Brain Imaging with MRI and CT: an Image Pattern Approach Edited by Zoran Rumboldt, Mauricio Castillo, Benjamin Huang and Andrea Rossi Index More Information

Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-11944-3 - Brain Imaging with MRI and CT: An Image Pattern Approach Edited by Zoran Rumboldt, Mauricio Castillo, Benjamin Huang and Andrea Rossi Index More information

INDEX

abnormalities without significant mass effect 241 low-grade (diffuse) 334, 335, 337 cavernous sinus, invasion 85 abscesses 295, 317, 319, 321, 327, 329 pilocytic 129, 356, 357 cavernous sinus asymmetry, normal 101 cerebral abscess 322, 323 pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma 340, 341 cavernous sinus hemangioma 97, 99, 105, 249, 297, operative site 169, 276, 277 SEGA 221, 305, 307, 309, 351, 353, 403 367, 376, 377 pyogenic abscess 325, 331 asymmetric CSF-containing spaces 299 cavernous sinus meningioma 249 vasogenic edema 65 atherosclerosis 253 cavernous sinus thrombosis, superior ophthalmic acquired intracranial herniations 196, 197 atretic parietal encephalocele 150, 151 vein (SOV) 103 ACTH-producing tumors 81 atypical parkinsonian disorders (APDs) 115 CD1aþ histiocytes 71, 89 acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM) 29, atypical teratoid–rhabdoid tumor (ATRT) 139 celiac disease 177 230, 231, 237, 257 AVM hemorrhage 73 central nervous system acute hypertensive encephalopathy (PRES) involvement in aggressive lymphoma 279 29, 64, 65 bacterial endocarditis 253 vasculitis 53, 237, 243, 251, 253 Addison disease 61 bacterial meningitis 277 central nervous system lymphoma adenoid cystic carcinoma 249 banana sign 125 primary 17, 29, 245 adrenoleukodystrophy 60, 61 Baraitser–Reardon syndrome 385 secondary 243, 245, 281, 289 protein (ALDP) 61 basal ganglia mineralization/calcification 3, 386, usually PCNSL 265 X-linked (X-ALD) 61 387, 389, 395 central neurocytoma 307, 308, 309, 351, 353 adrenomyeloneuropathy (AMN) 61 basilar artery, post-endovascular treatment changes central pontine myelinolysis (CPM) 29, 135 aging brain 55 226, 227 cerebellar atrophy 189 agyria 39 bat-wing appearance of superior fourth cerebellar hemispheres 119 Aicardi–Goutie`res syndrome 305, 381, 383, 384, ventricle 117 cerebellar hemorrhage 72, 73 385, 387, 389, 395 beading 253 cerebellar hypoplasia 189 Alexander disease 47, 49, 61, 66, 67, 129 benign extra-axial hydrocephalus 178, 179 cerebellar vermian hypoplasia 117 allergic fungal sinusitis 283 Bergman glia 211 cerebral abscess 322, 323 alobar holoprosencephaly 195 bilateral open-lip schizencephaly 195 cerebral amyloid angiopathy 235, 367 Alzheimer dementia 159, 182, 183, 185, 187 bilateral symmetrical abnormalities 75 cerebral blood volume 319 amyloid angiopathy 371 black holes 237 cerebral cavernous malformations 235 amyloid hemorrhage 365, 366, 367, 369, 373, Blake pouch (cyst) 191 cerebral cortex development 241 375, 377 blood–brain barrier 169, 227, 255 cerebral hyperperfusion syndrome 315 amyotrophic lateral sclerosis 30, 31, 161 active multiple sclerosis 257 cerebral infarct see infarctions anaplastic ependymoma 289 blood–tumor barrier 321 cerebral veins 23 aneurysm 109, 143, 291, 296, 297, 397 boomerang lesion 59 cerebral venous thrombosis 373 basilar tip 111 brain asymmetry 175 cerebritis 229, 333 calcified 393, 396, 397 brain atrophy 51, 179, 181 cerebro-acro-visceral early lethality (CAVE) forms 297 brain injuries 235 syndrome 93 parasellar 85, 104, 105 brain swelling/edema 15, 123, 207 chemotherapy-induced leukoencephalopathy 51, rupture 205 brainstem glioma 67, 128, 129 52, 53, 389 aneurysmal dilation of vein of Galen 143 branched-chain alpha-keto acid dehydrogenase Chiari I malformation 75, 125, 197 angiocentric glioma 223 (BCKAD) 123 Chiari II malformation 117, 124, 125, 311 anoxic injury 7, 11, 25, 26, 27, 59, 159, 215 with chronic shunting 119 global 7, 11, 25, 27, 59, 159, 215 CADASIL 44, 45, 55, 237, 253, 377 Chiari III malformation 125 antiangiogenic therapy 319 calcifications chiasmatic/hypothalamic astrocytoma 93, 95, 137 aqueductal clot 113 arterial 393 cholesteatoma 295 aqueductal stenosis 67, 112, 113, 127, 181, 311 basal ganglia 3, 387, 389, 395 chondrosarcoma 99, 107, 108, 109 hydrocephalus 67 and bone sequestra 107 chordoma 106, 107, 109 arachnoid cyst 81, 85, 165, 167, 169, 171, 191, 269, dystrophic 345, 395 choroid plexitis 303, 305 271, 291, 292, 293, 295, 299, 311, 349 exploded 139 choroid plexus cyst 111, 299, 301, 302, 303, arachnoid granulations 268, 269 intracranial 402 305, 311 arachnoidal hyperplasia 95 calcified granuloma (Teflon) 408, 409 choroid plexus hyperplasia 305 arterial calcifications 393 calcified neoplasms choroid plexus papilloma 304, 305, 307, 351, 353 arterial infarcts 65 hemorrhagic 377 choroid plexus tumors 309 arterial occlusions, collateral leptomeningeal metastases 399 carcinoma 305 vessels 205 callosal agenesis 149 choroidal fissure cysts 159, 349 arteriovenous malformation (AVM) 98, 99, callosal dysgenesis 144, 145 chronic infarction 164, 165 151, 203, 261, 361, 365, 367, 373, 374, Canavan disease 47, 48, 49, 67 chronic systemic hypertension 235 375, 377 infantile 49 cigar-shaped CSF tract 151 artery of Percheron infarction 23, 29 capillary malformation (port wine stain) 177 clastic schizencephaly/porencephalic cyst 173 arylsulfatase 69 capillary telangiectasia 258, 259 cobblestone complex 39, 213 astrocytoma 129, 133, 139, 333 caput medusae 264 cobblestone lissencephaly 189 chiasmatic/hypothalamic 93, 95, 137 carbon monoxide intoxication 3, 6, 7, 9, 11 collateral leptomeningeal vessels, in arterial diffuse 335 carotid–cavernous fistula 101, 102, 103 occlusions 205 low-grade (2) 343 cavernoma 259, 345, 373 colloid cyst 110, 111, 299, 303 410

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INDEX

congenital bilateral perisylvian syndrome 37 dermoid cyst 87, 91, 151, 152, 153, 155, 269, 291 esthesioneuroblastoma (ENB) 283 congenital conditions, see also names of conditions desmoplastic infantile ganglioglioma 286, Evans index 181 congenital hypoplasia/atresia 201 287, 341 external carotid artery (ECA) 103 congenital vermian hypoplasia 119 desmoplastic medulloblastoma 363 eye-of-the-tiger sign 9 congestive cardiac failure 143 developmental venous anomaly 259, 260, connective tissue diseases 89, 97, 237 261, 375 Fahr disease 387, 389 contrast-induced neurotoxicity 227 diabetes insipidus 83, 89 fat emboli 217 cord sign 201 diabetes mellitus 149, 225 ferritin 211 corduroy pattern 363 diffuse axonal injury 234, 235, 367, 369, 377 fibromuscular dysplasia 253 corpora striata 25 diffuse brain edema 205 figure-of-eight appearance 85 corpus callosum dysgenesis 63 dilated perivascular spaces 17, 55, 165, 346, 347 fluid collections 277 corpus callosum lesions 145, 155, 237 diplopia 103 focal cortical dysplasia 213, 215, 218, 219, cortical atrophy or benign extra-axial collections of diving gyri 173 221, 335 infancy 275 DNET 213, 222, 223, 333, 341, 343 type I 223 cortical calcifications/mineralizaion 207 double cortex 35 focal subcortical heterotopia 35 cortical contusion 365, 367, 368, 369, 375 Down syndrome 137 fogging 255 cortical hemorrhage 207 dural arterio-venous fistula 103, 202, 203, 375 Foix–Chavany–Marie syndrome 37 cortical tubers, tuberous sclerosis 403 dural calcification 395 fourth ventricle cortical vein thrombosis 205, 367, 369 dural en plaque, meningiomas and metastases 277 bat-wing appearance 117 cortico-basal degeneration 115, 183, 185 dural mass (meningioma, lymphoma, metastases, enlargement 191 corticospinal tracts, normal 161 granuloma) 5, 275, 277, 285 umbrella-shaped 117 corticospinal tracts (CST) 31 dural neoplasm 75 fractional anisotropy 7 coup/contrecoup injuries 369 dural sinus thrombosis 200, 201 frontotemporal dementia (Pick disease) 183, 184, Cowden syndrome 363 dural tail sign 97, 285 185, 187 cranial nerve paresis 101 dural thickening (fibrosis) 277 fucosidosis 19 craniopharyngioma 79, 85, 87, 89, 90, 91, 93, 105, see also pachymeningitis Fukuyama, muscular dystrophy 189 107, 153, 297, 406, 407 dural venous sinuses, normal 201 fungal allergic sinusitis 283 craniosynostosis surgery 271 duret hemorrhage 130, 131 fungal granuloma 243, 391 craniosynostosis syndromes 197 dysembryoplastic neuroepithelial tumor fungal infection, sarcoidosis 331 cranium bifidum 151 (DNT, DNET) 213, 219, 222, 223, 333, 341, 343, Creutzfeld–Jakob disease (CJD) 11, 24, 25, 27, 59, dysmyelination 123 gadolinium 247 183, 185 see also demyelinating diseases/processes Galen ampulla 143 variant 29 dystrophic calcification 345, 395 ganglioglioma 219, 223, 287, 333, 341, 342, 343, cryptococcosis 16, 17 363, 391, 400, 401 CSF drainage/leak 73, 75, 125 early (hyperacute) infarctions 228, 229 desmoplastic infantile 286, 287 CSF jet flow artifacts 111 eccentric target sign 325 gangliosidosis GM2 18, 19, 47 CSF pressure 355 ectodermal inclusion cysts 153 gelastic seizures 93 CSF-containing spaces 299 ectopic posterior lobe 86, 87 germ cell tumors 137, 139, 141 Cushing disease 81 Ehlers–Danlos syndrome 75 germinoma 89, 136, 137 cyanide poisoning 7 emboli, fat 217 giant cutaneous melanocytic nevi (GCMN) 209 cyanosis 59 embolic infarcts 216, 217, 235 giant panda face sign 33 cystic neoplasms 299, 301, 347 empty delta sign 201 giant perivascular spaces, neuroepithelial cystic tumors (ganglioma, pleomorpic empyema 276, 277 cyst 223 xanthoastrocytoma) 345 encephalitis 65, 129, 231, 255 glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) 67 cysticercosis 269, 301, 347, 383 EBV 21, 23, 27 glioblastoma multiforme 316, 317, 327, 335 parenchymal 398, 399 herpes simplex 41, 43, 59 gliomas 41, 43, 135, 161, 167, 215 racemose 293, 295 encephalomalacia 255 brainstem glioma 67, 128, 129 see also hydatid disease postoperative 165 high-grade 321 cytomegalovirus (CMV) 221, 265, 381, 383 post-traumatic 165 low-grade 167, 315, 335, 337 congenital infection 47, 241, 372, 380, 381, 385 encephalomyelitis, acute disseminated (ADEM) 29, low-grade, in NFI 5 encephalitis 51, 69 230, 231, 237 oligodendroglioma 333, 401 encephalopathy optic glioma 95 Dandy–Walker malformation/syndrome hypertensive (PRES) 64, 65 tectal glioma 113, 126, 127 117, 189, 190 posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome gliomatosis cerebri 336, 337 Dawson fingers 237 (PRES) 51, 65 global anoxic injury 7, 11, 25, 26, 27, 59, de Morsier syndrome 147 endolymphatic sac tumor 269 159, 215 death peak 319 ependymal cyst 111, 171, 299, 300, 301, 303, 311 globus pallidi 5 deep venous thrombosis 22, 23, 29, 365 ependymitis 57, 265 glucose levels 59 dementia 181 ependymoma 289, 309, 353, 354, 355, 357, 359, glutamate/glutamine 163, 329 Alzheimer dementia 159, 183, 185, 187 404, 405 glutaric aciduria (type 1) 21, 32, 33, 37, 179 frontotemporal (Pick disease) 183, 184, 185, 187 epidermoid 81, 85, 91, 141, 151, 153, 165, 269, 291, glutaryl-CoA dehydrogenase (GCDH) 33 semantic dementia (SD) 185 293, 294, 295, 311 golden hour 275 vascular dementia 183, 185 epidural empyema 273 Gomez–Lopez–Hernandez syndrome demyelinating diseases/processes 123, 129, 135, 161 epidural hematoma 272, 273, 275 (GLHS) 119 see also MS epilepsy 35, 159, 221 granulations dentate nucleus 133 partialis continua 163 arachnoid 268, 269 dentato-rubral tract 133 Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) encephalitis 21, 23, 27 Pacchionian bodies 201, 269 411

INDEX

granulomatous diseases/processes 71, 89, 137, 281, hippocampal sulcus remnant 159 lacunar 45, 217, 259, 347, 349 391, 409 HIV, congenital 383, 387 MBS 135 fungal 243 HIV encephalitis 53 olivary 133 hypophysitis 83 HIV encephalopathy 45, 50, 51, 239 Percheron artery 23, 29 Teflon-induced 408, 409 hockey-stick sign 25 pontine 135 growth hormone deficiency 89, 93 holoprosencephaly 113, 148, 149 remote 167, 169 growth hormone-secreting tumors 85 alobar 195 subacute 243, 245, 254, 255, 317 gyral crowding 181 lobar 147 venous 65, 73, 229, 255 holoprosencephaly polydactyly syndrome infectious cysts (hydatid disease, cysticercosis) 269, Hallervorden–Spatz syndrome 5, 7, 8, 9 (pseudotrisomy 13) 93 301, 347 pantothenate kinase-associated honeycomb appearance 107 infectious and inflammatory meningeal neurodegeneration (PKAN) 9 hot cross bun sign 121 processes 209 hamartoma human herpesvirus-6 (HHV6) infection 43 infiltrative astrocytoma (low-grade 2) 343 hypothalamic 95 hummingbird sign 115 inflammatory processes 209, 249 tuber cinereum 92, 93 Huntington disease 185, 186, 187 internal carotid artery (ICA) 103, 105, 251, 393 HARP syndrome 9 juvenile 21, 33 intracerebral hemorrhage 367 head and neck cancer, perineural tumor spread 97, hydatid disease 269, 299, 301, 347 intracranial air 169 99, 101, 249 see also cysticercosis intracranial calcifications 402 head size 193 hydranencephaly 113, 149, 194, 195 intracranial hemorrhages 371 headache 205 hydrocephalus 113, 125, 127, 139, 141, 145, intracranial herniations 196, 197 migraine 45, 55, 237 265, 303 acquired 197 thunderclap headache 205 acute periventricular 56, 57 intracranial hypotension 197 hemangioblastoma 307, 353, 355, 357, 359, aqueductal stenosis 67 spontaneous 74, 75 360, 361 benign extra-axial 178, 179 intracranial infection 265 hemangioma/venous malformation 98, 99, compensated/chronic 57, 63 intracranial neoplasms 371 151, 261 increased intracranial pressure 143, 355 intracranial pressure 305, 355, 373 hemangiopericytoma 285, 288, 289 non-communicating 181 hydrocephalus 143, 355 hematoma normal-pressure 180, 181, 187 Monro–Kellie rule 75 acute 201 severe 195 intravascular lymphomatosis 253 acute subdural 201 ventricular diverticula 310, 311 intraventricular hemorrhage 265 chronic subdural 75 hyperammonemia 59 intraventricular meningioma 303, 306, 307, 309, 353 epidural 272, 273, 275, 277, 279 hyperdense vessel syndrome 315 intraventricular and suprasellar neoplasms 111 hypertensive 73, 131, 225, 364, 365, 367, 373, hyperdensity, post-endovascular treatment IRIS 239, 262, 263 375, 377 changes 227 iron deposition, normal 9 subacute 277, 329 hyperglycinemia, non-ketotic 15 ischemic infarctions 161, 225, 365, 367 subdural 75, 179, 273, 274, 275, 277, 279, 281 glycine peak 15 ischemic strokes 255 hemimegalencephaly 174, 175 hyperparathyroidism 388, 389, 395 isthmic organizer 119 hemodynamic (hypoperfusion) infarctions 217 hypertension, PRES 64, 65 ivy sign 247, 251 hemoglobin degradation products 297 hypertensive encephalopathy 64, 65, 237 hemolytic–uremic syndrome 5 hypertensive hematoma 73, 131, 225, 364, 365, 367, JC polyomavirus 239 hemorrhage 373, 375, 377 Joubert syndrome 116, 117, 191 acute 227 hypertensive hemorrhage 369, 371 juvenile Huntington disease 21, 33 amyloid 365, 366, 367, 369, 373, 375, 377 hyperthyroidism (pituitary hyperplasia) 83 cortical 207 hypertrophic olivary degeneration 132, 133 Kallmann syndrome 147 duret 130, 131 hypertrophic pachymeningitis 75, 280, 281, 285 kernicterus 3, 5, 9, 15, 21 intraventricular 265 hypoglycemia 58, 59 Kernohan notch 131 non-arterial distribution 373 hypoparathyroidism 387, 389 kissing carotids 105 subacute 155 hypophysitis 89 Klinefelter syndrome 137 subarachnoid 204, 205, 209, 251, 275, 297 see also lymphocytic hypophysitis knife blade atrophy 115 hemorrhagic and/or calcified neoplasms 377 hypopituitarism see lymphocytic hypophysitis Krabbe disease 19, 69, 71 hemorrhagic cortical contusions 369 hypothalamic hamartoma 95 lysosomal genetic defects 29 hemorrhagic neoplasm 373, 375 hypoxic–ischemic encephalopathy 3, 14, 15, 29, metastases 235, 365, 367 123, 225 lacunar infarctions 45, 217, 259, 347, 349 tumors 370, 371 neonatal 21 lacunar stroke syndromes 217 hemorrhagic transformation of ischemic infarction hypoxic–ischemic injury (HII) 27 laminar necrosis 206, 207 207, 255, 371 Langerhans cell histiocytosis 2, 83, 88, 89, 137 hemorrhagic vascular malformation 371 idiopathic hypertrophic pachymeningitis 75, 280, neurodegenerative 70, 71 hemorrhagic venous thrombosis 372, 373 281, 285 Leigh disease/syndrome 7, 11, 15, 20, 21, 29, 33, hemosiderin 211 immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome 123, 225 hepatic encephalopathy 2, 3, 55 (IRIS) 239, 262, 263 lactate, elevated 21 globus pallidus T1 hyperintensity 3 infarctions 165, 339, 369 lenticulo-striate vasculopathy (LSV) 383 myo/cr ratios 3 acute 245, 315, 333 leptomeningeal enhancement 251 specific imaging findings 3 arterial 65 post-ictal 245 white matter T2 hyperintensity 3, chronic 164, 165 leptomeningeal lesions 243 herpes simplex encephalitis 40, 41, 43, 59, 215, early (hyperacute) 228, 229 angiomatous changes 177 315, 337 embolic 216, 217, 235 carcinomatosis 243, 245, 247, 251 hippocampal sclerosis 158, 159 ischemic 161, 225, 365, 367 cyst 270, 271 412

INDEX

leptomeningeal melanocytosis (LM) 209 parasellar 85 N-acetyl aspartate (NAA) leptomeningeal seeding with inflammatory, sarcoidosis, lymphoma, metastasis 101 peak 49 infectious and neoplastic processes 211 meningitis 205, 243, 246, 247, 251, 383 reduced 67, 129, 135, 139, 215, 337, 343, 391 leukoaraiosis 45, 51, 53, 54, 55, 57 hypertrophic pachymeningitis 75, 280, 281, 285 nasopharyngeal cancer 107 leukoencephalopathy 123 infectious 245, 247 NBOs (neurofibromatosis bright objects) 5, 127 and calcification 395 tubercular 247 necrotic neoplasm (primary or metastatic) 323 chemotherapy-induced 53, 55 meningoencephalitis 17 neonatal hypoxic–ischemic encephalopathy 21 diffuse 49 meninx primitiva 155 nerve sheath tumors 97, 249 disseminated necrotizing 53 merosin-deficient congenital muscular neurenteric cyst 293, 349 megaloencephalic 49 dystrophy 47 neuroblastoma 282, 283 progressive multifocal (PML) 51, 239 mesencephalic tectum 151 neurocutaneous disorders 175 radiation-induced 51, 53, 55 mesial temporal lobe neoplasms 159 melanosis 208, 209 Lhermitte–Duclos (Cowden syndrome) 362, 363 mesial temporal sclerosis (MTS) 159 neurocysticercosis 349 limbic encephalitis 41, 42, 43, 45, 159, 337 metachromatic leukodystrophy 61, 67, 68, 69 colloidal and granular phase 323 lipids 319 metastases 83, 97, 109, 133, 137, 139, 141, 257, parenchymal 344, 345 lipoma 87, 153, 154, 155, 404, 405 259, 269, 279, 283, 289, 291, 307, 309, 317, racemose 298, 299, 303 with calcification 405 318, 319, 320, 321, 325, 327, 329, 353, neurocytoma, central 307, 308, 309, 351, 353 lissencephaly 35, 37, 38, 39, 193 361, 399 neurodegeneration with brain-iron accumulation classic 213 hemorrhagic 365, 367, 371 (NBIA) 9 secondary to CMV 39 necrotic 323 neurodegenerative Langerhans cell histiocytosis 70, 71 liver disease/dysfunction 3, 71, 121 non-hemorrhagic 321 neuroepithelial cysts 301, 348, 349 see also hepatic encephalopathy vasogenic edema 65, 239 neurofibrillary tangles 115, 183 lobar holoprosencephaly 147 metastatic melanoma 209 neurofibroma 249 long-term parenteral nutrition 3 methanol intoxication 7, 10, 11, 225 neurofibromatosis type I 3, 4, 5, 71, 95, 127, 129, low grade astrocytoma (diffuse) 335 methotrexate toxicity 53 137, 357 low grade glioma (diffuse astrocytoma) 335, 337 methylmalonic acidemia 9 unidentified bright objects (UBOs) 5, 127 low grade glioma (oligodendroglioma) 213, 219 methylmalonic aciduria 5 neurofibromatosis type II 391 Luschka foramina 355 microadenoma 80, 81 neuroglial cysts 301, 347, 349 lymphocytic adenohypophysitis (LAC) 83 microangiopathy 51, 53, 54, 55, 57 neuromyelitis optica (NMO) 29 lymphocytic hypophysitis 81, 82, 83 microcephaly 192, 193 neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis 19 lymphoma 89, 133, 278, 279 microhemorrhages 345 neurosarcoidosis 242, 243 primary (PCNSL) 17, 29, 57, 279, 317, 321, 325, midline brain defects 147 TB and other granulomas 279 326, 327, 329, 331, 337 midline brain structures 147 nodular heterotopia 240, 241 secondary 243, 245, 281, 289 migraine 45, 55, 237 non-accidental trauma 33, 179 lymphoma/inflammatory masses (Tolosa–Hunt Miller–Dieker syndrome 39 non-communicating hydrocephalus 181 syndrome, sarcoidosis) 97 mitochondrial disorders 25, 163, 339 non-ketotic hyperglycemic hemichorea 224, 225 lymphomatosis, intravascular 253 see also MELAS non-ketotic hyperglycinemia 15 mitochondrial encephalopathy (Leigh syndrome) glycine peak 15 macroadenoma see pituitary macroadenoma 7, 11, 15, 21, 29, 33, 123, 225 normal aging brain 55 macrocephaly 67 MLC (van der Knaap leukoencephalopathy) 46, 47 normal cavernous sinus asymmetry 101 Maffucci syndrome 109 molar tooth sign 117 normal cortico-spinal tracts 161 Magendie foramina 355 Monro–Kellie rule 75 normal dural venous sinuses 201 malignant edema 255 de Morsier syndrome 147 normal pituitary 83 malignant melanoma 209 Moyamoya disease/syndrome 209, 247, 250, 251, normal-pressure hydrocephalus 180, 181, 187 malignant meningioma 391 253, 375 manganese intoxication 3, 15 mucopolysaccharidoses (types I and II) 347 olfactory bulbs 147 maple syrup urine disease 122, 123 multiple sclerosis 55, 133, 135, 231, 233, 236, 237, olfactory neuroblastoma 282, 283 Marchiafava–Bignami syndrome 135 257, 329 oligodendroglioma 309, 332, 333, 335, 341, 391, Marfan syndrome 75 active 256, 257 400, 401 Meckel cave 97 chronic 45, 51, 53 olivary degeneration 132, 133 medullary veins, thrombosis 63 subtypes 237 olivary infarctions 133 medulloblastoma 355, 357, 358, 359 tumefactive 328, 329 olivopontocerebellar atrophy and Shy–Drager megaloencephalic leukoencephalopathy 49 multiple system atrophy 115, 120, 121 syndrome 121 with subcortical cysts (van der Knaap disease) muscle–eye–brain disease (MEB) 189 Ollier disease 109 45, 47, 67, 381 muscular dystrophies onion skin appearance 105 melanoma 209 congenital 188, 189 open ring 329 melanosis 208, 209 FCMD 189 ophthalmoplegia 101, 115 MELAS 25, 163, 338, 339 Fukuyama 189 optic glioma 94, 95 meningeal carcinomatosis 209, 244, 245 merosin-deficient 47 optic nerve hypoplasia and pituitary hormone meningioangiomatosis 177, 390, 391, 395 muscle–eye–brain and Fukuyama type 381 abnormalities 147 meningioma 85, 96, 97, 99, 103, 107, 269, 283, myelin antigens 231 optic nerve sheath meningioma 95 284, 285, 287, 289, 291, 297, 395, 406, myelination optic neuritis 95 407, 409 terminal areas 63 optic tract edema 91 cavernous sinus 249 see also demyelination orbital pseudotumor 103 intraventricular 306, 307 myelinolysis 135 osmotic myelinolysis 129 malignant 391 myelomeningocele 125 including CPM 29, 134, 135 optic nerve sheath 95 myoclonus 133 oxygen, supplementary 247 413

INDEX

Pacchionian bodies or granulations 201, 269 pontine infarction 135 sagging brain appearance 75 pachygyria 37, 39, 193 pontine tumors 129 sanctuary site of brain 321 pachymeningitis, idiopathic hypertrophic 75, pontocerebellar hypoplasia 189 Sandhoff diseases 19 281, 285 porencephalic cyst 165, 170, 171, 293, 349 sarcoidosis 89, 97, 245, 247, 285, 391 palatal tremor 133 post-endovascular treatment changes 226, 227 neurosarcoidosis 242, 243 palisading pattern 291 posterior fossa 245 Sarnat classification 15 Pallister–Hall syndrome 93 posterior limb of the internal capsule (PLIC) 15 schizencephaly 149, 171, 172, 173 pantothenate kinase-associated neurodegeneration posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome Schwann cells 211 (PKAN, Hallervorden–Spatz syndrome) (PRES) 64, 65, 207 schwannoma 99, 109, 249, 290, 291, 297, 361, 5, 7, 8, 9 hypertensive encephalopathy 27, 51, 65, 391, 409 papillary tumor of pineal region (PTPR) 139 239, 315 seizure-induced cortical changes 41, 43, 59, parasellar aneurysm 85, 104, 105 post-ictal changes 159 214, 215 parathyroid hormone 389 postoperative changes 75 seizures, gelastic 93 hyperparathyroidism 389, 395 postoperative defects 167, 168, 169 sellar, perisellar and midline lesions 77 hypoparathyroidism 389 postoperative encephalomalacia 165 semantic dementia (SD) 185 parenchymal contrast enhancement 169 post-traumatic atrophy 166, 167 sensorineural hearing loss 233 parenchymal defects/abnormal volume post-traumatic encephalomalacia 165 septic emboli 217 (Section 3) 197 precocious puberty 93 septo-optic dysplasia (SOD) 146, 147, 149 parenteral nutrition 3 primarily enhancing abnormalities 265 septo-preoptic holoprosencephaly 93 parietal encephalocele, atretic 150, 151 primarily extra-axial space-occupying setting sun sign 113 Parinaud syndrome 127, 137, 139, 141 lesions 311 severe hydrocephalus 195 Parkinson disease 115, 121, 183 primarily intra-axial masses shear injuries 131 pars intermedia cyst 79, 81 with blood products 175 Shy–Drager syndrome 121 Pelizaeus–Merzbacher disease 49, 69 without blood products 319 SICRET 233 penguin sign 115 primary brain neoplasms (high-grade gliomas) 329 siderosis 210, 211 Percheron artery infarction 23, 29 primary CNS lymphoma 17, 29, 57, 279, 317, 321, sinonasal malignancies with intracranial perinatal stroke 163 325, 326, 327, 331 extension 283 perineural tumor spread 97, 99, 101, 248, 249 primary lateral sclerosis 31 sinus pericranii 151 periodic sharp and slow wave complexes prion protein (PrPc) 25 sixth nerve palsy 127 (PSWCs) 25 progressive high-grade glioma 319 small vessel disease (leukoaraiosis) 45, 51, 53, perisylvian syndrome 36, 37 progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) 55, 57 perivascular spaces 51, 238, 239, 315 small vessel (lacunar) infarct 45, 217, 259, dilated 17, 55, 165, 346, 347 progressive nonfluent aphasia (PNFA) 185 347, 349 neuroepithelial cyst 223 progressive supranuclear palsy 114, 115, 121 snowman appearance 85 periventricular edema 57 prolactin levels 81 solitary fibrous tumor of CNS 285, 289 in acute hydrocephalus 56, 57 prominent arachnoid granulations (Pacchioni’s sonic hedgehog gene 149 periventricular leukomalacia 61, 62, 63, 69 granulations) 201 Sotos syndrome 175 periventricular nodular heterotopia 241 prosencephalic vein 143 split dura sign 75 periventricular white matter halo 57 pseudobulbar palsy (Foix–Chavany–Marie spontaneous intracranial hypotension 74, petroclival junction 109 syndrome) 37 75, 281 Pick disease 183, 185, 187 pseudocysts 17 sporadic small vessel disease (leukoaraiosis) 45, 51, pilocytic astrocytoma 129, 287, 335, 341, 343, 353, pseudotrisomy-13 93 53, 55, 57 355, 356, 357, 359, 361 puberty, precocious 93 squamous cell carcinoma 249 pineal cyst 140, 141 puff of smoke appearance 251 starfield pattern 217 pineal germinoma 137 pulvinar sign 25 status epilepticus 25, 215 pineal gland 89 pyogenic abscess 325, 331 status marmoratus 19 pineal region, papillary tumor (PTPR) 139 Streptococcus 323 pineoblastoma 137, 138, 139, 141 quadrigeminal plate 143 striatal (caudate nucleus and putamen) pineocytoma 137, 139, 141 atrophy 187 pituicytoma 85 racemose neurocysticercosis 298, 299, 303 string of pearls appearance 233 pituitary radiation/chemotherapy-induced cerebral necrosis stroke 165, 201 duplication 93 318, 319 stroke windows 229 ectopic posterior lobe 86, 87 radiation/chemotherapy-induced Sturge–Weber disease/syndrome 163, 176, 177, hyperplasia 83 leukoencephalopathy 51, 52, 53, 387, 389 209, 245, 261, 305, 395 macroadenoma 79, 83, 84, 85, 89, 91, 97, 99, 107 Rasmussen encephalitis 162, 163, 175, 177, 337 type III 391 malformations 147 Rathke cleft cyst 78, 79, 81, 85, 87, 91 subacute bacterial endocarditis 253 microadenoma 81 reading disorder 37 subacute hematoma 273, 323 normal 83 red nucleus 133 subacute hemorrhage 155 pituitary stalk pseudoduplication 87 RED-M 233 subacute infarct 243, 245, 254, 317, 255 plasmocytoma/metastasis 107 remote cerebellar hemorrhage 72, 73 subacute lacunar infarct 259 pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma 287, 333, 340, remote infarct 167, 169 subacute necrotizing encephalopathy 21 341, 343 remote trauma 169 subarachnoid hemorrhage 204, 205, 209, 251, 275, PML (progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy) retinal artery branch occlusions 233 297 51, 239, 315 reversible vasoconstriction syndrome 253 subarachnoid spaces 179 PNET, anaplastic ependymoma and ATRT 287 rhombencephalosynapsis 117, 118, 119 enlargement (benign extra axial collections) 33 pneumatized anterior clinoid 105 roofing membranes or cords 173 subcortical band heterotopia 35, 173 polymicrogyria 39, 175, 212, 213 Rosenthal fibers 67 subcortical tubers in tuberous sclerosis 402, 403 414

INDEX

subdural hematoma 75, 179, 273, 274, 275, 277, toluene toxicity 19 CNS 53, 55, 65, 163, 253, 257 279, 281 top of the basilar syndrome 23 vasogenic edema 65, 239 subdural hygroma 275 Touraine syndrome 209 vasospasm 251 subependymal giant cell astrocytoma (SEGA) 221, toxoplasmosis 17, 324, 325, 327, 345, 381, 383 vein of Galen 151 305, 307, 309, 351, 353, 403 congenital 381, 382, 383, 385 aneurysmal dilation 143 tuberous sclerosis 350, 351, 403 transtentorial herniation 131, 197 malformation 142, 143 subependymal nodular heterotopia 35, 221 trauma venous anomaly, developmental 259, 260, subependymal nodules (SEN), tuberous sclerosis brain injury 167 261, 375 351, 402, 403 non-accidental injury 33, 179 venous hypertension 251 subependymal tumor spread 265 subarachnoid hemorrhage 369 venous infarctions 65, 73, 229, 255 subependymoma 307, 309, 352, 353 treatment (radiation) necrosis 318, 319 venous sinus thrombosis 269 subfalcine herniation 197 triangle of Guillain and Mollaret 133 venous thrombosis 63, 203, 261, 277, 371, 373 superficial siderosis 210, 211 trident appearance 145 hemorrhage 73 superior ophthalmic vein (SOV) 103 trigeminal neuralgia 97 ventricles, asymmetric 301 cavernous sinus thrombosis 103 trisomy-18 303 ventricular diverticula, in hydrocephalus superoxide dismutase 31 tuber cinereum, hamartoma 92, 93 310, 311 suprasellar neoplasms 111 tubercular meningitis 247 ventriculitis 57, 247, 264, 265 germinoma 93 tubercular zone infarcts 331 ventriculomegaly 383 surgical procedures 73 tuberculoma 330, 331, 345 vermian hypoplasia 191 postoperative changes 75 tuberculosis 243, 245 vestibular nerve 291 surprised look 115 tuberous sclerosis 219, 220, 221, 241 schwannoma 285 Susac syndrome 59, 135, 232, 233, 237 subcortical tubers 402, 403 viking helmet appearance 145 sylvian aqueduct 113 subependymal giant cell astrocytoma (SEGA) viral encephalitis including HSE 159 compression 139 350, 351, 403 Virchow–Robin spaces 347 sylvian fissure 37 subependymal nodules 403 bleeding into 369 syntelencephaly 149 tumefactive demyelinating lesion 317, 321, 323, enlarged perivascular 349 327, 329 vitamin B complex 135 Taenia solium (pork tapeworm) 345 tumefactive multiple sclerosis 328, 329 von Hippel–Lindau disease 361 Tay–Sachs disease 19 tumors 169, 229, 249, 255, 391 von Recklinghausen disease 209 tectal glioma 113, 126, 127 hemorrhagic 370, 371 tectal hamartoma 127 primary (high-grade gliomas) 329 Walker–Warburg syndrome (WWS) 189 Teflon-induced granuloma 408, 409 primary or secondary 331 Wallerian degeneration 31, 145, 160, 161, temporal lobe seizures 343 see also metastases and specific lesions/conditions 165, 195 teratoid–rhabdoid tumor atypical (ATRT) 359 Turcot syndrome 343 Wernicke encephalopathy 28, 29 teratoma 91, 139, 153, 155 white-matter hyperintensities (WMH) 55, 237 thalamic edema 23 umbrella-shaped mid-fourth ventricle 117 whole-brain radiotherapy (WBRT) 53 therapy-induced (radiation) cerebral unidentified bright objects (UBOs) 5, 127 Wilson disease 11, 12, 13, 21, 33 necrosis 319 urea-cycle disorders 15 Wyburn–Mason syndrome 177 thiamine-deficiency state 29 thrombolysis 229 van der Knaap leukoencephalopathy 45, 46, 47, 49, X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy (X-ALD) 61 thrombophlebitis, infectious 101 67, 381 frontal variant 67 thumbs, adducted in neonates 113 variant CJD 29 xanthoastrocytoma 287, 333, 340, 341, 343 thunderclap headache 205 vascular dementia 183, 185 xanthogranuloma 303 thyroid ophthalmopathy 103 vascular malformation 177, 375, 377 tigroid patterns 69, 363 calcified 393 yin–yang sign 261 Tolosa–Hunt syndrome 98, 99, 101, 103, 249 vascular wall calcification 392, 393 sarcoidosis 97 vasculitis 217, 233, 235, 252, 253, 373 zebra sign 73

415