Index

A hepatitis 362 abdomen 357, 419 hypertensive encephalopathy 160 abdominal infarction 152 aorta 576 leukemia 340 imaging 31 ligamentous 296 abdominopelvic 434 lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) 752, 755 ABER position 309, 317 neurologic condition 179 abnormal stroke 152 cortical organization 618 tendon avulsion 342 myelination 633 trauma 189 neural and glial proliferation 618 ADC, see apparent diffusion coefficient neural migration 618 ADEM, see acute disseminated encephalomyelitis abscess 126, 182, 642 adenocarcinoma 235, 392, 394, 399, 410, 468 absent inferior vena cava 559 of the prostate 479 accessory adenohypophysis 146 navicular bone 295 adenoid cystic carcinoma 236, 255 spleen 383 adenoma 360, 372, 439, 630 acetabular roof cyst 327 pleomorphic 253, 254 Achilles tendon 293, 295, 297 adenomatous 297 hyperplasia 377 341 polyps 405, 409 tendinosis 298 adenomyosis 486 achondroplasia 116 adenovirus 468 ACL 272 adolescent cerebral adrenoleukodystrophy 635 acne 334 adrenal acoustic adenoma 438, 442 nerve schwannoma 139 cortical 439, 441–443 noise 21 necrotic 442 acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) 134, 181, 183, cyst 446 185, 434–436, 541 gland 437, 444, 695 AIDS-related myelopathy 675 chemical shift 437 dementia complex 183 hematoma 445 ACR 591 hemorrhage 445, 699 acromion bilateral 446 anteriorly hooked (III) 314 hemorrhagic cyst 446 curved (II) 314 lesion to spleen ratio (ASR) 438 downsloping 314 mass 439 flat (I) 314 medulla 437 acronym comparison 67 metastasis 445 active colitis 412 myelolipma 444 acute 425, 443 bacterial meningitis 180 pseudocyst 446 disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM) 178, 181, 184, tuberculosis 446 644, 675 adrenals 419 hematoma 50 adrenoleukodystrophy 170, 635 hemorrhagic leukencephalitis 644 adrenomyeloneuropathy 634, 635

791 792 Index adult polycystic disease 701, 702 angle 31 adut cerebral adrenoleukodystrophy 635 angular momentum 2 aerobilia 390 aerosolized gadolinium-chelate 497 accessory bones 295 AFP 692 accessory muscles 295 agenesis 478 292, 296 of the corpus callosum 117–119, 615 lateral compartment 292 aggressive 756 294 AIDS, see acquired immunodeficiency syndrome heterogeneity 294 airway disease 504 medial compartment 293 Alagille syndrome 691 pseudocoalition 295 alcohol 179 296 alcoholic cirrhosis 376 ankylosing spondylitis 334, 412 Alexander disease 634, 639, 640 annulus fibrosus 212 aliasing 102 anomalous pulmonary venous return 515 artifact 29 anorectal Alper’s disease 634 anomaly 718, 719 alpha-fetoprotein 372, 423, 690 malformation 674 ALPSA lesion 317 anterior altered mental status 160 cruciate ligament (ACL) 269, 276 alveolitis 504 tears 276, 277 Alzheimer’s disease 188, 189 disc displacement 256 amebic abscess 380 inferior cerebellar artery (AICA) 138 American Fertility Society 491 intermeniscal ligament 270 American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) 769 labrum 308 staging system 479 lobe 146 American Urological Association 479 meniscofemoral ligament 270 AMI sacral meningocele 674 -25 39 talofibular ligament (ATFL) 296 -227 39 partial rupture 296 Ammon’s horn sclerosis 193 tibialis tendon amyloid angiopathy 189 complete rupture 300 amyloidosis 434, 436 tendinosis 299 anal tibiofibuar ligament 293 canal 475 antero-inferior cancer 475, 476 bony glenoid margin 316 stenosis 719 labrum 316 anaplastic 127, 130 anterosuperior impingement 315 pilocytic 131 antiparallel alignment 7 aneurysm 150, 524, 568, 577 antiphospholipid syndrome 178, 534 clip 19, 163 anus 475 coil 19 anatomy 475 of basilar artery 139 aortic aneurysmal bone 681 arch vessel 576 cyst (ABC) 346, 735 atresia 544 127 coarctation 544, 560 angiography 16, 58, 211, 359, 520, 549 dissection type A 558 contrast-enhanced (ceMRA) 43, 359 valve 538 moving table 581 stenosis 539 multiphase 565 aorto-iliac occlusion 566 non-enhanced 83 aplasia 621 phase contrast 554 aplastic anemia 340, 721 techniques 571 apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) 110, 140, 149, 153, thoracic 557 182, 260 time of flight 550, 552, 553 maps 62, 153 time-resolved 499 value 770 630 appendicitis 412 angiomatous retinal tumor 631 arachnoid cyst 116, 120, 121, 139 angiomyelolipoma 712 arcuate angiomyolipoma 710 ligament 272 angiosarcoma 368, 537 sign 279 Index 793

Arnold-Chiari malformation 623 backwash ileitis 408, 412 type I 623, 670 bacteria 639 type II 623, 624, 669, 670 bacterial type III 624 cerebral brain abscess 182 arrhythmogenic right ventricular (ARVD) 518, infection 434 531, 533 bacterium 467 arterial band heterotopia 617 infarction 662, 663 bands 187 spin labeling (ASL) 85, 88, 499 bandwidth 8, 21, 22, 34 arteriovenous malformation (AVM) 139, 165, 166, 385, 741 per pixel 10 artery bypass 567 316, 317 arthrography 325 Bartonella henselae 381 articular basal capsule 309 cistern 185 cartilage injury 285 ganglia 159 prominence 254 basion 114 artifact 97, 768 BBB, see blood brain barrier radiofrequency 205 B-cell lymphoma 713, 715 susceptibility 204 Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome 689, 705 ARVD, see arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy Behcet’s disease 514 ascending transtentorial herniation 124 benign prostatic hypertrophy 478 363, 399 Bennett lesion 320 aseptic necrosis 721 bFFE 66, 85, 99 ASL, see arterial spin labeling biceps aspergillosis 646 femoris bursa 289 Aspergillus 645 tendon 306 infection 236, 250 injury 313 aspiration pneumonia 503 rupture 331 asthma 505 bilateral astrocytic tumor 128, 650 acoustic schwannoma 139 astrocytoma 123, 220, 647, 648, 653, 676 rectus muscle metastases 245 spinal cord 219, 222 sacroiliitis 335 well-differentiated low-grade 128 bile duct system, classification 687 ataxia telangiectasia 692 biliary atelectasis 503 684 atomic pancreatitis 394 emission spectroscopic assay 45 prostheses 390 spectra 2 system 357, 388 atretic cephalocele 614, 616 anatomy 388 atrial benign disease 389 myxoma 536 malignant disease 391 septal defect 543 segmental duct 388 sinus 546 Binswanger’s disease 159 atrioventricular concordance 546 bipartite patella 287, 288 atrophy 362 BI-RADS 590 atypical mycobacterial infection 434 Lexicon 590 autoimmune vasculitis 184 Bismuth tumor type 1–4, 392 autosplenectomy 386 black disc disease 199 avascular necrosis 323, 721, 723, 724 black epidermoid 140 of the condyle 256 black hole 175, 176 AVM, see arteriovenous malformation black-blood MRA 553 avulsion bladder BME pattern 280 cancer/carcinoma 434, 467–469 fracture 760 muscle-invasive 469 avulsive injury 277, 279 diverticula 468 chronic 283 dysfunction 670 axonal damage 175 endometriosis 467 schistosomiasis 468 B BLADE 80, 87

B1 field 3, 7 Blake’s pouch 116 bacillary angiomatosis 381 cyst 625 794 Index bland thrombus 365 aging 187 Bloch, Felix 2 herniation 124 blood imaging protocols 109 flow 151 iron 188 oxygenation level dependent imaging (BOLD) 87 ring-enhancing lesion 126 pool, contrast agent 38, 43, 520, 566 salvageable tissue 151 product 464 tumor 127 blood-brain barrier (BBB) 38, 40, 121, 127, 176 brainstem breakdown 173 glioma 123, 140, 142, 143, 653 blunt trauma 190 infarction 227, 230 blurring 207 brass alloy 19 B-lymphoblastic lymphoma 714 breast 587 BME, see bone-marrow borderline lesion 592 body cancer/carcinoma 387, 587, 590, 602 coil 15 ductal 605 imaging 40 inflammatory 594 piercing 20 lobular 593, 604 Bohr 1 medullary 593 BOLD, see blood oxygenation level dependent imaging complicated cyst 592 BOLUS-TRAK 565 conserving therapy 592, 600 bone DCIS 603 avulsion 278 fibrocystic changes 598 benign tumors 733 imaging 43 bruise 273 inflammatory changes 592 degenerative changes 340 intraductal tumor 594 infarction 340, 724 invasive lobular carcinoma 609 marrow 335, 720 macrocalcification 603 abnormalities 720 magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) 589 benign diseases 781 MR-guided changes after radiation treatment 346 biopsy 595 edema 256, 325, 781 intervention 595 imaging 776 vaccuum biopsy 595 irradiation 340 MRI 594 malignant diseases 779 non-mass-like lesion 596 transformation 721 postoperative scaring 592, 600 metastasis 778 radial scar 592 tumor 123, 345 stereotactic intervention 595 grading 347 Breast Imaging MRI Imaging Lexicon and a Reporting locoregional staging 347 System 591 unicameal cyst 734 broad-use linear acquisition speed-up technique bone-marrow edema (BME) 279, 280, 300, (BLAST) 81 321, 334, 335, 337 Brodie’s abscess 337 avulsive type 296 bronchial wall thickening 503 impaction type 296 bronchiectasis 505 traumatic 279 bronchogenic bony carcinoma 500, 501, 504, 506, 514 Bankart lesion 316, 317 TNM classification 500 talocalcaneal coalition 303 cyst 508, 512 borderline lesion of the breast 592 bucket-handle tears 273, 274, 318 Borrelia burgdorferi 642, 729 Budd-Chiari’s syndrome 366 bowel 402 Bufkin lesion 283 distension 403 Buford complex 307 dysfunction 670 bull’s horn 119 fistulae 408 Burkitt cell leukemia 713 wall bursa 287, 289 fissure 408 biceps femoris 289 hemorrhage 411 deep infrapatellar 289 thickening 412, 413 pes anserinus 289 ulcerations 412 prepatellar 289 brachial artery 576 semimembranosus-tibial collateral ligament 289 brain 107 superficial infrapatellar 289 abscess 235 suprapatellar 289 Index 795 lesion 285 de novo 290 staging 285 subcapitometatarsal 305 repair 286 BuscopanÒ butylscopolamin 462 CASL, see continuous arterial spin labeling b-value 62, 152 Castleman’s disease 434, 436, 437 cat scratch disease 333, 434 C catecholamine 425, 426 café-au-lait spot 626 cauda equina hemangioblastoma 145 calcaneonavicular coalition 303 caudal-regression syndrome 673 calcaneus 300 caudate 159 stress fracture 300 cavenoma 54 calcification 150, 655 cavernous calcium intracerebral deposits 189 165, 167 calculous disease 389 167 callosal dysgenesis 615 malformation 111, 142, 167 calyceal diverticulum 701 sinus 164 Cam impingement 325, 326 235 Campylobacter jejuni 408 transformation of the portal vein 365 canalicular multi-organic anion transporter cavitary lymph node syndrome 433 (cMOAT) 40 celiac Canavan disease 170, 634, 637, 640 axis 400 Candida 645 disease 409 albicans 381 sprue 434 capillary telangiectasia 165, 167 cellulitis 333 capitello-radial joint 329 ceMRA, see contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance caps 187 angiography carboxydextran 42 central carbuncle 703 nervous system (CNS) 631 carcinoid tumor 410, 474 AIDS-related infection 183 carcinoma angiomatous tumor 631 adenoid cystic 255 congenital infection 639 laryngeal 262 646 carcinosarcoma 468 tuberculosis 185 cardiac tumors in children 648 gating 92 central imaging 92 pontine myelinolysis 179 lipoma 536 scar 369 lymphoma 532 tracheobronchial tree 500 motion 518 cephalocele 614 pacemaker 20 cerebellar pulsation 495 astrocytoma 144, 648 sarcoma 537 hemangioblastoma 145 tumor 533 infarct 158 valve function 518 tonsillar herniation 124 cardial rhabdomyoma 630 cerebellopontine angle (CPA) cistern 138, 139, 142 cardiomegaly 513 cerebral cardiomyopathy 518, 528 abscess 138, 181 cardiovascular blood volume 156 disease 777 convexity 185 screening 776 hemisphere 119 CARE bolus technique 59 metastasis 134, 136 CAREBOLUS 565 parenchyma Carney’s triad 425 volume loss 188 carnitine deficiency 634 cerebritis 180, 642 Caroli’s syndrome 391, 684 (CSF) 26, 201, 203 carotid 575 space 188 artery 575, 785 cerebrovascular disease 658 vessel 575 cervical carpal instability 329 cancer/carcinoma 463, 488–490 carpometacarpal joint 328 carcinoma in situ 489 cartilage 287 parametrial invasion 489 degeneration 286 incompetence 487 796 Index

ligament 293 infarction 158 mucosa 484 leukemia 340 neural foramen 213 liver disease 376 spine 197 obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) 505, 506 stenosis 487 recurrent multifocal osteomyelitis (CRMO) 337, 783 cervix 484, 485 recurrent osteomyelitis 781 carcinoma 434 subdural hematoma 192 Charcot 306 tendon disease 297 chemical shift 22, 100 thromboembolic (CTEPH) 514 artifact 101 chronic-overuse syndrome 338, 344 chemoradiation 473, 477 cine MR imaging 529 178, 468 circumscribed astrocytoma 128 CHESS 464 cirrhosis 362, 377 chest 493 cirrhotic nodule 376 respiratory cycle 494 CISS, see constructive interference steady-state respiratory motion 494 cisterna magna 138, 142 Chiari malformation 114 claustrophobic patient 208 type I 114, 115 clear cell renal carcinoma 451 type II 115 Cliavist® 39 chickenpox 184 Clindamycin 414 Chilaiditi syndrome 684 clip injury 281, 282 children 199 clips 390 chloroma 754 cloacal anomaly 719 cholangiocarcinoma (CCC) 378 closed-lip schizencephaly 622 extrahepatic 378, 391 Clostridium difficile 414 intrahepatic 378 cMOAT 40 cholangiocellular carcinoma 380 coagulopathy 365 cholangiopancreatography (MRCP) 69, 70, 359, cobalt chromium 19 389, 391, 392, 394, 402 cobblestone mucosa 408 secretin-enhanced 402 Coccidioides immitis 645 cholangitis 389 Cockayne’s syndrome 634 cholecystitis 389 colitis 413 choledochal cyst 390, 684, 686, 687 active 413 choledochocele 390 infectious 414 choledocholithiasis 394 nonactive 413 cholesteatoma 229, 230 pseudomembranous 414 cholesterol granuloma 226 collagen vascular disease 541 chondroblastoma 346, 734, 735 collateral ligament 268 chondrolysis 760 colloid cyst 123 chondromalacia, classification system 285 colon 412 chondromatosis 289 adenocarcinoma 415 chondromyxoid fibroma 735 TNM classification 415 chondrosarcoma 347, 681 anatomy 402 high grade 346 benign 414 low grade 346 diverticulum 412 chordoma 121, 123, 139, 681 inflammation 412 clival 252 abscess formation 413 choriocarcinoma 656, 657, 718, 719 perforation 413 choroid plexus 143, 144, 180 flat adenoma 414 carcinoma 658, 659 hereditary polyposis 689 cyst 144 polyps 414 papilloma 123, 144, 658, 659 colorectal tumor 138 adenocarcinoma 415, 472 chromophobe 148 cancer 412, 415, 775 chromosomal abnormality 170 polyp 415 chronic colorimetric calcium assay 45 avulsive injury 283 colpocephaly 118, 119 avulsive lesion 338 columns of Morgagni 475 gastritis 405 Combidex® 39 hepatic encephalopathy 634 combined vascular malformation 747 hepatitis 362, 363 common bile duct stones 390, 394 Index 797 compartment syndrome 344 Crohn’s disease 408, 412, 434, 468, 471, 476 compartmentalization 50 enlarged lymph node 471 complete tears 276 fibro-fatty proliferation 471 complex stability 37 fistula 471 computed-aided diagnosis (CAD) 768 perianal inflammation 471 conditional stability 37 peri-enteric abscess 471 congenital cruciate ligament cyst 292 bilateral perisylvian polymicrogyria 619 cryptococcosis 185 cholesteatoma 226 cryptococcus infection 381 cytomegalovirus infection 641 Cryptococcus neoformans 183, 645 dermal sinus 670 cryptoglandular theory 475 heart disease 514, 542 CSE, see conventional spin echo heart failure 170 CSF, see cerebrospinal fluid hemangioma 740 CUBE 66 liver cyst 685 CUP syndrome 607 malformation 238 Currarino triad 674 mesoblastic nephroma 704 Cushing syndrome 440, 441 muscular dystrophy with white matter changes 634 cyclosporin 162 congestive cardiomyopathy 528 cystadenocarcinoma 397 Conn syndrome 440, 441 cystic constrictive pericarditis 541 adventitial disease 292 constructive interference steady-state (CISS) 65, 66, 75, 99 cerebellar astrocytoma 144 continuous disease 390 arterial spin labeling (CASL) 88 fibrosis 393, 505, 516 table movement 767, 768 lesion 126 contrast agent 16, 35, 212 288 blood pool 43 lymphangioma 387 hepatocyte-specific 40 lymphangiomyomatosis 630 RES-specific 42 malformation 116 contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance angiography (ceMRA) neoplasm 396, 701 43, 59, 60, 498, 555, 581 cystitis 468 time-resolved 81 cytomegalovirus (CMV) 181, 639 contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR) 30 encephalitis 183 contusion 123, 383, 402 cytotoxic edema 123, 125, 152 conventional spin echo (CSE) 56, 65 COPD, see chronic obstructive pulmonary disease D copper 364 Dandy-Walker coracoacromial ligament 313 complex 624 coracohumeral ligament (CHL) 306 cyst 670 cornua 484 malformation 116, 117 coronary artery imaging 94, 96 variant 116, 117 corpus dark blood 94 callosum 118, 614 imaging 519 agenesis 117–119 dashboard injury 282 dysgenesia 116 Dawson’s fingers 109, 172, 174 uteri 484 dB/dt 21 cortex 437 DCE-MRI 481 cortical DCIS 592, 593 depression 281 deep brain stimulator 20 gray matter 188 deep infrapatellar bursa 289 hamartoma 629 deep vein thrombosis 664 osteoid osteoma 734 deep white-matter hyperintensity (DWMH) 187, 188 venous infarction 165 degenerative corticotrophic adenoma 148 demyelination 178 cranial nerve 138, 238, 239 disc disease 199, 201, 212 craniocerebral trauma 189 joint disease 256 craniocervical junction (CCJ) 114 delayed-onset muscle soreness (DOMS) 344 osseous abnormalities 115 deltoid ligament 293 123, 149, 150, 647, 657 dementia 110, 189 Creutzfeld-Jacob disease 189 HIV-related 189 CRMO, see chronic recurrent multifocal osteomyelitis with Lewy bodies 188 798 Index demyelinating distance factor 32 disorder 126 diverticulitis 412, 413 lesion 174 diverticulum 410 demyelination 171, 230 DNRT/PNET 123 Denonvillier’s fascia 421, 470 dobutamine stress MR imaging 527 deoxyhemoglobin 47, 48, 50 dorsal radioulnar ligament 328 intracellular 49 Dotarem® 39 dephasing 4 double-echo steady-state sequence (DESS) 65, 66, 75–77 dermoid 123, 678, 681 Down’s syndrome 170 medullablastoma 123 downsloping acromion 314 plug 431 Drash syndrome 705 descending transtentorial herniation 124 Dressler syndrome 541 desmoid tumor 429 DRIVE 66 desmoplastic drop metastasis 678, 680 infantile astrocyytoma (DIA) 654 DSC, see dynamic susceptibility contrast infantile ganglioglioma (DIG) 654 DTI, see diffusion tensor imaging DESS, see double-echo steady-state sequence ductal breast cancer/carcinoma 605 destructive osteoarthritis of the 321 invasive 593 detrusor muscle 466 dumbbell configuration 149 developmental duodenal diverticulum 411 anomaly 613 duodenum dystrophy 396 cyst 472 duplication cyst 712 venous anomaly (DVA) 165, 167, 168 dural arterio-venous (AV) fistula 233 dextran 42 dural sinus 163, 164 diabetes 786 dural tail 150 insipidus 146, 150 sign 128 mellitus 776 DVA, see developmental venous anomaly diamagnetic effects 48 DWI, see diffusion-weighted imaging diaphragma sellae 149 DWI/PWI mismatch 156 diastematomyelia 670, 671, 672, 673 DWIBS 770 diffuse DWL 153 axonal injury (DAI) 190, 191 DW-SE-EPI 65 bladder wall thickening 467 dynamic large B-cell lymphoma 715 contrast-enhanced imaging 439 liver disease 361 susceptibility contrast (DSC) 63, 154 medullary tumor 652 dysembryoplastic neuroepithelial tumor (DNET) 654 midbrain tumor 652 dysgerminoma 718, 719 pontine tumor 652 dysplasia, septo-optic 620 diffusion 6, 58, 61, 126 dysplastic anisotropy 89 high grade lesion 376 tensor imaging (DTI) 89, 192 nodule 364, 365, 387 weighting 61 high grade 376 diffusion-encoding gradient 89 low grade 376 diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) 16, 61, 62, 110, 140, 149, dystrophy of the duodenum 396 152, 154, 204, 211, 226, 229, 230, 234, 237, 241, 242, 247, 252, 259, 262, 346, 359, 374, 380, 491, E 492 Ebstein’s anomaly 544 dilated ischemic cardiomyopathy 522 ECG Diphenylcyclohexyl phosphodiester-Gd DTPA 39 ECG-triggered nonenhanced MRA 84 dipole–dipole interaction 5, 50 gating 92, 518 dipyridamole stress MR 527 triggering 495 disc echinococcal disease 380 dislocation 264 echinococcus herniation 214, 216 granulosus 380 nomenclature 214 cyst 685, 686 recurrent 218 multilocularis 380, 685 material 215 echo discitis 675 planar imaging (EPI) 61, 74, 79, 152 displaced disc tissue 216 sharing 93 dissection 101 train length (ETL) 18, 27, 30, 32, 49 distal radioulnar joint (DRUJ) 328 eclampsia 160 Index 799 ectal stromal tumor 474 fibrosis 204 ectopic hematoma 53 anus 719 110, 193, 194 kidney 701 epileptic seizures 193 edema 110 EPISTAR 88 edematous pancreatitis 394 epithelial cyst 446 edge ringing 101 Epstein-Barr virus 134, 184 Ehrenfest 2 ERCP 388, 392, 394, 399, 402 ejaculatory duct 478 Ernst angle 31 joint 329 esophageal electromagnetic signal 2 cyst 508 electronic implant 203 duplication cyst 512 embryonal esophagus 509 carcinoma 423, 656, 657, 718, 719 tumor 509 sarcoma 685 esthesioneuroblastoma 236 emphysema 504, 505 ETL, see echo train length empty sella 149 Ewing’s sarcoma 681, 731, 750, 752, 753, 771 empyema 642 excitation 7 encephalitis 181, 642 exocrine pancreatic function 394 disseminata 634, 644 exophytic glioma 139 encephalomalacia 190 external enchondroma 734 interference 102 endocrine pancreatic function 394 sphincter 475 endocrinopathy 436 extraadrenal endodermal sinus tumor 656, 718 myelolipma 431 endometrial pheochromacytoma 424 carcinoma 487 extra-axial polyp 485 lesion 121 sarcoma 488 meningeal origin 121 stripe 484 nerve-sheath origin 121 endometriosis 467, 490 osseous origin 121 endometriotic supratentorial tumor 128 deposits 491 tumor location 127 implant 491 extracellular methemoglobin 164 endometrium-myometrium interface 488 extradural tumor 678 endomyocardial sarcoma 537 extragonadal germ cell tumor (EGCT) 423 endorectal coil 462 extramedullary hematopoiesis 385 Endorem® 39, 362 extrapyramidal hyperkinesia 637 endothelial cyst 446 extrarenal angiomyolipoma 430 endovaginal coil 463 extrasphincteric fistula 476 endovascular aortic aneurysm repair (EVAR) 577 extrinsic compression 365 enteritis 408 extrusion 215 enteropathic 334 eye 231 eosinophilic granuloma 121, 347, 735, 785 Eovist® 39 F ependymal tumor 133 fabellofibular ligament 272 ependymitis 134 facet joint 203, 213 granularis 187 facial ependymoma 123, 133, 139, 142, 216, 219, 220, angiofibroma 629 646, 648, 650, 651, 677, 679 nerve 139 cord 222 neuritis 228 EPI, see echo-planar imaging schwannoma 140 epicondyle 329 palsy 642 epidermal nevus syndrome 622 fallopian tube 485 epidermoid 123, 139, 140, 149, 230, 237, 678, malignancy 434 cyst 121, 482 familial medulloblastoma 123 adenomatous polyposis 691 epididymis 145 cholestatic syndrome 691 epididymoorchitis 482 pheochromocytoma 443 epidural polyposis syndrome 409, 415 fat tissue 201 , plantar 305 800 Index fast imaging with steady-state processing (FISP) FIGO, see Federation Internationale de Gynaecologie 65, 66, 75, 77 et d‘Obstetrique fast low angle shot (FLASH) 31, 65, 66, 70, 72, 77, 93 FISP, see fast imaging with steady-state processing fast spin echo imaging (FSE) 16, 27, 28, 66 fistula 471 fast-field echo (FFE) sequence fistula-in-ano cancer 475 T1 66 FLAIR, fluid-attenuated inversion recovery T2 66 FLASH, see fast low angle shot fat 373 flexion/extension imaging 211 signal 23 flexor retinaculum 293 suppression 16, 464, 465 flip back 68 saturation 23, 24 flow 58 fat-containing lesion 346 quantification 82 fatty liver 361 fluid retention 160 Fazekas scale 160, 187, 188 fluid-attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR) 16, 26, FDA 20 68, 110, 162 FE2+ 47 fluid-fluid level 390 FE3+ 47 FLUOROPREP 565 Federation Internationale de Gynaecologie et d’Obstetrique FNH 376 (FIGO) 487, 488 focal femoral condyle 724 bruise 279 femoral-head necrosis 758 dorsal exophytic medullary tumor 652 femoroacetabular impingement (FAI) 325 fatty infiltration 361 Feridex® 39, 362 liver disease 367, 380, 382 ferritin 47 midbrain tumor 652 intracellular 49 nodular hyperplasia (FNH) 360, 371, 372 ferromagnetic 98 classic 371 aneurysm 19 nonclassic 371 object 16, 20 pancreatitis 394 Ferucarbotran 39 pontine tumor 652 Ferumoxide 39 subcortical heterotopia 617 Ferumoxtran 39 focus central nervous system 30 fetal lobulation 701 joint 292 fiber foramen jugulare tumor 139 tracking 89 foramina tractography 118, 119 of Luschka 142 fibrillary astrocytoma 128 of Magendie 142 fibroadenoma 591, 592 foraminal fibrocartilaginous narrowing 213 plate 254 stenosis 203, 213, 220 structure 324 foreign body 98 fibroma 304, 537 Fourier 34 fibro-osseous line 11 lesion 235 frequency 8 talocalcaneal coalition 303 transformation 8, 12, 15 739 fourth ventricle 138 fibrosis 362, 504, 509 fractional anisotropy 192 fibrotic fracture calcification 374 in children 757 disease 504 insufficiency 300 fibrous occult 300 cortical defects 347 stress 300 dysplasia 346, 735 fragment 232 fibular collateral ligament 271, 289 free water 6 biceps femoris bursa 290 Freiberg disease 301 FID-EPI 65 frequency field encoding 7, 8, 11 inhomogeneity direction 7 –DB 6 gradient 9–11 of view (FoV) 33, 34 selective excitation 23, 24 strength 6, 53 fresh-blood imaging (FBI) 580 FIESTA 66, 85, 99 FRFSE 66 Index 801 fringe field 20 Gasserian ganglion 151 fronto-ethmoidal meningoencephalocele 616 gastric frontotemporal adenocarcinoma, TNM classification 406 dementia 188 lymphoma 407 lobar degeneration 189 polyps 405 FSE, see fast spin echo gastritis 405 FSPGR 66 gastrocnemius-semimembranosus recess 289 3D 66 gastrointestinal fugal infection 645 duplication cyst 714 full-thickness tear 309, 310, 312 stromal tumor (GIST) 405, 406, 410 functional tract 357, 358, 403 hepatocyte 41 anatomy 402 imaging 211 Gaucher‘s disease 340, 364, 384 fungal infection 434 GBM, see glioblastoma multiforme furosemide 456 general anesthesia 612 generalized autocalibrating partially parallel acquisition G (GRAPPA) 30, 108 Gadobenate 40, 41 genital herpes 183 dimeglumine 39, 361 genitourinary anomaly 705 Gadobutrol 39 genu 117 Gadodiamide 39 germ cell tumor 508, 656 Gadofosveset 39, 43, 44, 562 germinoma 150, 656 trisodium 39, 520 Gerota‘s fascia 420 Gadograf® 39 Geyser phenomenon 310 gadolinium (Gd) 110 giant hemangioma 369, 372 chelate 449 giant-cell Gd-DTPA 35, 36, 39 astrocytoma 629 Gd-BOPTA 39, 361 granuloma 149 Gd-BT-Do3A 39 tumor 346, 681, 735 Gd-DOTA 39 of the proximal tibia 346 Gd-DTPA-BMA 39 GIST, see gastrointestinal stromal tumor Gd-EOB-DTPA 361 Glasgow Coma Scale 192 Gd-EOB-DTPA 39 glenohumeral ligament 306 Gd-HP-DO3A 39 glenoid gadolinium-based contrast agent (GBCA) 35, 37, 38, 44, 45, fossa 254 449, 454 labral ovoid mass (GLOM) 319 adverse events 44 labrum 308 macrocyclic 47 glenolabral articular disruption (GLAD) lesion 320 nephrogenic systemic fibrosis 46 glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) 123, 126, 129, 132 renal tolerance 46 glioma 123, 134, 646, 648, 652 standard dose 44 gliomatosis cerebri 132 Gadopentetate dimeglumine 39 globoid cell leukodystrophy 634, 635 Gadoterate meglumine 39 GLOM, see glenoid labral ovoid mass Gadoteridol 39 glomerular Gadoversetamide 39 filtration 449 Gadovist® 39 rate 46 Gadoxetate disodium 39 ultrafiltration 454 gadoxetic acid 40, 41 glomus galactosemia 634 jugulare tumor 239, 251 Galenic malformation 662 tympanicum tumor 238 gallbladder 389 glucagon 462 cancer 391 400 fatty degeneration 374 glucocerebroside 721 stones 390 glucosylceramidase 364 ganglia 329 glucosylceramide 364 gangliocytoma 654 glutaric aciduria type I 634, 637, 639 ganglioglioma 127, 654 gluteus minimus 328 291, 292 glycogen storage disease 689, 691 ganglioneuroblastoma 427, 509, 698 GM1-gangliosidosis 634 ganglioneuroma 426, 427, 508, 509, 698–700 GMR (gradient motion rephasing) 85 Gardner syndrome 409, 415 Goettingen score 590 802 Index goiter 508, 509 early subacute 51 golfer‘s elbow 331 epidural 52 gonadoblastoma 718, 719 late chronic 52 Goodpasture‘s syndrome 504 late subacute 51 Goudsmit 2 subdural 53 gradient hematopoietic marrow 336 coil 6, 7, 15 hemianopia 149 echo (GRE) sequence 9, 31, 56, 65 hemichromes 48, 51 3D 59 hemicord 673 echo family 70 hemihypertrophy 705 motion rephasing (GMR) 58, 59, 85 hemimegalencephaly 622 gradient- and spin echo (GRASE) 57, 66 hemimyelocele 672 granulocytic sarcoma 754 hemisphere 138 granulomatous hemochromatosis 364, 376, 393 disorders 149 hemodynamically significant stenosis 527 hepatitis 366 hemoglobinopathy 722 GRAPPA, see generalized autocalibrating partially parallel hemolytic anemia 364, 365 acquisition hemoperitoneum 370 GRASE, see gradient- and spin echo hemophilia 729 GRASS 66 hemophilic arthropathy 730 Grave‘s disease 508 hemorrhage 47–49, 56, 123, 165, 490 gray matter acute intracerebral 54 heteropia 616 early subacute 55 heterotopia 620 intracerebral 49, 55 greater trochanteric pain syndrome 327 intratumoral 53 groove pancreatitis 396 intraventricular 53 growing long bone 731 subarachnoid 53 growth deficiency (GHD) 621 hemorrhagic dwarfism 148 infarction 513 gyromagnetic ratio 2, 11 lesion 16 transformation 157, 165 H hemorrhagic-ischemic lesion 126 half Fourier acquired single shot turbo spin echo (HASTE) 65, hemosiderin 47, 162 66, 68, 69, 497 deposits 190 half-life 42 intracellular 49 Hallervorden-Spatz disease 634 hemosiderosis 340 hamartoma 387, 467, 537 hepatic of the 658 artery occlusion 566 hamartomatous hemangioma 368, 370 lesion 537 metastasis 695 polyp 409 venous disease 546 Hand-Schüller-Christian disease 735 hepatitis 376 HASTE, see half Fourier acquired single shot turbo spin echo adenovirus 362 HASTIRM 65, 66 coxsackie virus 362 HCC, see hepatocellular carcinoma herpes virus 362 He-3 MRI 505 rubella virus 362 head and 225 yellow virus 362 headache 160 hepatobiliary agent 388 hearing loss 235, 631 hepatoblastoma 689, 691, 692, 771 heart 517 hepatocellular heating 19 adenoma 372 hemangioblastoma 123, 17, 139, 144, 220, 631, 677 carcinoma (HCC) 347, 360, 372, 376, 378, 691 spinal 220, 221 fibrolamellar 378 hemangioendothelioma 739 histologic grading 377 hemangioma 233, 257, 340, 346, 368, 386, 537, 681, 739 large 377 atypical feature 370 small 377 hematobilia 390 well-differentiated 372 hematologic disorder 385, 778 hepatocyte 41 hematoma 252, 381, 383 hepatocyte-specific contrast agent 40 acute 50 hepatoduodenal ligament 400 chronic 52 hepatopetal flow 363 Index 803 hepatosplenic fungal infection 381 hyperpolarized noble gas 498 hereditary hypersecreting adrenal cortical adenoma 440 pheochromocytoma 443 hypertension 162 polyposis of the colon 689 hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) 528, 529, 531 telangiectasia 514 hypertrophy 362 herniated disc 213, 215, 216 hypervascular herpes simplex lesion 360, 373 organism 639 malignant liver lesion 368 type I 643 metastases 360, 375 virus (HSV) 181–183, 641 hypo-pharynx 248 encephalitis 183 hypophysis 146 heteropia 616 150 heterotopia 119 hypoplasia 478, 621 highly constrained backprojection for time-resolved MRI of the glenoid neck 320 (HYPR) 81 hypothalamic high-riding patella 287 glioma 150 Hill-Sachs lesion 316 hamartoma 658 hip joint 320 hypothenar hammer syndrome 572 hippocampal sclerosis 193 hypovascular hippocampus 109 lesion 361, 373 histiocytosis X 149, 781, 785 metastases 374 Histoplasma capsulatum 645 tumor 392 histoplasmosis 366, 381, 384 hypoxia-ischemia 170 infection 433 brain injury 660 HIV, see human immunodeficiency virus encephalopathy (HIE) 659 Hodgkin lymphoma/disease 406, 435, 713, 771 HYPR, see highly constrained backprojection for time-resolved Ann Arbor staging classification 716 MRI 81 stage III 716 Hoffa‘s fat pad 289, 291 I holoprosencephaly 619 idiopathic alobar form 619 hemochromatosis 364 semilobar form 619, 620 hypertrophic subaortic stenosis (IHSS) 530 homocystinuria 634 inflammatory pseudo-tumor 233 homogenous enhancement 127 retroperitoneal fibrosis 434 homovanillic acid (HVA) 698 iliotibial collateral band 271 horizontal tears 274 image 12 horseshoe kidney 701 contrast 12 HSV, see herpes simplex virus imaging (MRI) 5 encephalitis 182 artfact 97 type I 182 of the brain 107 Hughes-Stovin syndrome 514 immature enchondroma 346 human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) 382, 639, 641 immunocompromised patient 503 encephalitis 183 immunosuppressive drug toxicity 160 humeral avulsion of the glenohumeral ligament (HAGL) 317, impaction 319 injury 279 humeroulnar joint 329 lesion 281 hyalinized hepatic hemangioma 370 imperforate anus 719 hydatid disease 512 impingement 307, 309 hydrocele 482 anterosuperior 315 hydrocephalus 116, 165, 170, 180, 185, 624, 627 internal 315 hydromyelia 670 posterosuperior 315 hydronephrosis 455 secondary extrinsic 315 hydrosyringomyelia 670 syndrome 304 hyoscine butylbromide 462 impotence 482 hyperacute infarction 152, 153 622 hyperecho 96 incrustation 390 hyperextension induratio penis plastica 482 injury 281 infantile trauma 281 fibrosarcoma 756 hyperostosis 334 hemangioendothelioma 688, 689, 690 hyperplasia 485 hemangioma 738 804 Index

myofibromatosis 739 hyperacute 49 polycystic disease 701, 702 subacute 49 Refsum‘s disease 634 intra-conal cavernous hemangioma 244 infarct 123 intracranial infarction 125 hemorrhage 151 infection 170 hypertension 165 infectious lymphoma 134 colitis 414 metastasis 134 enteritis 408 tumor 123 inferior glenohumeral ligament (IGL) 317, 319 infratentorial 123 inferior vena cava (IVC) 454 supratentorial 123 thrombus 559 vessel 574 inflammation 123, 334, 365 intraductal papillary mucinous tumor (IPMT) 397 inflammatory branch duct type 397 bowel disease 476 combined type 397 breast cancer 594 main duct type 397 171 intradural disease 781 extramedullary tumor 677 intramedullary lesion 216 lipoma 670, 672 lesion 238 intradural-intramedullary tumor 676 of the orbit 233 intralobular nephroblastomatosis 705 pseudotumor 467 intramedullary tumor 220 infrapatellar plica 270 intramyocardial infratentorial lesion 121, 138 fibroma 535 infundibulum 621 metastasis 535 in-phase 438 intra-neural cyst 292 imaging 16, 22, 23 intraosseous insertion tendinosis 341 ganglia 292 insufficiency fracture 300, 321 membrane 293 400 intraparenchymal metastasis 123 interhemispheric fissure 185 intraspinal extramedullary tumor 221 interlobar fissure 500 intratumoral hemorrhage 53, 370 intermeniscal ligament 269 intraventricular hemorrhage 53, 123 intermetacarpal compartment 328 invasive internal breast cancer 593 auditory canal (IAC) 226 pulmonary aspergillosis (IPA) 503, 504 capsule 159 inversion iliac artery arterial-venous malformation 567 pulse 24, 25 impingement 315 recovery 23, 27, 31 sphincter 475 inverted papilloma 235, 247 International League of Associations of Rheumatologists IPMT, see intraductal papillary mucinous tumor (ILAR) 727 IR 65 International Society for the Study of Vascular Anomalies IR-FSE 28 (ISSVA) 737 IRM 65 interpolation 32 iron intersphincteric fistula 475 content 189 interstitional edema 123 deposition 363 intervertebral disc space 213, 215 dust 232 intra-axial intracerebral deposits 189 infratentorial tumor 647 metabolism 188 lesion 121 overload 364 supratentorial tumor 653 storage 721 tumor 128 uptake 364 intracanalicular acoustic schwannoma 140 irradiation 468 intracellular ischemia 630 glycogen 373 ischemic methemoglobin 164 heart disease 522, 524 intracerebral morphology 524 abscess 181 infarction 185, 659 hemorrhage 49 medullary lesion 204 acute 49 ischioanal fossa 475 chronic 49 ischioectal fossa 475 Index 805 islet cell tumor 368 laryngeal cancer 248, 262 isocenter 11 laryngocele 252 larynx 248 J anatomy 261 JC polyomavirus 643 lateral J-coupling 77 collateral complex 293 jugular fossa schwannoma 140 collateral ligament 271, 292 jumper‘s knee 283 epicondylitis 331 juvenile hip pain 327 angiofibroma 235 meniscus 267, 268 chronic polyarthritis 729 synovial recess 289 fibromatosis 756 ulnar collateral ligament (LUCL) 329 hemangioendothelioma 688 Lauterbur, Paul 8 pilocytic astrocytoma 144, 650, 651 LAVA-XV 66 rhabdomyosarcoma 771 lead pipe sign 412 rheumatoid arthritis 727, 728, 729 left atrium 546 left lower lobe pulmonary sequestration 563 K Legg-Calvé-Perthes (LCP) disease 323, 722, Kager‘s fat pad 293, 295 723, 726 kaposiform hemangioendothelioma (KHE) Leigh disease 171, 634, 636 741, 742 leiomyoma 409, 467, 485, 486, 630 Kaposi‘s sarcoma 434, 436 benign 486 Kasabach-Meritt syndrome 370, 741 leiomyosarcoma 368, 375, 422 Kearns-Sayre syndrome 634 leptomeningeal kidney 145, 419, 447 carcinomatosis 149 angiomyolipoma 630 metastasis 123 clear cell carcinoma 708, 709 seeding 121 cysts 630 lesion duplication cyst 712 characterization 124 imaging 700 detection 113 Kienböck‘s disease 329, 330, 772 distribution 173 kinetic stability 37 Letterer-Siwe disease 735 Kippel-Trenaunay syndrome 569 leukemia 384, 434, 681, 752 Klatskin tumor 391 leukoaraiosis 159 Klippel-Feil syndrome 116 leukodystrophy 169–171 Klippel-Trenaunay syndrome 745, 747 leukoencephalopathy 162 Klippel-Trenaunay-Weber syndrome 622 levator ani muscle 475 knee 267 Lewy bodies 189 Koehler‘s disease 722 Leydig cell tumor 483 Krabbe disease 171, 624 Li-Fraumeni syndrome 689 k-space 1, 11, 12, 30, 32, 79, 103 ligament 269, 330 trajectory 77, 78 anterior cruciate (ACL) 269 k-t BLAST (broad-use linear acquisition speed-up anterior meniscal femoral 267 technique) 81 anterior tibiofibuar 293 Kupffer cell 38 cervical 293 coracoacromial 313 L coracohumeral 306 labral deltoid 293 lesion 324 dorsal radioulnar 328 tear 326, 327, 760 fabellofibular 272 labral-ligamentous complex 306 fibular collateral 271 labrum 317, 324 glenohumeral 306 labyrinthitis 228 intermeniscal 269 lacunar infarct 158, 159 lateral collateral 271 lacune 189 lateral ulnar collateral 329 Lame disease 642 meniscofemoral 270 landmark 109 of Humphrey 267, 270, 271 Langerhans cell histiocytosis 681, 735, 736, 737, 785 of Wrisberg 267, 270 laparoscopic cholecystectomy 390 popliteofibular 272 large bowel anatomy 402 posterior cruciate (PCL) 269 large vestibular aqueduct syndrome 230 posterior meniscal-femoral 267 Larmor frequency 2, 5–8, 21, 36 posterior tibiofibular 293 806 Index

rectosacral 470 bleomycin-induced damage 504 tibiocalcaneal 293 cancer 387, 775 tibionavicular 293 fibrosis 630 tibiospring 293 parenchyma 494 uterosacral 484 Lyme arthritis 178, 729, 731 uterovesical 485 lymph node 770 volar radioulnar 328 enlarged 471 ligamentum mucosum 270, 271, 289 lymphadenopathy 435, 510 linear due to cat scratch disease 333 ionic 39 fatty 433 nonionic 39 lipoplastic 433 lingual thyroid 256 mediastinal 511 lipoid pneumonia 504 lymphangiectasia 432 lipoma 121, 139, 347, 393, 430 lymphangioma 432, 433, 537 intramuscular 350 lymphangiomatosis 741 lipomatosis 393 lymphatic lipomatous adenohypophysitis 146 deposition 393 drainage 470 hypertrophy of the interatrial septum (LHAS) 536 malformation 744 lipomyelocele 670, 671 macrocystic 746 lipomyelomeningocele 670–672 microcystic 746 liposarcoma 292, 422 tissue 510 liquefactive necrosis 374 metastatic disease 511 Lisch spot 626 lymphoma 121, 123, 127, 236, 340, 384, 387, 401, 406, 410, lissencephaly 617 434, 435, 474, 508, 533, 681, 712 liver 145, 357, 360 malignant 510 adenoma 372 anatomy 360 M angioma 631 M protein 436 cirrhosis 363, 364 macroadenoma 148, 149 cyst 367, 684, 685 macrocephaly 116 disease 358, 360 macrocyclic characterization 360 GBCA 47 granulomatous disease 367 ionic 39 hemangioma 367 nonionic 39 hypovascular metastases 374 macronodular cirrhosis 376 imaging 40, 683 Maffucci syndrome 747 infarction 366 magic angle effect 97, 99, 101 infectious diseases 380 Magnescope® 39 lymphomatous disease 382 magnetic field metastases 373, 374, 400 gradient 21 neoplasia 688 strength 16 segments 684 magnetic moment 2 tumor 688 magnetic susceptibility 5 lobar holoprosencephaly 621 magnetization transfer (MT) 67, 88 lobular breast cancer 593, 604 contrast 87, 176 lobular intraepithelial neoplasia (LIN) 592 magnetization-prepared gradient-echo imaging (MP-RAGE) 71 longitudinal Magnevist® 39 magnetization 3, 4, 24 Magnograf® 39 relaxation times 4 malaria 384 white-matter tract 119 maldevelopmental cyst 121 Lorentz, H.A. 21 malformation of cortical development 618 lower extremity embolus 568 malignant Lowe‘s disease 634 fibrous histiocytoma 422 low-grade germ cell tumor 509 astrocytoma 133 melanoma 387 diffuse astrocytoma 130 nerve sheath tumor 509 glioma 138 osseous tumor 771 low-molecular extracellular gadolinium chelate 360 peripheral nerve sheath tumor (MPNST) 429 lumbar spine 198 malnutrition 170 postoperative 212 MALT, see mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lung 500 mandibular Index 807

condyle 254 meninges 203 fossa 254 meningioma 122, 127, 138, 141, 150, 221, 230 mangafodipir 37, 38, 44, 45, 392 extramedullary 222 trisodium 39, 41, 361 metastasis 123 manganese (Mn) 35, 36 meningitis 179, 181, 235, 641 mannosidosis 634 meningocele 614 maple syrup urine disease 634 meningoencephalitis 642 marrow meningoencephalocele 614 disorder 336 meniscal infiltration 336 anatomy 267 replacment 336 cyst 292 signal 336 tears 271 mascara 232 complex tears 274 mass lesion 120 direct signs 273 mastocytosis 434 grade 1–3, 272 matrix indirect tears 273 (base) size 33 mucinous degeneration 273 destruction 175 menisci 267 maximum intensity projection (MIP) 59, 60, 84 blood supply 268 Maxwell‘s law 21 extrusion 273 McDonald criteria 171, 172 microanatomy 268 McNeal 478 postoperative 274 mean transit time 156 meniscocapsular separation 274 measles 184, 643 meniscofemoral ligament 270 Meckel diverticulum 410 menstrual cycle 484 Meckel‘s cave 151 mental retardation 629 medial collateral ligament (MCL) 275 ME-RAGE 65 bursa 289 MERGE 66, 73 tears 278 MERRF 634 grade 1–3 injury 278 mesencephalic tumor 652 medial epicondylitis 331 mesencephalon 138 medial meniscus 267 mesenchymal hamartoma 693, 694 median nerves 333 mesenteric mediastinal cyst 508, 512 artery 579 mediastinal lymphadenopathy 511 ischemia 411 mediastinum 507 lymphadenitis 434 MEDIC 66, 73 lymphatic malformation 711, 713 segmented 65 mesial temporal sclerosis (MTS) 193 medius tendinosis 328 mesoblastic nephroma 705 medulla oblangata 138 mesorectal fascia 470, 473 medullablastoma 123 mesorectum 469, 470, 473 medullary lymph node 474 breast cancer 593 mesothelioma 506 lesion metabolic disorder 634 infectious 204 metachromatic leukodystrophy (MLD) 633 inflammatory 204 metal 98, 205 ischemic 204 artifact 99 tumor 652 stent 390 medulloblastoma 123, 142, 647–648 metallic megacisterna magna 116 foreign body 232 megacolon 412 implant 203 megaureter 455 sliver 232 melanin 375 metanephric blastema 705 melanoma 474 metastasis 127, 134, 139, 145, 149, 233, 439 MELAS, see mitochondrial encephalomyopathy with lactic metastatic acidosis and stroke disease 444, 755 membrane of Lillequist 149 lesion 251 membranous ventricular septal defect 545 lymph node 770 MEN 443 tumor 123 Menetrier disease 405 methemoglobin 47, 48, 50, 504 menigitis 642 extracellular 49, 164 menigocele 669 intracellular 49, 164 808 Index methylmelonic Müllerian duct 485 acidemia 171 cyst 478 aciduria 634 multicystic methylthymol blue 45 dysplastic kidney 701 methylthymol blue (MTB) 45 encephalomalacia 660 Meyenburg complex 684 multi-echo imaging 66 microadenoma 148 with gradient echoes 73 microbleed 162, 189 with spin echoes 66 midcarpal compartment 328 multifocal white matter lesion 179 migration MultiHance® 39, 361 migration 215 multilocular cystic nephroma 701, 704 disorder 119, 193, 194 multiphase MRA 565 mild caudal regression 673 multiple MIP, see maximum intensity projection cartilaginous exostoses 781, 785 misadjustment 103 cavernous hemangioma 168 miscellaneous disorder 634 cerebral metastasis 136, 137 mitochondrial endocrine neoplasm (MEN) 400, 425 encephalomyopathy with lactic acidosis and stroke myeloma 778 (MELAS) 634, 637 pituitary hormone deficiency (MPHD) 621 encephalopathy 638 sclerosis (MS) 134, 171–175, 177, 205, 207, 215, glutaryl-CoA dehydrogenase 637 644, 645, 675, 677 mitral differential diagnosis 177 regurgitation 539 elapsing-emitting 171 valve primary progressive 171 endocarditis 540 secondary progressive 171 mixed malignant germ cell tumor 718, 719 thoracic aortic penetrating ulcer 560 Mn-DPDP 39, 361 multislab ToF MRA 81 Modic 212, 213 multi-step approach 765 type change 213 mumps 184 436 mural Morton‘s fibroma 305 nodule 127, 631 Morton‘s neuroma 304 thrombus 524, 533 motion 58 muscle 339, 340 compensation 85 contusion 343 strategy 77 denervation 345 correction 86 fibrosis 344 3D 86 strains 343 MOTSA 552 muscular subaortic stenosis (MSS) 530 moving table muscularis propria 473 MRA 581 musculoskeletal peripheral CEMRA 582 system 265, 720 Moyamoya disease 664, 665 tumor 732 MP-RAGE 66, 71, 73, 112 musculotendinous junction 342 MRCP, see cholangiopancreatography Mycobacterium tuberculosis 645 MR imaging basics 1 myelin loss 175 MRM myelination 168–170, 631 artifact category 590 abnormal 633 BI-RADS 591 delayed 170 MTS, mesial temporal sclerosis normal according to age 632 mucinous myelocele 669 adenoma 397 myelocystocele 624 carcinoma 592, 593 myelography 206, 209, 210 cystadenoma 397 myelolipma 444 mucocoele 235, 249 myeloma 340 mucopolysaccharidosis 634 myelomeningocele 669, 670, 673 mucor 646 myocardial mucormycosis 381 fibrosis 531 mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) infarction 518, 524 406, 410 perfusion 521, 526 mucus plugging 503, 505 scarring 518 Mueller-Weiss syndrome 301, 302 tagging 520 Index 809

viability 44 ceroid lipofuscinosis 634 myocarditis 518, 531 migration 616 myocardium 524, 527 neuropathy 332 myofibroblastic spindle cell 467 neurosarcoidosis 177 myometrial invasion 488 neurosecretory granule 146 myometrium 484 neurostimulator 20 myositis ossificans 344 neurovascular myxoid fibroadenoma 592, 599 bundle 478–480 myxoma 292, 534 compression syndrome 232 conflict 230 N neurulation 667, 668 N2 disease 473 nickel-titanium 19 Nabothian cyst 487 nidus 166 nasopharynx 239, 242 non-accidental head injury 666 navicular bone 301 nonactive colitis 413 navigator 85, 95 non-ferromagnetic 19 necrotic adrenal adenoma 442 nongerminomatous teratoma 656 neoangiogenesis 587 non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) 134, 135, 406, 410, 435, 510, neonatal HSV type 2, 183 713 neoplasia 541 B-cell type 410 neoplasm 126 Murphy staging system 715 neoplastic pericardial disease 542 non-Hodgkin‘s disease 771 nephroblastoma 705, 771 nonhypersecreting adrenal cortical adenoma 441 staging nonketotic hypoglycinemia 634 NWTSG criteria 707 non-mass-like lesion 590 SIOP criteria 706 nonossifying fibroma 735 nephroblastomatosis 705, 706 non-seminoma 508 nephrogenic nontumoral lesion 346 adenoma 467 nuclear systemic fibrosis (NSF) 38, 46, 561, 571, 572 magnetic resonance (NMR) 2 NSF-like lesion 47 magnetization 2, 3 nerve 203 spin 13 disorder 332 number postoperative 203 of averages 32 sheath of excitations 32 508 of slices 31 meningioma 233 NET, see neuroendocrine tumor O neurenteric cyst 508 oblique intermeniscal ligament 270 neurinoma 221 obstructive hydrocephalus 142 neuroaxonal dystrophy 634 obturator lymph node 467 427, 508, 509, 681, 965, 697, 699, 771 occult international staging system 696 acute posttraumatic fracture 321 neurocysticercosis 646, 647 fracture 300 neurocytoma 123 posttraumatic fracture 321 neurodegenerative disease 188 OCP (o-cresol-phthalein) 45 neuroectodermal syndrome 425 o-cresol-phthalein) 45 neuroendocrine tumor 400 ocular tumor 242 neuroepithelial tumor 128 oculocerebral syndrome 634 neurofibroma 221, 428, 467, 509, 677 olecranon burstitis 333 141, 425, 691 oligoastrocytic tumor 132 type I 429, 622, 626–628 oligoastrocytoma 132, 133 type II 628 oligodendroglial tumor 132 neurofibrosarcoma 509 oligodendroglioma 123, 132 neurogenic Omniscan® 39 cyst 512 oncologic imaging 766 tumor 426, 508, 509 open-lip schizencephaly 622 neurohypophysis 146, 621 opportunistic infection 382 neuroimaging 40 opposed-phase imaging 16, 22, 23, 438 neuromuscular stimulation 20 optic neuronal nerve 810 Index

glioma 233 145, 357, 358 inflammatory lesion 233 adenocarcinoma 398 nerve sheath meningeoma 244 anatomy 392 neuritis 177, 178, 246 cysts 397 pathway 233 divisum 393 OptiMARK® 39 pancreatitis 393, 394, 396 optochiasmatic glioma 150 adenocarcinoma 392 oral cyst 390 cavity 242, 248 pseudocyst 512 herpes 182 402 orbit 231–233 trauma with transsection 402 inflammatory lesion 233 pancreatolithiasis 394 orbital tumor 242 Panner‘s disease 332, 722, 723 organomegaly 436 papillary Ormond‘s disease 429 cystadenoma 631 oropharynx 242, 248 fibroelastoma 536 orthodontic apppliance 19 lesion 467 os acromiale 311 urothelial neoplasm of low malignant potential Osgood-Schlatter disease 284 (PUNLMP) 468 osmolality 37 papilloma 144, 467, 592 osmotic myelinolysis 179 inverted 467 osseous impingement 304 papovavirus 183 osteitis 334, 781 paraarticular cystic lesion 289 pubis 322 139, 424, 425, 443, 509 osteoblastic osteosarcoma 750 parallel osteoblastoma 681, 735 acquisition technique (PAT) 29, 34, 763 osteochondral fracture 287, 299 factor 108 osteochondroma 256, 681, 734 techniques 108 osteochondrosis dissecans (OCD) 284, 287, 299, 321, 332, 727 alignment 7 of the talus 300 imaging 16 osteoid osteoma 339, 681, 734 paramagnetic osteolysis, posttraumatic 316 contrast media 35–37 osteoma 256 effects 48 osteomalacia 116 map 90, 156 osteomyelitis 333, 337, 347, 730-733, 752, 781 fast T1 mapping 90 osteomyelofibrosis 782 T2 mapping 90 osteonecrosis 300, 301, 323, 325, 340, 721 T2* mapping 90 201 parametrium 490 osteoporosis 779 paranasal sinus 235 osteosarcoma 346, 681, 735, 748, 749 masses 250 telangiectatic variant 735 pararenal space 420 out-of-phase imaging 208 parasagittal hemorrhage 165 ovarian parasitic cyst 446 benign cysts 490 paratenonitis 341 malignancy 434 parenchymal injury 151 tumor 717 parietal malignant 491 pelvic fascia (PPF) 420 ovary 490 pleura 500 overfolding 102 infiltration 501 oversampling 34 Parkes-Weber syndrome 742, 747 oxygen enhancement 497 parotid oxyhemoglobin 47, 48, 50 gland 239, 240, 242 intracellular 49 lesion 241 paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria 365 P Parsonage- 315 PACE, see prospective acquisition correction partial pacemaker 20 tears 277 pachygyria 617 volume effect 465 pachymeningitis 185 partially parallel imaging with localized sensitivities (PILS) 29 Paget‘s disease 116, 346 partial-thickness tear 309, 310, 313 pancoast tumor 502 PASL, see pulsed arterial spin labeling Index 811 passive implant 19, 20 osteosarcoma 749, 751 PAT, see parallel acquisition technique peripheral patella alta 287 artery 785 patellar nerve sheath tumor 292 maltracking 287 nerve stimulation 15, 20 tendinosis 283 nerve tumor 509 tendon washout sign 375 disease 283 perirectal fascia 421 rupture 284 perirenal space 420 patellofemoral peristeal edema 338 disorder 287 peritoneal dysplasia 287 carcinomatosis with ascites 399 patent ductus arteriosus 545 surface 473 Pauli 2 peritoneum 466, 484 PBP (percentage of baseline at peak) 63 perivascular space 186 PC-MRA (phase-contrast MR angiography) 82 of Virchow-Robin 160, 185, 188 2D 83 periventricular 3D 83 caps 187 Pd 30 hyperintensity (PVH) 187, 188 Pd-W 23 lesion 174 pediatric leukomalacia (PVL) 632, 661 brain imaging 613 perivenular inflammation 174 examination 612 Perlmann syndrome 705 contrast agent 612 permanent magnet 13 staging 771 pernicious anemia 405 ovarian tumor 718 peroneal tendon 292 patients 611 disease 299 safety 45 peroneus brevis tendon 299 spine 666 longitudinal split 299 uropathy 458 Perthes lesion 318 pedunculated polyp 414 pertussis 184 Pelizaeus-Merzbacher disease 634, 634, 637 pes anserinus bursa 289 pelvic congestion syndrome 560 PET-CT 780 pelvic-inflammatory disease 490 petrous apex 226 pelvis 461, 465, 466 Peutz-Jeghers syndrome 409 lymphadenopathy 433 Peyronie‘s disease 482 MRI 461 PHACE syndrome 740 sidewall 473 phagocytic cell 378 penis 482 626 prostheses 482 pharmacokinetic property 36 squamous cell carcinoma 483 pharmacokinetics 38 urethral carcinoma 483 pharmacological stress MR 527 percentage of baseline at peak (PBP) 63 phase percutaneous biopsy 587 difference 82 perfusion 58, 526 encoding 11, 12 MRI 156 direction 7 perfusion-weighted imaging (PWI) 16, 63, 88, 154 gradient 8–10, 59 perianal steps 7, 11 fistula 475 resolution 33 inflammation 471 shift 11 pericardial phase-contrast MR angiography (PC-MRA) 82, 554, 555, 580 cyst 508, 5112, 542 2D 83 disease 518, 541 3D 83 effusion 513, 541 phase-contrast technique 520, 540 pericarditis 541 phased array 15 pericardium 541 pheochromocytoma 145, 375, 424, 439, 444, 631, 699 pericolonic stranding 413 adrenal 443 peri-enteric abscess 471 familial 443 perineural cyst 292 hereditary 443 periosteal phlebography 514 desmoid 283 phleboliths 369 812 Index phyllodes tumor 592 varices 364 physeal fracture 758 vein thrombosis 363 pial angioma 630 portosystemic shunt 366 pigmented villonodular 333 Poser Criteria 171 pilocytic astrocytoma 127, 132, 626 Postel‘s disease 321, 324 PILS 29 posteriomedial corner injury 279 Pincer impingement 325, 326 posterior pineablastoma 657 cruciate ligament (PCL) 266 pineal parenchymal tumor 648, 657 tears 277 647, 657 fossa 116, 138 pisotriquetral joint 328 tumor 138 pituitary tumor in children 650 adenoma 123, 148 horn 267 gland 146, 147, 150, 621 intermeniscal ligament 270 lesion 146 labrum 308 macroadenoma 149, 246 lobe 146 microadenoma 148 longitudinal ligament 216 stalk 149 meniscal-femoral ligament 267 pivot shift injury 281, 282 meniscofemoral ligament 270 304, 305 reversible encephalopathy syndrome (PRES) plaque 171, 174 160, 162, 163 imaging 576 tibialis tendon (PTT) 298 plastic prostheses 390 partial rupture 299 pleiomorphic tibiofibular ligament 293 leiomyosarcoma 351 urethral valve 700 adenoma 241 posterior-inferior cerebellar artery (PICA) 138 xanthoastrocytoma (PXA) 127, 131, 132 posterolateral pleura 500 corner injury 278 parietal 500, 501 rotatory instability of the elbow 331 visceral 500 posterosuperior impingement 315 pleural postinfarction syndrome 541 effusion 505 postinfectious encephalomyelitis 184 mesothelioma 506 postoperative plexiform neurofibroma 627, 677 cervical spine 204 plicae palmatae 484 epidural fibrosis 218 PLM 134 lumbar spine 202, 217 PNET, see primitive neuroectodermal tumor spondylodiscitis 217 pneumonia 503 postpericardectomy 541 POEMS syndrome 436 postprocessing 15 POLPSA lesion 320 posttraumatic polycystic encephalomalacia 190 kidney disease 398 osteolysis 316 liver disease 684 post-traumatic herniation of a meningocele 239 polyembryoma 718, 719 postviral leukoencephalopathy 184 polymicrogyria 617, 618, 622, 623 pouch of Douglas 466 polyneuropathy 436 precession 3 polyostotic fibrous dysplasia 785 precessional frequency 7 polyposis syndrome 405 preeclampsia 160 polyps 405 pregnancy 146 polysplenia 383 prepatellar pons 159 bursa 289 pontine tumor 652 bursitis 290 popliteal artery entrapment 570 prepontine cistern 138 popliteofibular ligament 272 PRES, posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome popliteus PRETEXT 690, 692 complex 271 prevalence of disease 774 hiatus 289 primary portal bone lymphoma 755 hypertension 363, 384 cerebellar tumor 144 shunt 364 CNS lymphoma 134, 185 thrombosis 365 megaureter 700 Index 813

neoplasm of the spinal column 681 arterial hypertension (PAH) 534, 562 retroperitoneal extragonadal germ cell tumor 423 arteriovenous malformation 515 retroperitoneal teratoma 431 artery 499, 577 sclerosing cholangitis 390, 412 agenesis 513 septic arthritis 731 aneurysm 514 primitive neuroectodermal tumor (PNET) 123, 134, 138, 142, malformation 546 648, 657, 681, 709 embolism (PE) 512 Primovist® 39, 361 hypertension 514, 516, 578 principles 1 nodule 502 Probst‘s bundle 118, 119 perfusion 499 progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) 183, 643 sequestration 515 ProHance® 39 stenosis 540 PROPELLER 80, 87 vein 515 proprionic aciduria 634 pulsatility artifact 100 prospective acquisition correction (PACE) 95 pulse sequence 55 prostate 92, 478 pulsed arterial spin labeling (PASL) 88 adenocarcinoma 479 punctate hemosiderin deposits 189 anatomy 478 Purcell, Mike 2 lobar concept 478 pustulosis palmoplantarise 334 zonal concept 478 putamen 159 benign hypertrophy 478 PVNS 289 cancer/carcinoma 434, 462, 463, 479, 775 PWI, perfusion-weighted imaging choline level increase 480 pyogenic citrate level decrease 480 abscess 380 dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI 481 meningitis 180 extracapsular extension 480 magnetic resonance proton spectroscopy 480 Q central zone 478 quadriceps tendon 284 developmental cyst 478 rupture 284 gland 462 quadrilateral space syndrome 315 postbiopsy changes 479 quantitative imaging of perfusion using a single subtraction peripheral zone 478, 479 (QUIPSS) 88, 89 transition zone 478 zonal anatomy 478 R prostatic fascia 421 r1/r2 36 prosupination joint 329 radial protein binding 37, 43, 48 acquisition 86 622 collateral ligament (RCL) protocol parameter 16, 30 data acquisition scheme 79 proton density (Pd) 3 nerves 333 weighting 13 tears 274, 331 proton spectroscopy of prostate cancer 480proximal radiation adductor-gracilis syndrome 322, 324 enteritis 409, 411 pseudarthrosis 303 necrosis 126 pseudocoalition of the ankle 295 pneumonitis 504 pseudocyst 394, 396, 446 therapy 178 pseudo-dynamic examination 263 radical cystectomy 469 pseudoloose body 294 radiocarpal compartment 328 pseudomembranous colitis 414 radiofrequency (RF) 9, 20, 59 pseudomyxoma 90° pulse 12 peritonei 431 field 20 retroperitonei 431, 432 pulse 18 pseudopolyp 412 wavelength 19 pseudo-tumor, idiopathic inflammatory 240 radioulnar joint 329 pseudotumor cerebri-like syndrome 642 Rankin score 192 pseudo-Zellweger‘s syndrome 634 rapid destructure hip disease (RDHD) 323, 324 PSIF 65, 66, 75, 76 rapidly involuting congenital hemangioma (RICH) 740 psoriatic arthritis 334, 731, 784 Rasmussen encephalitis 643 pulmonary Rathke‘s pouch 621 abscess 504 Raynaud‘s disease 570 angiography 513 rCBF, see regional cerebral blood flow 814 Index rCBV, see regional cerebral blood volume mass 451 read-out perfusion 449 direction 11 tolerance 46 gradient 9,10, 59 transitional carcinoma 453 receive coil 15 transplant arterial-venous malformation 565 recess 289 tumor 451 gastrocnemius-semimembranosus 289 vein 454 RECIST 768 Rendu-Osler-Weber syndrome 742 rectal renovascular disease 450, 579 atresia 719 repetition time 12 cancer/carcinoma 463, 472, 477 RES, see reticulo-endothelial system duplication 472 residual stool 415 stenosis 719 resistive magnet 13 wall resonance 1, 4 mural stratification 471 frequency 7 rectosacral ligament 470 Resovist® 42, 361, 339 rectovesical pouch 466 respiratory rectum 462, 464, 470 motion 519 recurrent triggering 518 anaplastic astrocytoma 131 RESTORE 65-68 ethmoid adenocarcinoma 248 restrictive cardiomyopathy 531 herniation 220 reticulo-endothelial system (RES) 38, 42, 44 red and white pulp 382 cell 378 red marrow 336 RES-specific contrast agent 42 depletion 336 retinaculum 292 red zone 267 retinal refocusing (RF) pulse 2, 3, 24 angioma 631 refocusing pulse (RF) 10, 67 angiomatosis 145 regenerative nodule 363, 364, 376, 378 retinoblastoma 233 regional retroperitoneum 419 cerebral blood anatomy 420 flow (rCBF) 64, 65 Castleman‘s disease 436 volume (rCBV) 64 chondrosarcoma 425 mean transit time (rMTT) 64 collision tumor 426 myocardial perfusion 522 fibrosarcoma 424 peripancreatic lymph node metastases 399 fibrosis 429 Reiter‘s syndrome 334 idiopathic 429 relaxation 3 malignant 429 mechanism Hodgkin lymphoma 434 diamagnetic effects 48 leiomyosarcoma 423 paramagnetic effects 48 lipoma 430 protein binding 48 liposarcoma 422 susceptibility effects 48 lymphadenopathy 433 parameter 4 lymphangioma 432, 433 relaxivity 36, 37 neuroblastoma 427 renal neurofibroma 428 abscess 453, 703 neurogenic tumor 424 agenesis 701 sarcoma 421 angiomyolipma 452 schwannoma 428 artery 579, 785 Revised Classification Endometriosis 491 aneurysm 450 rhabdoid tumor 708, 710 fibromuscular dysplasia 564 rhabdomyolysis 344 stenosis 450, 564 rhabdomyoma 537 cell 375 rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) 537, 681, 695, 716, 717, 739, 757 cancer/carcinoma 347, 401, 452, 453, 631, 711, 780 rheumatic disease 781 cyst 451, 702 rheumatoid arthritis 116, 333, 334 cystic disease 701 Riedel‘s lobe 684 decompensation 160 right atrium 546 ectopia 700 right vertebral artery 556 fascia 420 ring-and-arc (septal) enhancement 346 functional disorder 454 rMTT (regional mean transit time) 64 Index 815

Roemer method 29 SE-EPI 65, 76 Rokitansky nodule 431 segmentation 93 root ligament 267 segmented EPI 73 Rosenthal‘s fiber 640 Seitelberger‘s disease 634 rostrum 117 seizure 160, 193, 620, 629, 637 rotational selective excitation 3 correlation time 43 sella turcica 146 frequency 7 sellar arachnoid cyst 149 rotator cuff 309 semimembranosus tendon 281 interval 309, 313 semimembranosus-tibial collateral ligament bursa 289, 291 tears 312 seminal vesicle 478, 479 rubella 184, 639 seminoma 508 SENSE 29, 108 sensivity encoding 29 S sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL) 226 sacral sEPI (spiral echo-planar imaging) 79 germ-cell tumor 679 septic sacroiliitis 335 stress fracture 334 septo-optic dysplasia 620 sacrococcygeal teratoma 678, 682, 683 sequestered disc 214 sacroiliac joint 333 sequestration 215 sacroiliitis 334 seronegative spondyloarthropathy 306, 334 safety considerations 16, 44 serous SAH, see subarachnoid hemorrhage adenoma 397 saline flush 60 cystadenoma 396 Salmon and Durie 778, 779 301, 302 Salter and Harris 758 sessile lesion 468 sampling time 11 Sheehan‘s syndrome 146 SAPHO 334, 337 shimming 23 SAR reduction strategy 96 short tau inversion recovery (STIR) 25, 26, 65, 464, 465 sarcoid 384 sarcoidosis 149, 366, 434 instability 316 sarcoma 514, 533 joint 306 sarcomatous degeneration 486 impingement syndrome 314 SCA, see superior cerebellar artery (SCA) SHU 555 SCCA 248, 252 A 39 Schistosoma C 39 hematobium 381 sickle cell anemia 340, 365, 384, 722 japonicum 381 sickle cell disease 385, 720 mansoni 381 sigmoid sinus 164 schistosomiasis 381, 468 signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) 14, 31, 32, 113 schizencephaly 620, 622 signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) 25, 30, 33, 34, 113 bilateral 623 silicosis 504 closed-lip 622 silicotuberculosis 504 open-lip 622 simultaneous acquisition of spatial harmonics 29 unilateral 623 Sinding-Larsen-Johansson syndrome 284 schwannoma 121, 123, 139, 428, 509, 628, 677, 680 Sinerem® 39 acoustic 229 single shot gradient echo imaging 74 intradural 222 single-location MRA 581 Scimitar syndrome 515 sinus scoliosis 215 disease 235 screening 775, 776 tarsi 293, 296, 297 nononcologic programs 776 sinusoidal obstruction 363 of asymptomatic patients 773 673 problems 774 situs scrotum 482 ambiguous 684 SE sequence 9 inversus 684 secondary Sjögren syndrome 177 cardiac tumor 534 skeletal metastasis 779 prevention 773 skin changes 436 secretin 389 skull base 237, 238 sedation 612 foramina 237 816 Index

SLAP, seesuperiorlabral anterior to posterior (SLAP) lesion cord 145 slew rate 15 stimulator 20 slice thickness 33 dysraphism 669 slice-selection gradient 9, 59 fusion 203 slipped femoral epiphysis 758, 760, 761 infection 217, 675 sludge 390 lipoma 671 small bowel stimulator 203 adenocarcinoma 410 tumor 220 anatomy 402 spine 197 benign neoplasm 410 postoperative 203 carcinoid tumor 410, 411 spin-lattice interaction 4 inflammatory and infectious disease 407 spinoglenoid cyst 315, 316 lymphoma 411 SPIO, see superparamagnetic iron oxide particle malign neoplasm 410 SPIO-enhanced 363 pathology 407 SPIR 26 small-vessel disease 158 spiral echo-planar imaging (sEPI) 79 SMASH 29, 108 spleen 357 SNHL 227, 230 abscess 383 SNR, see signal-to-noise ratio accessory 383 anatomy 382 hemangioma 355 angiosarcoma 387 impingement 304 artery aneurysm 384, 385 sarcoma 422 benign lesion 386 tumor (STT) 349 calcification 384 benign 349 congenital disease 383 distinguishing shapes 353 cysts 386 grading 351 diffuse diseases 384 grading parameters 351 epidermoid cysts 386 intermediate-locally aggressive 349 fungal infection 383 intermediate-rarely metastasizing 349 hemangioma 386 local staging 351 hematoma 383 malignant 349 hydatid cysts 386 preferential location 352 infarct 385 tissue-specific diagnosis 351 infection 383 solitary brain metastasis 136 lymphoma 387 400 malignant lesion 387 somatotrophic adenoma 148 metastases 387, 388 Sommerfeld 1 pathology 382 705 pseudocyst 386 SPACE (sampling perfection with application optimized sarcoma 387 contrast by using different flip angle evolution) 65, trauma 383 66, 68, 84, 96 vascular disorders 384 RIP (reconstruction in parallel) 30 vasculature 384 SPACE, see sampling perfection with application optimized vein thrombosis 385 contrast by using different flip angle evolution splenium 117 SPAIR 26, 65 363, 383 spasticity 637 spondyloarthropathy 731 spatial seronegative 306 encoding 3, 7 spondylodiscitis 217, 675, 676 information 3 spondylolisthesis 215 resolution 11, 112 sporadic aniridia 705 specific absorption rate (SAR) 17-19 spurious hypocalcemia 45 management 18 squamocolumnar mucosal junction 484 spectral suppression 23, 24 squamous cell carcinoma (SCCA) 233, 235, 259, 260, 262, SPGR 66 468, 474, 483 spikes 102, 103 gingival 257 spin 1, 2 nasopharyngeal 255 echo 27, 28, 65 tonsillar 257, 258 conventional 65 SSFP method 520 imaging 12 SSFP, see steady-state free precession spinal SSFSE 66 AV malformation 211 SS-FSE 68 Index 817

SS-IR-FSE 66 subependymal SSTIR 66 giant cell astrocytoma (SCGA) 131, 132 SSTSE 66 hamartoma 617, 629 SS-TSE 68 subfalcine herniation 124 static magnetic field 20 sublabral stationary tissue 58 foramen 308 steady-state free precession (SSFP) 66, 85 sulcus 308 steel submucosa 472 ligature 19 subscapularis tears 313 retainer wire 19 superconductive magnet 13 Stejskal-Tanner 61 superficial infrapatellar bursa 289 stenosis 541 superior cerebellar artery (SCA) 138 hemodynamically significant 527 superior labral anterior to posterior (SLAP) lesion 317-319 overestimation 553 classification 318 stent 98, 99 paralabral cyst 319 stimulation 21 superior sagittal sinus 164 STIR, see short tau inversion recovery superolateral humeral head stomach compression fracture 316 adenocarcinoma 405 superparamagnetic contrast agent 35, 36, 38 anatomy 402 superparamagnetic iron oxide particle (SPIO) 38-40, 42, benign neoplasm 405 361, 378 inflammatory and infectious disease 404 adverse events 45 malignant neoplasm 405 suprapatellar bursa 289 stone disease 457 suprasphincteric fistula 476 stress supraspinatus tendon 308, 310, 311 fracture 297, 300, 321, 337, 757 calcification 311 metatarsal 300 intratendinous tear 311 of the calcaneus 300 of the belly of the proximal tibia 338 muscle atrophy 312 line 300 severe fat infiltration 312 perfusion 521 supratentorial stroke 151 brain tumor 126 classification of types 151 ependymoma 655 Sturge-Weber syndrome 169, 630 lesion 121 with complex collateral venous drainage 169 primitive neuroectodermal tumor (sPNET) 655 subacromial tumor 657 impingement 314 Supravist® 39 spur 312 surface coil 15 subacute surveillance of recurrent disease 773 hemorrhage 504 susceptibility infarction 158, 159 artifact 87 muscle denervation 345 effects 48, 53 necrotizing encephalopathy 634 gradient 98 sclerosing panencephalitis 643 susceptibility-weighted imaging (SWI) 90, 110, 151, 162, trauma 189 167, 189 subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) 53, 162, 166 Swan-Ganz catheter 514 subcapitometatarsal bursitis 305 SWI, see susceptibility-weighted imaging subchondral Swyer-James syndrome 513 collapse 301 Sylvian fissure 185 insufficiency fracture 321 sympathetic ganglia 508, 509 stress fracture of the metatarsal 300 syndesmosis 293 subclavian syndesmotic injury 296 artery 576 synovial steal syndrome (SSS) 576 chondromatosis 256, 333 subcoracoid impingement 315 cyst 290, 291 subcortical proliferative disorder 289 arteriosclerotic leukoencephalopathy (SAE) 159, 161 sarcoma 292 U-fiber 633 synovitis 297, 334, 728, 781 subdural syphilis 149 effusion 180 syringohydromyelia 115, 670 empyema 180, 181, 235 syringomyelia 670 hematoma 53, 190, 192 syrinx 670 818 Index system instability 104 3T field 16 systemic 3T system 17 diabetes imaging 785 THRIVE 66 lupus erythematosus 178, 433 thromboembolic disease 383 thrombosis 163-165 T thrombus, direct imaging 578 T1 36 thymic relaxation time 3, 4, 13 carcinoma 507 tissue-specific 24 cyst 508, 512 weighting 13, 23, 30, 31 thymolipoma 507, 508 T2 36 thymoma 507, 508 decay 14 invasive 507 relaxation 12 thymus 507, 508 time 4 carcinoma 508 shine through 62 hyperplasia 507, 508 T2* relaxation time 6 thyroid 375, 508 weighting 14, 30 gland 509 contrast 13 tibial T2*-WI 163 eminence fracture 760 stress reaction 759, 760 Takaysau‘s arteritis 561 tibiocalcaneal ligament 293 talocalcaneal coalition 303 tibionavicular ligament 293 talofibular ligament (TFL) 65, 66, 72 tibiospring ligament 293 talus 305 tilted optimized nonsaturating excitation (TONE) 80 tarsal coalition 303 time of flight (TOF) 552 tattoo 20 2D 552 tectal glioma 652 3D 552 temporal bone 226 postprocessing 554 temporomandibular joint 254, 263, 264 MRA 58, 580 tendinobursitis 342 3D 60, 83 tendinopathy of the Achilles tendon 341 time to peak (TTP) 63, 156 tendinosis 313, 341 time-arterial compression 583 tendon 340 time-resolved echo-shared angiography (TREAT) 81 disease 341 tinnitus 226, 230, 235 disorder 297 TIR 28, 65, 67 lesions 341 TIRM 28, 65, 67 rupture 342 tissue characterization 346 subluxation 342 titanium 331 alloy 19 tenosynovial fluid 294 molybdenum 19 297, 341 ToF, see time of flight tensor 90 TONE, see tilted optimized nonsaturating excitation tentorium 116 tonsil 138 teratoma 431, 508, 657, 717, 718, 719 tonsillar herniation 114 Teslascan® 39, 361, 392, 400 TOP MRA 110 test bolus 59 TORCH 639 testes 483 torque 17 testicular carcinoma 434 torsion 482 tethered cord 670 total TFE 66 body matrix 3D 66 coil 765 TGSE, see turbo-gradient spin echo technology 767 thalamus 159 mesorectal excision (TME) 470 thalassemia vera 364 toxic thermodynamic stability 37 demyelination 178 thoracic megacolon 412 aorta 576 toxoplasma 639 stenosis 561 Toxoplasma gondii 183 MRA 557 toxoplasmosis 134, 184, 639 spine 198 TR repetition time 10, 18 thoracic aorto-bifemoral artery bypass 562 transection 402 three-compartment model 6 transfusional iron overload 364 Index 819 transient ulnolunate abutment syndrome 329 edema 338, 339 ultrafast osteoporosis 338 3D MRA 566 of the hip 321, 324 imaging 208 between pseudo steady state (TRAPS) 68 ultrasmall superparamagnetic iron oxide (USPIO) 38, 39, 43, transitional cell carcinoma 468 44, 498 transmit coil 15 uncovertebral degenerative disease 213 transplantation 402 undifferentiated embryonal sarcoma 693, 694 necrosis 402 unilateral rejection 402 hypomelanosis of Ito 622 transverse megalencephaly 622 magnetizazion 6, 9, 12 upper urinary tract 419, 447 relaxation times 4 urea acid cycle defect 634 sinus 164, 165 uremia 541 TRAPS (transition between pseudo steady state) 68, 96 ureteral trauma 334, 402, 514, 541 calculi 457 chronic trauma 190 stenosis 457 traumatic ureterocele 700 bone-marrow edema 279 ureteropelvic lesion 238 duplication 700 TREAT, see time-resolved echo-shared angiography junction obstruction 700 tree in bud 505 urethra 483 triangular fibrocartilage complex (TFCC) 328, 329 urinary Palmer classification 329 bladder 466 triceps tendon rupture 332 tract 700 trichothiodystrophy 634 stone disease 457 TRICKS 81, 566 urography 454-458 tricuspid regurgitation 540 excretory 456 trigeminal nerve 139 urothelial neoplasm 458 schwannoma 140, 151 USPIO, ultrasmall superparamagnetic iron oxide trileaflet aortic valve 538 uterine adenomyosis 486 trisomy 18 689, 705 uterosacral ligament 484 trochlear groove 288 uterovesical ligament 485 trueFISP 65, 66, 72, 75, 76, 85, 99 uterus 484, 485 truncation 101, 102 carcinoma 434 TSE, see turbo spin echo UTSE 497 TTP, see time to peak uveal melanoma 233, 243 150 uveitis 412 tuberculoma 185, 186 tuberculosis 134, 149, 185, 366, 408, 434, 435, 468, 645 V myelomeningitis 216 vaccination 184 tuberculous vaccuum biopsy 595 meningitis 185 vagina 485 pachymeningitis 186 vagus nerve stimulator 20 425, 452, 622, 629 valvular tumor 120, 193 disease 538 of the quadrigeminal plate 652 heart disease 538 thrombus 365 regurgitation 538 turbo fast low-angle shot sequence (turboFLASH) 72 vanillymandelic acid (VMA) 698 turbo gradient and spin echo sequence (TGSE) 57, 76, 78 variable-rate selective excitation (VERSE) 96 turbo spin echo (TSE) 28, 49, 56, 65, 66 variceal bleeding 363 turbo spin echo sequence (TSE) 27 varicella 184 turbo-gradient spin echo (TGSE) 66, 76 varicocele 482 segmented 65 vascular TWIST 81 anomaly 737, 738 tyrosinemia type 1 691 conflict 229 dementia 189 U dysfunction 525 ulcerative colitis 411, 412, 471 dysplasia 627 ulnar lesion 139 collateral ligament (UCL) 330 liver disease 365 impaction syndrome 329 malformation 165, 167, 229 820 Index

tumor 230 visual field deficit 160 vasculitis 72, 178 vitreous hemorrhage 631 vasogenic edema 123, 152 voiding cysturethrography 700 vasopressin 146 volar radioulnar ligament 328 Vasovist® 39, 44 von Hippel-Lindau syndrome/disease 145, 220, 398, 425, 443, vastly undersampled isotropic projection (VIPR) 82 631, 699 vein of Galen aneurysm 662, 665 von Recklinghausen‘s disease 699 venography (MRV) 164, 165, 573 contrast-enhanced (CE-MRV) 574 W direct 574 WAGR syndrome 705 indirect 574 waistline 149 noncontrast 573 Wegener‘s granulomatosis 504 venous well-differentiated low-grade astrocytoma 128 angioma 165, 167, 169 Whipple‘s disease 433, 434 infarction 165, 663 white matter malformation 167, 742, 743, 744, 745 changes 169 low flow 746 lesion 169 thrombosis 662, 664 white zone 267 ventilation imaging 498 whole-body MRI 763 ventricular surface 172 concept 764 ventriculitis 180 diffusion technique 771, 773 ventriculo-arterial concordance 546 for cancer staging 769 vermian-cerebellar hypoplasia 116 for detection of distant organ metastases 771 vermis 138 for local tumor staging 769 VERSE, see variable-rate selective excitation for screening of asymptomatic patients 773 vertebrabasilar artery 138 for secondary prevention 773 vertebral for surveillance of recurrent disease 773 body endplates 212 in guideline-orientated staging and surveillance concepts 773 metastasis 204, 206 nodal status 769 vertebrobasilar dolicho-ectasia 139 oncologic 767 vertical tears 273 with PET-CT 770 vertigo 226, 230 Wilms‘ tumor 681, 699, 705-709 verumontanum 478 Wilson‘s disease 364, 634 vesicoureteral reflux 700 World Health Organization (WHO) 128 vessel wrap-around artifact 101 contrast 556 wrist 328 dissection 576 coil 328 patency 151 joint 328 vestibulo-cochlear schwannoma 231, 236 VIBE 65, 66 X VIPoma 400 xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis (XPN) 703 VIPR, vastly undersampled isotropic projection X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy 634, 635 viral presymptomatic 635 agent HBV-associated delta agent 362 Y hepatitis B virus 362 yellow marrow 335 hepatitis C virus 362 Yersinia enterocolica 409 hepatitis D virus 362 yersiniosis 408, 409 hepatitis E virus 362 yolk sac tumor 423, 718 infection 434 upper airway infection 184 Z visceral z-direction 2 pelvic fascia (VPF) 421 Zeeman 2 pleura 500 Zellweger‘s syndrome 634 viscosity 37 Zollinger–Ellison syndrome 404, 405 VISTA 66 Zuckerkandl 424