, Copies, and Official Coins, Reece Period 13………………………………………………………..113 Figure 41 Mean Diameter of Copies, Official Coins, and Total Coins, Reece Period 14…………………………………………..……113 Figure 42 Size Range of all Coins, Copies, and Official Coins, Reece Period 14…………………………………………………….…113 Figure 43 Mean Diameter of Copies, Official Coins, and Total Coins, Reece Period 17.……………………………………….……....114 Figure 44 Size Range of all Coins, Copies, and Official Coins, Reece Period 17……………………………………………………….114 Figure 45 Proportions of Broad Reverse Types, Reece Period 17…….….118 Figure 46 Proportions of Reverse Messages, Reece Period 17…..……….120 Figure 47 Proportions of (Broad) Reverse Types, by Region, Reece Period 17...………………………………………………….….121 Figure 48 Proportions of Message Theme, by Region, Reece Period 17....……………………………………….……………122 Figure 49 Total, Official, and Copy (Broad) Reverse Type Proportions by Region..…………………………………………..…………128 Figure 50 Relationship Between Coins and Identity.........................…......131 Figure 51 Summary of Data Analysis Patterning……………………..…..132 Figure 52 Recommendations When Using PAS Data……………………134 All images have been produced by the author, unless otherwise stated. vi List of Tables Table 1 Mean Coin Diameter by Reece Period……………………….….90 Table 2 Difference from National Mean Diameter, by Region, Reece Period 13………………………...……………………………....93 Table 3 Difference from National Mean Diameter, by Region, Reece Period 14………………………………..…………..……….…..96 Table 4 Difference from National Mean Diameter, by Region, Reece Period 17.……………………………………………………….100 Table 5 Pearson’s Correlation Coefficient Effect Sizes.…………………100 Table 6 Frequency and Proportion of Official Coins and Copies, by Reece Period..…………………………..………………………..…….105 Table 7 Frequency and Percentage of Copies and Official Coins, by Region, Reece Period 13.…………………..………….….……109 Table 8 Regional Difference from National Copy Proportion, Reece Period 13.…………………………………………….…………109 Table 9 Frequency and Percentage of Copies and Official Coins, by Region, Reece Period 14.………………………..……….…….110 Table 10 Regional Difference from National Copy Proportion, Reece Period 14………………………………………………….……110 Table 11 Frequency and Percentage of Copies and Official Coins, by Region, Reece Period 17……………………………………….111 Table 12 Regional Difference from National Copy Proportion, Reece Period 17………………………………….……………………111 Table 13 Frequency and Percentage of Coins by Broad Reverse Type, Reece Period 17.…………………………………….…….…...117 Table 14 Percentage Proportions of Reverse Message Themes, Reece Period 17.………………………………………………….……119 Table 15 Frequency and Proportion of Reverse Messages, Reece Period 17.…………………………………………...……..……120 Table 16 Frequency of (Broad) Reverse Types, by Region, Reece Period 17..………………………………………………….…...121 Table 17 Frequencies of Message Theme, by Region, Reece Period 17....……………………………………….……………122 vii Table 18 Difference, by Region, from National Percentage of Coins with ‘Military’ Theme...………………………………………..123 Table 19 Difference, by Region, from National Percentage of Coins with ‘Religion’ Theme...……………………..…………………124 Table 20 Difference, by Region, from National Percentage of Coins with ‘Emperor’ Theme..………………………..………………124 Table 21 Difference, by Region, from National Percentage of Coins with ‘Past’ Theme..……………………………….…………….125 Table 22 Difference, by Region, from National Percentage of Coins with ‘Place’ Theme..……………………………………………126 Table
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