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Effects of Organically Enhanced Biofertilizer and Fertilizer Briquettes on Mineral Nutrition, Quality, and Yield of Corn and Soil Health

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Effects of Organically Enhanced Biofertilizer and Fertilizer Briquettes on Mineral Nutrition, Quality, and Yield of Corn and Soil Health University of Tennessee, Knoxville TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange Masters Theses Graduate School 5-2014 Effects of Organically Enhanced Biofertilizer and Fertilizer Briquettes on Mineral Nutrition, Quality, and Yield of Corn and Soil Health John Heggie Winings University of Tennessee - Knoxville, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_gradthes Part of the Agricultural Science Commons, and the Agronomy and Crop Sciences Commons Recommended Citation Winings, John Heggie, "Effects of Organically Enhanced Biofertilizer and Fertilizer Briquettes on Mineral Nutrition, Quality, and Yield of Corn and Soil Health. " Master's Thesis, University of Tennessee, 2014. https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_gradthes/2762 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. It has been accepted for inclusion in Masters Theses by an authorized administrator of TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. For more information, please contact [email protected]. To the Graduate Council: I am submitting herewith a thesis written by John Heggie Winings entitled "Effects of Organically Enhanced Biofertilizer and Fertilizer Briquettes on Mineral Nutrition, Quality, and Yield of Corn and Soil Health." I have examined the final electronic copy of this thesis for form and content and recommend that it be accepted in partial fulfillment of the equirr ements for the degree of Master of Science, with a major in Plant Sciences. Frank Yin, Major Professor We have read this thesis and recommend its acceptance: Fred L. Allen, Hubert J. Savoy, Arnold M. Saxton Accepted for the Council: Carolyn R. Hodges Vice Provost and Dean of the Graduate School (Original signatures are on file with official studentecor r ds.) Effects of Organically Enhanced Biofertilizer and Fertilizer Briquettes on Mineral Nutrition, Quality, and Yield of Corn and Soil Health A Thesis Presented for the Master of Science Degree The University of Tennessee, Knoxville John Heggie Winings May 2014 Copyright © 2014 by John Winings All rights reserved ii Acknowledgements I would like to express my deep appreciation for Drs. Frank Yin, Fred Allen, Hubert Savoy, and Arnold Saxton for serving as members of my graduate committee and for their guidance and support during my tenure as a graduate student at the University of Tennessee. I would like to particularly thank my major professor Dr. Frank Yin for selecting me as one of his graduate students and thus providing me with this wonderful opportunity to pursue higher education in a field of study that I so much enjoy. I would also like to thank Bob Sharp for all his technical support in performing the field research for this study. I would also like to extend an expression of appreciation to the International Fertilizer Development Center, Unity Envirotech, LLC., and other financial contributors for funding the research of which I was a part, thereby making it possible for me to participate in and acquire advanced scientific training without financially compromising my family. I would also like to thank my dear, sweet wife Anni for her support and patience as I have pursued this Master’s Degree. She is a wonderful woman and has been an excellent full time mother to our precious little girls during this time of transition in our lives. Her devotion to our family and the magnitude of her personal sacrifice in behalf of our little children at the expense of other attractive or financially promising pursuits is without parallel. iii Abstract Interest in alternate fertilizers has increased in recent years in order to improve crop nutrition and soil health. The efficacy of these fertilizers on corn (Zea mays L.) production and quality has been scarcely documented. Two alternative fertilizers, organically enhanced NPSFe Unity biofertilizer (Unity) manufactured from sterilized organic additives extracted from municipal wastewater biosolids and NPKZn briquettes (briquettes) produced by compacting solid fertilizers into a super-granule between 1-3 grams, were evaluated for nutrient concentrations, growth, quality, and yield of corn, residual soil nutrient levels, and soil microbial community structure relative to the conventional fertilizers ammonium sulfate and urea at Jackson and Ames, TN from 2011 to 2013. Unity, briquettes, ammonium sulfate, and urea, and four N rates of 0, 85, 128/170, and 170/255 kg ha-1 [hectare] were assigned to the main and sub plots, respectively, in a split plot randomized complete block design with four replicates. Unity sometimes had lower N and P concentrations in plant biomass and grain, but resulted in greater Zn concentrations in plant biomass at higher N rates. Plant Fe concentration was not increased by the application of Unity. The briquettes did not consistently improve N, P, K, and Zn nutrition in the plant. Unity and ammonium sulfate resulted in higher plant S concentrations than the briquettes and urea. Unity increased soil organic C levels, but decreased diversity of soil microbes. The briquettes - produced lower soil NO3 -N [nitrate] concentrations particularly under wet soil conditions. Unity and ammonium sulfate generally maintained stronger plant growth through early to middle season of corn than the banded briquettes and split-applied urea. Physiological defects were fewer under briquette fertilization at lower N rates. Unity and the briquettes at lower N rates had greater grain yields; at higher N rates they were only comparable in grain yield to ammonium sulfate and urea. Unity and the briquettes also had greater grain yields under wet soil conditions. In conclusion, the agronomic benefits with the briquettes are not consistent compared to the conventional prilled fertilizers. Unity biofertilizer is a viable source to increase plant S nutrition and soil C sequestration. iv Table of Contents CHAPTER 1 Introduction and Literature Review ...........................................................................1 Introduction ................................................................................................................................2 Literature Review.......................................................................................................................9 Agronomic Use of Biosolid Fertilizer..................................................................................9 Agronomic Use of Fertilizer Briquettes .............................................................................13 Literature Cited ........................................................................................................................16 CHAPTER 2 Effect of NPSFe Biofertilizer and NPKZn Briquettes on Corn Mineral Nutrition and Soil Nutrient Levels ...............................................................................................................24 Abstract ....................................................................................................................................25 Introduction ..............................................................................................................................26 Materials and Methods .............................................................................................................29 Soil Description .................................................................................................................29 Corn Planting .....................................................................................................................29 Treatments..........................................................................................................................29 Off-Season Treatments ......................................................................................................32 Soil and Plant Sampling, Analysis, and Measurements .....................................................32 Statistical Analysis .............................................................................................................34 Results and Discussion ............................................................................................................35 Nutrient Concentrations in Plant Biomass and Grain ........................................................35 Nitrogen .................................................................................................................35 Phosphorus .............................................................................................................37 Potassium ...............................................................................................................38 Sulfur......................................................................................................................39 Iron .........................................................................................................................41 Zinc ........................................................................................................................42 Soil Nutrient Concentrations..............................................................................................44 Phosphorus .............................................................................................................44 Nitrate—N..............................................................................................................45 v Ammonium—N .....................................................................................................46
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