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Mongolo-Tibetica Pragensia '10 Mongolo-Tibetica Pragensia ’10 3/2 MMongolo-Tibeticaongolo-Tibetica PPragensiaragensia 110-2.indd0-2.indd 1 112.1.20112.1.2011 119:18:559:18:55 MMongolo-Tibeticaongolo-Tibetica PPragensiaragensia 110-2.indd0-2.indd 2 112.1.20112.1.2011 119:18:559:18:55 Mongolo-Tibetica Pragensia ’10 Ethnolinguistics, Sociolinguistics, Religion and Culture Volume 3, No. 2 Publication of Charles University in Prague Faculty of Arts, Institute of South and Central Asia Seminar of Mongolian Studies Prague 2010 ISSN 1803–5647 MMongolo-Tibeticaongolo-Tibetica PPragensiaragensia 110-2.indd0-2.indd 3 112.1.20112.1.2011 119:18:559:18:55 Th e publication of this volume was fi nancially supported by the Ministry of Education of the Czech Republic as a part of the Research Project No. MSM0021620825 “Language as human activity, as its product and factor”, a project of the Faculty of Arts, Charles University in Prague. Mongolo-Tibetica Pragensia ’10 Linguistics, Ethnolinguistics, Religion and Culture Volume 3, No. 2 (2010) © Editors Editors-in-chief: Jaroslav Vacek and Alena Oberfalzerová Editorial Board: Daniel Berounský (Charles University in Prague, Czech Republic) Agata Bareja-Starzyńska (University of Warsaw, Poland) Katia Buff etrille (École pratique des Hautes-Études, Paris, France) J. Lubsangdorji (Charles University Prague, Czech Republic) Marie-Dominique Even (Centre National des Recherches Scientifi ques, Paris, France) Tsevel Shagdarsurung (National University of Mongolia, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia) Domiin Tömörtogoo (National University of Mongolia, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia) Reviewed by Prof. Václav Blažek (Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic) and Prof. Tsevel Shagdarsurung (National University of Mongolia, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia) English correction: Dr. Mark Corner, formerly lecturer at Charles University in Prague, presently HUB University, Brussels, Belgium Institute of South and Central Asia, Seminar of Mongolian Studies Faculty of Philosophy, Charles University in Prague Celetná 20, 116 42 Praha 1, Czech Republic http://mongolistika.ff .cuni.cz/?page=home Publisher: Stanislav Juhaňák – TRITON http://www.triton-books.cz Vykáňská 5, 100 00 Praha 10 IČ 18433499 Praha (Prague) 2010 Cover Renata Brtnická Typeset Studio Marvil Printed by Sprint Publication periodicity: twice a year Registration number of MK ČR E 18436 ISSN 1803-5647 MMongolo-Tibeticaongolo-Tibetica PPragensiaragensia 110-2.indd0-2.indd 4 112.1.20112.1.2011 119:18:569:18:56 CONTENTS Daniel Berounský Entering dead bodies and the miraculous power of the Kings: Th e landmark of Karma Pakshi’s reincarnation in Tibet. Part I – Zuzana Vokurková Epistemic modality in Tibetan: Th e use of secondary verbs with epistemic verbal endings – Veronika Kapišovská Adaptation of loanwords in Mongolian through verb formation – Bayarma Khabtagaeva Barguzin Evenki: a Tungusic dialect in Buryatia* – Veronika Zikmundová Th e function of descriptive verbs in colloquial Sibe 1. Th e basic pair of verbs of motion ji- ‘to come’ vs. gen- ‘to visit’ – Ha Mingzong Particles in Mongghul 1. Final, interrogative and negative particles – Jarmila Ptackova Th e sedentarization process in Tibetan nomadic areas of Qinghai, China – MMongolo-Tibeticaongolo-Tibetica PPragensiaragensia 110-2.indd0-2.indd 5 112.1.20112.1.2011 119:18:569:18:56 6 Mongolo-Tibetica Pragensia ’10 Review Section Images of Tibet in the 19th and 20th centuries. Edited by Monika Eposito. Études thématiques 22, II Vols. École française d’Extrême-Orient, Paris 2008, 856 pp.; 100EUR; ISBN 978-2-85539-659-0 – Reviewed by Daniel Berounský – Valentin Ivanovich Rassadin, Soyotica. Ed. by Béla Kempf. Studia Uralo- Altaica 48. University of Szeged, Department of Altaic Studies, Szeged 2010, 229 pp. Paperback, price not stated; ISBN 978-963-306-027-8 – Reviewed by Klára Boumová – MMongolo-Tibeticaongolo-Tibetica PPragensiaragensia 110-2.indd0-2.indd 6 112.1.20112.1.2011 119:18:569:18:56 Entering dead bodies and the miraculous power of the Kings: Th e landmark of Karma Pakshi’s reincarnation in Tibet Part I Daniel Berounský, Charles University, Prague Summary: Th e main focus of the contribution is citations left in the literature from the probably already lost text “Hagiography of the Intermediate State” (Rnam thar bar do ma) describing the events between the passing away of Karma Pakshi and his rebirth as Rangjung Dorje. Th ese led to the appearance of the fi rst lineage based on reincarnations in Tibet. As a particular curiosity, the ritual of “Entering Residence” (grong ’jug) facilitating the reanimation of a corpse appears in the narration and will be separately discussed in the article. Th e introduction of the article is aimed at giving examples of masters who were considered to be “tulku” (sprul sku) in the times before the event and some rough insight into the evolution of the ideas surrounding the ap- pearance of reincarnated lineages in Tibet can be gleaned through them. It is stressed as well that behind the emergence of such lineages the older views on Tibetan kings could be discerned. 1. Introduction Th e present contribution will focus on the description of the fi rst detailed rec- ognition of the “reincarnated master” left in Tibetan literature. It concerns the third Karmapa hierarch Rangjung Dorje (Rang byung rdo rje, 1284–1339) as the “repeated existence” (yang srid) of the second Karmapa known mostly under the Mongolian title Karma Pakshi (but having also the identical name Rangjung Dorje as a tantric “secret name”). Th ere once existed an early text composed allegedly as a record of the mem- ories of the young Th ird Karmapa, containing a detailed description of the mystical travel of the consciousness (rnam shes) leading to settlement in the new body. It is not accepted that such a text, called oft en “Hagiography of the intermediate state” (Rnam thar bar do ma) is still extant. But fortunately parts of this scripture are extensively cited by several Tibetan chronicles. Th ese ex- cerpts will be the main focus of the following lines and some attention will be paid to the fact that curiously the text describes it fi rstly as an attempt to set- tle consciousness into the corpse and then into the already established foetus. MMongolo-Tibeticaongolo-Tibetica PPragensiaragensia 110-2.indd0-2.indd 7 112.1.20112.1.2011 119:18:569:18:56 8 Mongolo-Tibetica Pragensia ’10 Th is text does not seem to have any particular relevance to the historical details of the lives of both of Karmapas involved in the process of reincarna- tion, but still it is a document of importance. Th e rarity of the scripture is re- lated to the early ideas about “miraculously manifested bodies” as an emerg- ing tradition of the recognized series of them. Th e sole existence of a text containing the detailed description of the events of the “intermediate state” during reincarnation shows that in this case an eff ort was made to provide a variety of proofs confi rming the genuineness of the “repeated existence” of Karmapa. From the Tibetan literature only one other representative of simi- lar genre is known to me. It is a description of the reincarnation of the Fift h Dalai Lama into the Sixth one (Sde srid sangs rgyas rgya mtsho 2007) and again in this much later text the need for proofs of the veridicality of the new Dalai Lama becomes apparent. As a prelude to the main part of the paper, introductory general notes on the ideas connected with “tulku” (sprul sku) will be provided, together with notes on personalities who were probably believed to be “miraculously mani- fested bodies” in slightly diff erent circumstances, before the famous Karmapa lineage which became renowned as the ‘fi rst of its kind’ in Tibetan literature. Some general notes on the terminology might be given fi rst. Th e term “tulku” (sprul sku) rendered here as “miraculously manifested body” covers a number of semantic fi elds which could be fully revealed only by a rather detailed study diving deep into Indian and Tibetan history. Th e rather fre- quent classifi cation, but not the only one, of “miraculously manifested bod- ies” to be met with in Tibetan literature is the triple one: 1. Artisan “miraculously manifested body” (bzo ba sprul sku). As an example illustrating this kind of body the “transformation” of Buddha into the body of a lute-player who through better playing subdued the king of gandharvas is given. 2. Arisen “miraculously manifested body” (skye ba sprul sku). It is equat- ed with the Śvetaketu, the previous life of Buddha Śākyamuni born in Tuṣita paradise. It is explained that in diff erent realms Buddha is able to appear in an appropriate form, i.e. as Śvetaketu in the realm of gods. 3. Excellent “miraculously manifested body” (mchog gi sprul sku) is linked to the Śākyamuni’s appearance in the world of humans. Th is understanding of the triple bodies of Buddha Śākyamuni follows a rather recent text (Bla brang skal bzang 1997, cf. also Dung dkar 2000, p. 1310, etc.), but other explanations might diff er.1 Anyway, in this case all of the 1) Yael Bentor cites Guru Tashi, an author from the 19th century, who understood the terms diff erently, only the mchog gi sprul sku retaining the same meaning. She translates his MMongolo-Tibeticaongolo-Tibetica PPragensiaragensia 110-2.indd0-2.indd 8 112.1.20112.1.2011 119:18:569:18:56 Entering dead bodies and the miraculous power of the Kings 9 three bodies are linked to the life of Buddha Śākyamuni as narrated in his Mahāyāna biographies. If one suddenly passes over other understandings directly to the synonyms used for “miraculously manifested bodies” in the sense of recognized rein- carnated masters, one will feel a certain shift that has taken place, albeit from some very general point of view it is a little one.
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