The Triangle; 'Mindfulness', DMT and Neuroscience – a Theoretical Approach
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The Triangle; 'Mindfulness', DMT and Neuroscience – a theoretical approach Dita Federman In this article, I will explain the development of dance movement therapy (DMT) and the theoretical approaches that have influenced that development, present the basic principles of two main approaches, and highlight the connection between DMT to research of the brain and the concept of Mindfulness. Throughout, I will mention the different branches that came and integrated with the traditional therapeutic approach and became an integral part of the overall therapeutic approach that uses dance as a medium for therapy and diagnostics. DMT is one of the mental health treatment modalities within the field of creative arts therapies. It is a branch of psychotherapy that offers an additional language that is non-verbal, symbolic, self-expressive, emotional, and sensory. According to the American Dance Therapy Association (ADTA), Dance Movement therapy is a therapeutic process that promotes the integration of an individual‟s emotional, physical, social, and cognitive self. The field is Dita Judith Federman, PhD is an accredited defined by British Dance Movement Therapy Dance Movement Therapist, psychotherapist, Association (ADMT UK) as “using psychotherapy of movement and dance, by which senior researcher, lecturer and supervisor at the an individual can promote integration of the research center of the graduate school of the arts emotional, cognitive, physical, and social self therapies, University of Haifa. She has years of through creative practice” (ADMT UK, 1997; experience within psychiatric settings, children, Best, 2003). This type of therapy is based on the adults and geriatric populations. Dita studied grasp and understanding of the fields of Psychology and Expressive Arts Therapies and psychology and physiology. The therapeutic process refers to the art of dance and movement received her PhD in Human &Life Science from as an expression of deep layers of the the University of Surrey, U.K. Dr Federman has unconscious. The experience evokes associations, established DMT in the Psychiatric setting of imagery, memories, and emotions, which are ‘Rambam’ Hospital, and was Head of a DMT then verbally processed after or during the diploma training for 16 years. Since 2008 Dr movement experience. This therapy method is Federman has been Head of the DMT training at relatively new, but the use of ritual dance for the the Grad. School of Creative Art Therapies, purpose of healing and expression of emotion is as old as history itself. Prehistoric cave paintings University of Haifa. Her areas of interest are depict dance and movement performed for ritual Neurodegenerative disorders, movement and and healing purposes. Even today, one can find memory, 'Mindfulness' and stress management. healing dances in Tibetan culture as well as many Affiliation; Graduate School of Creative Art other cultures outside of the western world, such Therapies, University of Haifa, Israel as African or Native American cultures. Dance caught on as a central component in religious rituals and it was particularly an expressive We should consider every day lost device for life events such as birth, adulthood, on which we have not danced at marriage, and death. It also serves as a means of healing illness and the expulsion of „demons‟, least once. which used to refer to mental illness. Dance was (Friedrich Nietzsche) a means for overcoming fears. Rituals utilizing DTAA Journal, Moving On, Volume 12, No‟s 3 and 4, 2015 7 dance helped individuals and society cope with DMT is a phenomenological approach based on crisis situations, such as going to war or natural dynamic understandings. With the help of disasters. profound observation and descriptions of the process of the creation itself, along with the The consistent rhythm of movement is known to objective reflection of the descriptions by the us by written and filmed testimonies of traveling patient, one can observe the relationship and researchers, to preserved tribal societies authentic create the possibility for change. The basic idea lifestyles. Who has not seen, in his imagination of this therapeutic approach is that the process of or in a western movie, Indians/Native movement reflects the mental/emotional state of American‟s in war paint dancing as a group the individual and how it affects them. The around a fire with matched movements and human ability to create, to imagine, to dance, and uniformed rhythm growing louder. Movement to move parts of the body is certainly a means of like this gives a sense of power and belonging. self-expression. In the therapeutic process, Even in the modern world, we are witness to improvisation, the story of the body, props, and dance that leads to ecstasy, where an individual the group are utilized. dances at the center of the group, and it provides him a border and protection. The rhythm of the The basic assumptions of DMT are: circle increases until the circular movement leads a) in the body are the hidden stories of our lives; to the loss of the sense of body and „self‟. b) movement amplifies feeling; However, this form of dance is still not therapy c) emotional situations are expressed in the body; since it is missing the factor that channels the d) physical conditions have an effect on the emotions, hardships, and content that arises psyche; during the process, which is then turned into the e) changes in movement patterns bring an individual‟s communications and connections emotional change; and with significant others and past memories. This is f) emotional change brings about a change in in order to allow the individual an understanding movement patterns. of the process he just underwent. As mentioned previously, DMT is included in The relationship between dance and therapy inter-disciplinary fields of creative arts therapies seems puzzling at first glance, and here may be along with visual art therapy, music therapy, the place to explain: the use of movement as a drama therapy, and psychodrama. The method medium for diagnosis and treatment is based on began as an independent discipline in the Unites the fundamental premise that in the body are the States in the 1940‟s and was founded by Marian hidden stories of our lives and with the help of Chace. She instigated the collaboration between dance and movement, the individual can reach psychiatrists, psychologists, and professionals them, bring them to the surface – and during the from the world of dance, who felt that the treatment, change them into different endings. therapeutic capabilities of movement already existed. During the same time, Rudolf Laban Additionally, throughout history, elements of began developing his theory of Dance Movement movement have been used for communicative Therapy in Europe. Laban‟s theory is particularly purposes; these elements were based on man‟s well known and serves as a tool for diagnosis and development process. The first language a person treatment, which will be expanded on further is born with is actually body language. A baby later in the article. Although the theoretical experiences his existence almost exclusively anchor of DMT relies on psychoanalytic theories through his body, and through it, he is also that have developed in psychotherapy, much of engaged with the world. He expresses hunger, the therapeutic basis was contributed by thirst, any other discomfort in movements and therapists who had begun their careers as grimaces, in which his whole body participates. dancers, dance teachers, and creators, such as Even the calm that comes with his satisfaction is Chace, Laban, and other leaders in the field. expressed through the body. During development, the child gradually loses the ability DMT sees the artistic-kinesthetic action as a of physical expression as the only means of means to change. Emotional movement expressing physical-emotional needs, and he has experiences evoke associations, images, added the ability to express his emotions through memories and emotions, which are processed speech. However, the physical manifestations of verbally during or after the movement, as a part emotional distress are still active and are of the therapeutic interaction. For example, expressed in a time of anguish. content may be expressed by restricted breathing, the organizational stability of the skeleton, and DTAA Journal, Moving On, Volume 12, No‟s 3 and 4, 2015 8 the unique movement patterns of an individual, of group work with this population. Through such as parts of the body that are not used or movement, she reflected the actions they carried rarely used. The action of restricted breathing out, especially the dynamic qualities of their may have developed due to the „holding‟ of movement. This is the caliber of emotion that is emotional content of traumatic memories, or shared with the therapist, the patient, and the defense mechanisms that manifest physically, or participants in the group. It is not an exact because of an organic problem. Eye contact, or imitation of the behavior or the expression of the lack of, can also be an expression of another person‟s inner world, but rather, a concealed emotional content. The creative reflection of a particular quality of his expression reflects the inner experience of the expression. Chace used the body and movement patient. in order to create a dialogue with the mind. This type of therapy bridges man‟s inner and outer In the early 1970‟s, Israel began to use world by integrating movement, speech, and movement for therapeutic means. The Israeli body awareness in order to reach mind-body Association of Creative and Expressive integration. Chace‟s work is based on four Therapies (YAHAT), has been active since 1971 principles – body activities, symbolism, group as an overseeing union of the creative arts rhythm, and therapeutic movement – which will therapies professions. The association adopted be expanded upon now. the definitions, such as the ways and methods, developed in the United States by the ADTA, Body Activities: Chace saw intrinsic value in which was founded in 1966.