The Triangle; 'Mindfulness', DMT and Neuroscience – a theoretical approach

Dita Federman In this article, I will explain the development of movement therapy (DMT) and the theoretical approaches that have influenced that development, present the basic principles of two main approaches, and highlight the between DMT to research of the brain and the concept of Mindfulness. Throughout, I will mention the different branches that came and integrated with the traditional therapeutic approach and became an integral part of the overall therapeutic approach that uses dance as a medium for therapy and diagnostics.

DMT is one of the mental health treatment modalities within the field of creative arts therapies. It is a branch of psychotherapy that offers an additional language that is non-verbal, symbolic, self-expressive, emotional, and sensory. According to the American Dance Therapy Association (ADTA), Dance Movement therapy is a therapeutic process that promotes the integration of an individual‟s emotional, physical, social, and cognitive self. The field is Dita Judith Federman, PhD is an accredited defined by British Dance Movement Therapy Dance Movement Therapist, psychotherapist, Association (ADMT UK) as “using psychotherapy of movement and dance, by which senior researcher, lecturer and supervisor at the an individual can promote integration of the research center of the graduate school of the arts emotional, cognitive, physical, and social self therapies, University of Haifa. She has years of through creative practice” (ADMT UK, 1997; experience within psychiatric settings, children, Best, 2003). This type of therapy is based on the adults and geriatric populations. Dita studied grasp and understanding of the fields of Psychology and Expressive Arts Therapies and psychology and physiology. The therapeutic process refers to the art of dance and movement received her PhD in Human &Life Science from as an expression of deep layers of the the University of Surrey, U.K. Dr Federman has unconscious. The experience evokes associations, established DMT in the Psychiatric setting of imagery, memories, and emotions, which are ‘Rambam’ Hospital, and was Head of a DMT then verbally processed after or during the diploma training for 16 years. Since 2008 Dr movement experience. This therapy method is Federman has been Head of the DMT training at relatively new, but the use of ritual dance for the the Grad. School of Creative Art Therapies, purpose of healing and expression of emotion is as old as history itself. Prehistoric cave paintings University of Haifa. Her areas of interest are depict dance and movement performed for ritual Neurodegenerative disorders, movement and and healing purposes. Even today, one can find memory, 'Mindfulness' and stress management. healing in Tibetan culture as well as many Affiliation; Graduate School of Creative Art other cultures outside of the western world, such Therapies, University of Haifa, Israel as African or Native American cultures. Dance caught on as a central component in religious rituals and it was particularly an expressive We should consider every day lost device for life events such as birth, adulthood, on which we have not danced at marriage, and death. It also serves as a means of healing illness and the expulsion of „demons‟, least once. which used to refer to mental illness. Dance was (Friedrich Nietzsche) a means for overcoming fears. Rituals utilizing

DTAA Journal, Moving On, Volume 12, No‟s 3 and 4, 2015 7 dance helped individuals and society cope with DMT is a phenomenological approach based on crisis situations, such as going to war or natural dynamic understandings. With the help of disasters. profound observation and descriptions of the process of the creation itself, along with the The consistent rhythm of movement is known to objective reflection of the descriptions by the us by written and filmed testimonies of traveling patient, one can observe the relationship and researchers, to preserved tribal societies authentic create the possibility for change. The basic idea lifestyles. Who has not seen, in his imagination of this therapeutic approach is that the process of or in a western movie, Indians/Native movement reflects the mental/emotional state of American‟s in war as a group the individual and how it affects them. The around a fire with matched movements and human ability to create, to imagine, to dance, and uniformed rhythm growing louder. Movement to move parts of the body is certainly a means of like this gives a sense of power and belonging. self-expression. In the therapeutic process, Even in the modern world, we are witness to improvisation, the story of the body, props, and dance that leads to ecstasy, where an individual the group are utilized. dances at the center of the group, and it provides him a border and protection. The rhythm of the The basic assumptions of DMT are: circle increases until the circular movement leads a) in the body are the hidden stories of our lives; to the loss of the sense of body and „self‟. b) movement amplifies feeling; However, this form of dance is still not therapy c) emotional situations are expressed in the body; since it is missing the factor that channels the d) physical conditions have an effect on the emotions, hardships, and content that arises psyche; during the process, which is then turned into the e) changes in movement patterns bring an individual‟s communications and connections emotional change; and with significant others and past memories. This is f) emotional change brings about a change in in order to allow the individual an understanding movement patterns. of the process he just underwent. As mentioned previously, DMT is included in The relationship between dance and therapy inter-disciplinary fields of creative arts therapies seems puzzling at first glance, and here may be along with visual art therapy, music therapy, the place to explain: the use of movement as a drama therapy, and psychodrama. The method medium for diagnosis and treatment is based on began as an independent discipline in the Unites the fundamental premise that in the body are the States in the 1940‟s and was founded by Marian hidden stories of our lives and with the help of Chace. She instigated the collaboration between dance and movement, the individual can reach psychiatrists, psychologists, and professionals them, bring them to the surface – and during the from the world of dance, who felt that the treatment, change them into different endings. therapeutic capabilities of movement already existed. During the same time, Rudolf Laban Additionally, throughout history, elements of began developing his theory of Dance Movement movement have been used for communicative Therapy in Europe. Laban‟s theory is particularly purposes; these elements were based on man‟s well known and serves as a tool for diagnosis and development process. The first language a person treatment, which will be expanded on further is born with is actually body language. A baby later in the article. Although the theoretical experiences his existence almost exclusively anchor of DMT relies on psychoanalytic theories through his body, and through it, he is also that have developed in psychotherapy, much of engaged with the world. He expresses hunger, the therapeutic basis was contributed by thirst, any other discomfort in movements and therapists who had begun their careers as grimaces, in which his whole body participates. dancers, dance teachers, and creators, such as Even the calm that comes with his satisfaction is Chace, Laban, and other leaders in the field. expressed through the body. During development, the child gradually loses the ability DMT sees the artistic-kinesthetic action as a of physical expression as the only means of means to change. Emotional movement expressing physical-emotional needs, and he has experiences evoke associations, images, added the ability to express his emotions through memories and emotions, which are processed speech. However, the physical manifestations of verbally during or after the movement, as a part emotional distress are still active and are of the therapeutic interaction. For example, expressed in a time of anguish. content may be expressed by restricted breathing, the organizational stability of the skeleton, and

DTAA Journal, Moving On, Volume 12, No‟s 3 and 4, 2015 8 the unique movement patterns of an individual, of group work with this population. Through such as parts of the body that are not used or movement, she reflected the actions they carried rarely used. The action of restricted breathing out, especially the dynamic qualities of their may have developed due to the „holding‟ of movement. This is the caliber of emotion that is emotional content of traumatic memories, or shared with the therapist, the patient, and the defense mechanisms that manifest physically, or participants in the group. It is not an exact because of an organic problem. Eye contact, or imitation of the behavior or the expression of the lack of, can also be an expression of another person‟s inner world, but rather, a concealed emotional content. The creative reflection of a particular quality of his expression reflects the inner experience of the expression. Chace used the body and movement patient. in order to create a dialogue with the mind. This type of therapy bridges man‟s inner and outer In the early 1970‟s, Israel began to use world by integrating movement, speech, and movement for therapeutic means. The Israeli body awareness in order to reach mind-body Association of Creative and Expressive integration. Chace‟s work is based on four Therapies (YAHAT), has been active since 1971 principles – body activities, symbolism, group as an overseeing union of the creative arts rhythm, and therapeutic movement – which will therapies professions. The association adopted be expanded upon now. the definitions, such as the ways and methods, developed in the United States by the ADTA, Body Activities: Chace saw intrinsic value in which was founded in 1966. The first training movement and believed that distortions exist in program in Israel was established in 1980 at the body movement as a maladjusted reaction to University of Haifa in the Department of conflict and pain. For example, people suffering Education by two American women – Mara Kapi from depression, they reduce the amount of space and Sharon Chaiklin. Chaiklin, a former student they use to move, or certain patients who choose of Chace, has continued her work and serves as not to move a specific limb. Dance movement the president of the Chace Foundation. In 2008, helps to organize the body in space, and with its the Graduate School of Creative Arts Therapies help, the patient learns to know his body and was established at the University of Haifa under becomes aware of it and his breathing. Change the auspices of the Israeli Council of Higher will start to take place when he begins to allow Education. himself to experience, feel the action of the body, and to express these feelings through movement In this article, I have selected two central and words. therapeutic approaches, which, in retrospect, can strengthen and confirm their rationale for using Symbolism: Both the psychotic patient and the findings from neuroscience and the concept of dancer use symbolic gestures to express mirror neurons (Berrol, 2006; McGarry & Russo, emotions. The dancer will choose exaggerated or 2011): Marian Chace‟s approach, known as the strange situations in order to connect with the Chace Approach and Mary Whitehouse‟s (1911- audience. The patient will share an expression of 1979) approach, known as Authentic Movement. inner feelings that he cannot express in words. These women were dancers influenced by the The symbolic nature of movement allows for the theoretical models of Freud, Adler, Jung, and expression of needs and emotions. For example, Reich as well as the populations they met at the a patient that is curled up in the corner of the dance studio (Bragante, 2006; Reich, 1949; room, who does not want to participate in the Sidoli, 2000). Both approaches presented in this movement, after being encouraged to join the article complement each other, but differ in how circle, will create rhythmic movement by they utilize movement as therapy. Chace referred stamping her feet and begin to dance. After she to the movement as a basic form of finishes her dance, she says “It reminds me of my communication that allows an individual to wedding, so I danced.” The therapist not only connect to others, while in other areas he would responds to the symbolic expression, but also be disconnected due to illness (Levy, 1988). offers content. Together, the therapist and the Whitehouse developed an approach to work with patient create new symbolic interactions. The use the subconscious in the presence of the „other‟, of symbolism allows the patient to remember, to which she called Movement in Depth (Adler, live, to experience, and to perhaps create a 1999). different end for his narrative.

Chace began working in 1942 with the mentally Group Rhythm: A group of people moving ill. She mirrored their mood, their movements, together gives an individual a sense of power and and their voices and emphasized the importance security. Chace argued that the rhythm is the

DTAA Journal, Moving On, Volume 12, No‟s 3 and 4, 2015 9 cause of the organized behavior and creates a After the completion of the movement, there is sense of solidarity amongst people. When „transition time‟ for creative expression in the emotions are expressed in a shared rhythm, each visual arts, reflective writing, etc. Towards the participant takes from the overall energy of the end of the meeting, a verbal sharing takes place group and experiences a sense of power and between the witness to the movement and the security. individual. The gradual process and the transition between the different stages are designed to Therapeutic Movement: According to Chace, allow preliminary and repressed contents to therapeutic movement is movement that is appear, to be experienced anew, to be expressed fundamentally different from dance movements in movement, and to be changed into content that are just for fun. This type of movement is accessible for transcription and discussion. intended to interact with the unknown and allows the individual to tell his story through motion, to The witness‟s ability to understand the soul of the get feedback from his movements, and to feel individual through the observed movement understood. carries within itself a potential salve because the repressed content that still cannot be The approach that Whitehouse conceived is communicated verbally is seen and understood Authentic Movement, which was continued by (Tortora, 2010). It is on the witness to do an Janet Adler, John Chodorow, Tina Stromsted, internal reflection on the imagery, the memories, and others. Whitehouse talks about the active and the physical sensations that arise in the imagination of the west of a person in motion, the course of the observation and to try to distinguish observer, and the dynamics of their relationships. between his imagery, his memories, and his The intention of the empathetic body process personal feelings to those that are expressed in between the self and the „other‟, where the other the motion that he is observing. By paying observes the movement process or vice versa. attention to the contents emerging in the The significance of the evidence is in the mutual movement during the time of observation, he reflection, reciprocal dyadic mirroring gaze, such gives inside himself a place for the contents of as the mirroring created between mother and the mover and creates containment, which will baby: the mother watches her baby, reflects his allow the inner world and unconscious of the movements, and creates an empathetic mover to manifest and become conscious. The connection with him (Benjamin, 2004). relationship between the witness and the mover is reminiscent of the initial dyad of mother and Whitehouse, who pioneered authentic movement, baby – where the mother gives her baby the based it on Jung‟s principle of active knowledge that is understandable, even without imagination, which states that the healing process the use of words. can strengthen the bond with the subconscious through granting the liberty of imagination One can understand the rationale of the two main (Halprin, 2003). In authentic movement, the approaches presented here with the help of the individual moves with his eyes closed and findings of brain research and the concept of without any musical accompaniment, in order to mirror neurons (Berrol, 2006; McGarry & Russo, facilitate the directing of attention inward and to 2011). Through mirror neurons an individual can allow him to create and experience a deep and share in another‟s feelings, even their intimate connection with himself (Pallaro, 2007). movements, and additionally, he is able to The source of the movement is from the deep understand others intellectually. The innovation inner listening of internal impulses, to physical of mirror neurons is to connect two domains, sensations, and to images and memories – from motor and visual, that were considered not which spontaneous expression and unplanned related to each other (Rizzolatti & Creaighero, movement rises. The individual waits for the 2004; Rizzolatti & Sinigaglia, 2008). inner feeling to drive him (unlike movement planned in advance) and it creates a potential Mirrors neurons were discovered in the 1990‟s in space to allow the internal contents to be a study conducted on neural responses to body expressed via movement. The movement is done movement. These nerve cells are activated while in the presence of a witness, watching him performing an action and watching the action intently but without judgment. His role is to performed by another and they are able to reflect create a sense of security and enable the actions and behaviors of another person, as if an individual in movement to experience feelings of individual were watching himself perform those visibility, strength, and containment (Bragante, actions and behaviors. As a result, the individual 2006; Payen, 2006). can feel what the other feels. Mirror neurons exist in different regions of the brain: the

DTAA Journal, Moving On, Volume 12, No‟s 3 and 4, 2015 10 prefrontal cortex, where they are connected to movement. It was discovered that when a mirror sections of motor imitation and associative motor level was adjusted – such as when groups of learning; the limbic system, where one feels nerve cells intensify in the individual that is emotion; and in the insular cortex, where they are moving in sync with another or when he related to social emotions such as shame and anticipates another‟s movement – a neuron guilt. Between these parts of the brain neural network, which is responsible for the adjusted connections exist. Mirroring emotions and motor mirroring, creates an intra-neural connection functions activates the mirror neurons and gives between two individuals. From this we learn that feedback to the emotional and empathetic areas mirror neurons help a person to connect to the [of the brain]. This is a circular process: the areas emotions of other people. in the prefrontal cortex that are related to planning movement will activate when watching The theoretical basis of motion therapy relies on the movement of another, then the areas the therapist‟s ability to reflect or echo to the associated with emotional activities, such as the patient his feelings and experiences through amygdale and the hippocampus, will activate movement. The echo or the reflection is like an when viewing the expression of emotions. In empathic experience by means of joining his other words, just from observation alone, the movements, like the mother-infant connection, emotional experience of movement is awoken. that when the mother „returns‟ to her infant what The discovery of the existence of mirror neurons was projected on her, but in a regulated and validates key concepts in the theory of movement consumed manner, in order for it to be contained. therapy, especially mirroring, as well as empathy Various studies in the field of neuroscience and kinesthetic/physical empathy, meaning that (Gallese, 2003; Galleze & Rizzolatti, 2002) shed the body feels what the other feels (Berrol, 2006; light on the process of interpersonal empathy. Galleze, 2001). Mirroring, as explained through mirror neurons, The connection between the motor and visual gives a scientific explanation of techniques and areas is researched by neuroscientists, who claim therapeutic interventions, which uses intuition. that in the brain, from its regulatory Choreographer Paul Taylor, who felt in his body development, a connection exists, even what brain researchers had discovered in their synchronization between the observer and the laboratory, stated: “I can feel in my body person moving. The observer experiences the movements that another person made.” This movement as if it was his experience, thus ability, while important, does not provide a creating an emotional bond between the observer therapeutic relationship, and from there derives and mover. It is a state, where groups of nerve the great importance of a systematic diagnosis, cells respond to increased activity in the which follows and develops in movement individual, which moves in synchronicity with therapy. the other or even when just observing another moving. For the observer and the performer of Since the 50s, there have been attempts to the movement, identical sets of neurons are develop a language of observation and diagnosis enabled. For example, facial expressions of the in movement in order to understand the complex individual can indicate suffering to the observers behavior of movement (Brennan, 1999). or the theme of a heavy burden or expressions of Diagnostic methods that use motion therapy rely joy and excitement of spectators for scoring a on the theory of Rudolf Laban (1879-1958), who goal at a football (soccer) game. developed a method that enables researching, understanding, and writing movement (Laban, Among populations suffering from delayed 1992). His successors, Warren Lamb (Lamb, development (Autism, for example), mirror 1965), Marianne North (North, 1972), and neuron activity is faulty, the identification Irmgard Bartenief (Bartenief, 1980), expanded mechanism of the other is inefficient and does his method and turned it into the Laban not allow the synchronization between the Movement Analysis (LMA), which is also called observer and the mover. Because of this, there is Shape Effort (Rollwagen, 2007). This approach is a lack of understanding of the meaning of the based on Effort and Shape in movement, when activity of the other and the ability to identify they come to express qualitative changes in it emotional behavior. Another aspect that stems [the movement]. With the help of this approach, from the discovery of the existence and you can describe the various possibilities of the functionality of the mirror neurons relates to movement with a focus on major body parts: group therapy and the various levels of what motivates them, why they move, how they interpersonal relations between the members of move, and what is the goal of the movement. the group and the observer that exists in Laban explained that the goal is awareness of DTAA Journal, Moving On, Volume 12, No‟s 3 and 4, 2015 11 feelings and after the flux of the spontaneous between movement and traumatic events, movement, balance, spatial orientation, and between movement and memory, between harmonious personality development is created. movement therapy and neurodegenerative Judy Kestenberg (1910-1998), a student of diseases, particularly Parkinson‟s, and the Laban, a psychoanalyst and a neurobiologist, between movement and individual components. went on to develop the method, along with Anna In the first part of this article, I presented the Freud, called the Kestenberg Movement Profile development of movement therapy and its (KMP), which takes a developmental approach. relationship to research in neuroscience, and This developmental profile considers body what happens in the present, and where are we movement, in movement patterns, in rhythm and headed. In the past, movement and body were a movement preferences connection and reference threat to the world of psychoanalysis, yet today, to the psychosexual stage of psychomotor the majority of treatment methods refer to the development, emotionally and intellectually body. Pioneers of movement therapy discovered (Amighi, Loman, Lewis, & Sossin, 1999). the therapeutic principles of experience and intuition. They are used in mirroring movement In Israel, Yona Shachar Levi developed the in the therapeutic relationship and they create physical-mental paradigm. This diagnostic- relationships that allow creative expression. developmental model attempts to track the phases Brain studies provide a scientific explanation of and mechanisms of the beginning of life, in order these processes. Chace saw rhythmic motion in to sharpen the emotional meaning that the group through contact, and even today, accompanies the movement and answers various movement therapists are often called to assist in questions, such as “Which mechanisms are places where it seems difficult to develop social activated in the body in order to gain control?” contact. It should be mentioned here that a “How does it [the body] preserve memories?” diagnosis published in the DSM-V relates to “What happens to the body during an anxiety difficulties in the development of social thinking attack or depression” and so on. Shachar Levi called Social Communication Disorder (SCD). emphasized that the body stores in itself clusters This diagnosis is characterized by difficulties in of every stage of development, which exist in verbal and non-verbal communication, not as a adults even when they no longer need them result of low intelligence. The non-verbal (Shachar Levi, 1989). elements of social communication can be developed by using games in movement with the To date, all of the research methods that are used group. in the diagnostics of movement rely on the concepts of Laban, who began documenting the Moreover, van der Kolk and colleagues (1994; body movements of dancers and actors. Since 2003), introduced the trauma and post-trauma many publications, particularly neuroscience, psychiatric diagnosis in 1980, and research refer to the theory and the research, the question demonstrates that the body is the key to treating is: How do you apply the theory, which is trauma. Physical methods include components supported by empirical research, in the field of such as movement, breath, guided imagery, and treatment? The Cochrane Review came to our mediation to allow relaxation and to help treat aid. The Cochrane Review is an international trauma. There are also other treatment methods professional body that is based on comprehensive that use the body, such as Mindfulness. studies and determines the effectiveness of different therapies. I will give a few examples of I have chosen to refer here to the association their findings: movement therapy is effective in between the mindfulness approach and treating schizophrenia and depressive patients movement therapy. These two therapeutic (Akandere & Demir, 2011; Koch, Morlinghous & approaches have much in common (as explained Fuchs, 2007); effective with Alzheimer‟s patients later on). The mindfulness approach began to (Coaten, 2010; Dayanim, 2009); with patients flourish in the 2000‟s and emphasizes giving with cystic fibrosis (Goodill, 2005) and attention to the feelings that arise in the here and Parkinson‟s Disease (Bunce, 2008; Earhart, now. The term “mindfulness” comes from Hackney, & Kantorovich, 2007; Earhart & Buddhist psychology and means listening – Hackney, 2009; Earhart, Marchant, & Sylvester, wakeful attendance, breathing, and looking at the 2010). It was also discovered that movement „here and now‟, moment by moment, without therapy is effective in reducing stress and raising judgment, and with acceptance. This approach the quality of life (Brauninger, 2012). Current allows the individual to come out of the research projects, which I am involved in through „automaton‟ mode that most of us are typically the Emili Sagol Research Center at the working in and where most experiences pass us University of Haifa, examine the relationship by without noticing them. Mindfulness is a skill DTAA Journal, Moving On, Volume 12, No‟s 3 and 4, 2015 12 that can be developed proactively and To summarize, in today‟s mental health systematically, and is expected to increase treatment, the emphasis placed on verbal aspects, alertness, patience, attention, and the ability for is resolved scientifically by the presence of the inclusion and compassion (Baer, 2003). The body in the field of therapy and especially the practice of mindfulness was originally a Buddhist presence and significance of movement as a custom that in the past was considered esoteric common space for observation, regulation, and restricted to a few. In recent years, it has creation, and impact. The body is no longer a become the focus of professional interest and is collection of organs, but rather the essence of now being widely researched. More than 2,500 active movement along the axis of life. research studies in scientific literature indicate Meanwhile, much is shrouded in secrecy, the efficacy of mindfulness in the treatment of particularly in regard to brain research – but very stress and preventing the recurrence of slowly it turns out the phrase “it‟s all in your depression, anxiety, personality disorders, head,” which will record that someone is not attention deficit disorders, syndromes of chronic realistic, simply correct. And that what is physical pain, and psychotic disorders (Crane, happening „in your head‟ can be influenced, 2009). among other thing, with the help of movement.

The connection between mindfulness and Bibliography movement therapy is based on the detailed Adler, J. (1999). Who is the witness? A attention that is at the base of these two description of authentic movement. In: P. Pallaro approaches. Both consider the body and its (Ed.), Authentic movement- essays by Mary feelings: the mindfulness approach is fueled by Starks Whitehouse, Janet Adler and Joan Buddhist doctrines and adapted to western Chodorow (pp. 141-159). London: Jessica customs (Kabat-Zinn, 2013), and movement Kingsley. therapy is fueled by movement rituals that were common in ancient tribes and was optimized for Amighi, J. K, Loman, S., Lewis, P. & Sossin, M. (1999). The meaning of movement. treatment of the mentally ill (Marian Chace). The Developmental and clinical perspectives of the three main components of mindfulness – Kestenberg Movement Profile. Boston, Gordon attention, listening to the „here and now‟, and and Breach Publishers. lack of judgment – are the foundation stones of the authentic movement approach mentioned Association for Dance Movement Therapy UK here (Adler, 1999; Weiss, 2009). The treatment, (ADMT UK) (1997). Define dance movement according to this approach, begins motionless, in therapy, E-motion. ADMT UK Quarterly, 9, 1-17. quiet, focusing inward on attention and listening Baer, R. A. (2003). Mindfulness training as a to the body, and addressing the feelings arising in clinical intervention: A conceptual and empirical the here and now without judgment. review. Clinical Psychology; Science & Practice, 10(2), 125-143. The therapeutic benefits of the mindfulness approach arises from the ability to expand the Benjamin, J. (2004). Beyond doer and done to: containment of feelings, and later on, states of An intersubjective view of thirdness. Psychoanalytic Quarterly, 73(1), 5–46. consciousness, even when they are uncomfortable. In addition to this, it creates Berrol, C. F. (2006). Neuroscience meets distance from thoughts and moods, which help dance/movement therapy: Mirror neurons, the patients to learn to recognize warning signs, stop, therapeutic process and empathy. The Arts in regulate their emotions, and thereby avoid being Psychotherapy, 33(4), 302-315. spun into an automatic and harmful response. Bragante, S. (2006). Structure and counter- Over time, it is possible to learn how to transference in authentic movement from a disconnect the strong link between unaccustomed Reichian analytic perspective. Body, movement stimulus responses – whether it is an „external‟ and dance in psychotherapy, 1(1), 57–66. physical response or an emotional „internal‟ response (thoughts and feelings). Also attentive Brauninger, I. (2012). Dance movement therapy awareness, used by mindfulness and authentic group intervention in stress treatment: A movement in movement therapy, utilizes the randomized controlled trial (RCT). The Arts in Psychotherapy, 39, 443–450. experience of peace and quiet in order to reach awareness and clarity of the content and internal Brauninger, I. (2012). The efficacy of dance processes, and from this, the thought is that movement therapy group on improvement of awareness will enable change. quality of life: A randomized controlled trial. The Arts in Psychotherapy, 39, 296–303.

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nd In psychodynamic and body oriented Laban, R. (1960). The mastery of movement, 2 psychotherapy. Body, Movement and Dance in ed. London: Mac Donald and Evans. (Revised ed. Psychotherapy, 4(1), 5–16. 1992, Plymouth: Northcote House). DTAA Journal, Moving On, Volume 12, No‟s 3 and 4, 2015 14