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Novitates PUBLISHED by the AMERICAN MUSEUM of NATURAL HISTORY CENTRAL PARK WEST at 79TH STREET, NEW YORK, N.Y AMERICAN MUSEUM Novitates PUBLISHED BY THE AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY CENTRAL PARK WEST AT 79TH STREET, NEW YORK, N.Y. 10024 Number 3160, 23 pp., 11 figures, 3 tables February 15, 1996 Taxonomic Redefinition of the Species of Acestrorhynchus of the microlepis Group with the Description of Acestrorhynchus apurensis, a New Species from Venezuela (Ostariophysi: Characiformes: Characidae) MONICA TOLEDO-PIZA1 AND NAERCIO A. MENEZES2 ABSTRACT The species ofAcestrorhynchus ofthe microlepis (Schomburgk, 1841). New diagnoses and synon- group, characterized by the presence of a small, ymies are provided and Acestrorhynchus apuren- sometimes indistinct, black spot overlying the lat- sis, a new species from the Rio Apure drainage eral line, posterior to the opercle, are redefined. system (Rio Orinoco basin) in Venezuela, is de- Acestrorhynchus guianensis Menezes, 1969, is scribed. A key to the species of the microlepis considered a junior synonym of A. microlepis group is provided. INTRODUCTION The species ofAcestrorhynchus, a genus of in contact with the parasphenoid and (2) there the characiform fish family Characidae, are is an extension of the cephalic laterosensory widely distributed throughout the rivers of canal into the premaxillary bone (Menezes South America. This genus is distinguished and Gery, 1983). from all other characiforms by at least two Seventeen nominal species have been in- derived characters: (1) the rhinosphenoid is cluded in this genus, ofwhich 15 are currently 1 Doctoral Student, Department of Herpetology and Ichthyology, American Museum of Natural History and City University of New York. 2 Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de Sao Paulo, Segao de Peixes, Avenida Nazare, 481, Sao Paulo, SP 04263- 000, Brazil. Copyright © American Museum of Natural History 1996 ISSN 0003-0082 / Price $3.50 2 AMERICAN MUSEUM NOVITATES NO. 3160 recognized (Menezes, 1969b, 1992; Menezes graphic range ofthese forms. In addition, ex- and Gery, 1983). The greatest species diver- amination of these more recently collected sity occurs in the rivers of the Amazon and specimens revealed the presence of an un- Orinoco basins and in the series ofrivers that described species. drain the Atlantic slopes ofthe Guianas. Three The purpose of this study is to investigate species occur outside those areas in the Rio and clarify the taxonomic status of A. gui- Sao Francisco of Brazil and the Rio Parana, anensis and A. microlepis; to describe the Rio Paraguay, and Rio de La Plata drainage newly discovered species; and to delimit the systems. geographic distribution ofthe recognized spe- Acestrorhynchus species range from small cies of the microlepis group. to medium size, the largest reaching 400 mm in standard length (Mago-Leccia, 1970a). ACKNOWLEDGMENTS They inhabit mainly lentic habitats such as lagoons and areas near the river shore (Britski A previous version of this work was a dis- et al., 1986), and are predators, primarily of sertation submitted by the senior author in fishes (Menezes, 1969a; Nico and Taphorn, partial fulfillment of a master's degree in zo- 1985; Amaral, 1990). ology, at the Universidade de Sao Paulo, Bra- Although the phylogenetic relationships zil. MZUSP (Museu de Zoologia da Uni- among the species ofAcestrorhynchus require versidade de Sao Paulo-MZUSP) provided evaluation of characters via outgroup com- work space and access to all kinds offacilities. parison (a task that is beyond the scope of The final version of the manuscript was pre- this study), it is possible to tentatively rec- pared at the Department of Ichthyology of ognize groups of species based on well-de- the American Museum of Natural History. fined color patterns. These groupings might Support by these institutions is gratefully ac- constitute monophyletic groups not yet cla- knowledged. distically diagnosed. One ofthese groups, the We are greatly indebted to the following microlepis group that is the subject of the individuals and institutions for the loan of present study, is defined by the presence of a specimens, exchange of information, and small, sometimes indistinct, black spot over- other types of assistance: Scott A. Schaefer lying the lateral line, immediately posterior and William G. Saul (ANSP); Darrell Siebert to the opercle. and James Chambers (BMNH); Barry Cher- In the last major revision of Acestrorhyn- noff and Mary Anne Rogers (FMNH); Lucia chus, Menezes (1969b) redescribed A. micro- H. Rapp Py-Daniel (INPA); Donald Taphorn lepis (Schomburgk, 1841) and described a new (MCNG); Decio F. de Moraes Jr. (MNRJ); species, A. guianensis. More recently, Me- Erling Holm and E. J. Crossman (ROM); D. nezes and Gery (1983) described A. gran- A. Hendrickson (TNHC); Richard P. Vari doculis. These three species with the distinc- and Susan L. Jewet (NMNH). The map of tive black spot immediately posterior to the South America is based on a map prepared opercle, characteristic ofthe microlepis group, by Marilyn Weitzman (NMNH). Many are distributed in the Amazon and Orinoco thanks go to Jackie Beckett (AMNH), Os- basins, and in the Atlantic versant of the valdo Oyakawa (MZUSP), Stanley H. Weitz- Guianas. man (NMNH), and Scott A. Schaefer (ANSP) Subsequent to the study of Menezes for preparing the photographs, and to James (1969b), there has been a considerable in- Van Tassel (AMNH) for providing access to crease in the number of population samples SYSTAT. of the genus available for study. Data col- For helpful discussions on many topics re- lected from a larger sample size show that it lated to the present study, the senior author is not possible to separate A. guianensis from thanks: Jose L. de Figueiredo, Heraldo Brit- A. microlepis based on characters previously ski, Osvaldo T. Oyakawa, Sandra F. Amo- defined by Menezes (1969b). This additional rim, Mauro Triques, Ricardo C. da Paz, Carl material revealed a high degree of overlap in Ferraris, and Gareth Nelson. Various ver- scale counts, the primary character previ- sions of the manuscript benefited from nu- ously considered diagnostic across the geo- merous comments and suggestions from 1 996 TOLEDO-PIZA AND MENEZES: CHARACIFORM FISH FAMILY 3 Melanie Stiassny, Richard P. Vari, Stanley were compared. In many instances however, H. Weitzman, Antony S. Harold, Kenneth samples from adjacent river systems were Lazara, Marcelo Carvalho, and Ralf Britz. represented only by a few specimens. There- Financial support to the senior author was fore, in some cases, in order to gain a better provided by Fundagco de Amparo a Pesquisa understanding ofthe variation associated with do Estado de Sao Paulo (FAPESP), Govern- each of the variables, we compared larger ment of the State of Sao Paulo and by the samples, even though they did not always Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento originate from adjacent areas. Smaller sam- Cientifico e Tecnologico (CNPq), Brazilian ples were then successively added to the anal- Federal Government. ysis. Bivariate scatterplots were used in the analyses of the morphometric data, and fre- MATERIALS AND METHODS quency distributions were used in the anal- The present study is based on the analysis ysis of the meristic data. No significant dif- of meristic and morphometric characters. ferences were found for most of the meristic Counts and measurements were made on the and morphometric variables studied, except left side of the specimens whenever possible. for scale counts in A. microlepis, discussed Measurements were taken with calipers and below. An analysis ofvariance (ANOVA) was data recorded to tenths of a millimeter. Mea- performed on the frequency distributions of surements of standard length, distance from lateral-line scales in this species to test for eye to dorsal-fin origin, distance from dorsal- differences among samples; a frequency dis- to caudal-fin origin, caudal peduncle length, tribution table of this variable in different and measurements referring to the origin of river drainages throughout the distributional the fins were all made orthogonal to the main range ofA. microlepis is presented. A Tukey body axis and the remaining measurements test was further performed to ascertain which were made point-to-point. Greatest body means differed significantly from others. depth, snout length, orbital diameter, post- Measurements are presented as propor- orbital distance, counts ofcaudal-fin rays, and tions ofstandard length (SL) expressed as per- maxillary and posterior dentary teeth follow centages, except for subunits of the head, Menezes (1969b). Distance from the dorsal- which are presented as percentages of head fin origin to the caudal-fin origin is measured length (HL). Individual counts and measure- from the anterior termination of the dorsal- ments are given only for the holotypes (in- fin base to the center posterior termination cluding data for the holotypes ofjunior syn- of the hypural fan (where the principal cau- onyms), with the remaining specimens rep- dal-fin rays attach to the hypurals). Interor- resented by the sample range of the variable. bital width is measured between the borders Means and standard deviations are also pre- of the frontal bones at the anterior termina- sented for all counts and measurements. tion of the supraorbitals. Dorsal- and anal- Sex of specimens was determined by ex- fin bases were measured between the anterior amination of their gonads under magnifica- and posterior termination of the fin base. tion. Data from males, females, andjuveniles Teeth on the mesopterygoid were observed were analyzed separately but are grouped in
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