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Cajemé 1 Cajemé Cajemé 1 Cajemé Cajemé (José Maria Bonifacio Leiva Perez) Cajemé in April 1887, while under arrest Born 1835 Pesiou (Hermosillo) Died 1887 Tres Cruces de Chumampaco Allegiance Yaquis Years of service 1854-1887 Rank Captain in the Mexican Army Battles/wars Franco-Mexican War War of Reform Yaqui Wars Cajemé / Kahe'eme (Yoeme or Yaqui Language for "the one who does not stop to drink water"'), born José Maria Bonifacio Leiva Perez (also spelled Leyva, and Leyba) was a Yaqui leader who lived in the Mexican state of Sonora from 1835 to 1887. Cajemé 2 Biography José Maria Bonifacio Leiva Perez was born on May 14, 1835 at Pesiou (the Yaqui name), Sonora, also known as Villa de Pitic (Pitic is also derived from the Yaqui word "Pitiahaquím," meaning "place surrounded by streams"), and currently called Hermosillo. Although his foremost biographer, Ramón Corral, had stated that Cajemé was born in 1837 (Corral, 1959 [1900]), and this date had been used by others since then. However, the baptismal record shows that this was incorrect (Iglesia Católica, 1835). Also, in the initial newspaper article released by Ramón Corral in Sonora's official State newspaper La Constitución (Corral, 1887), José Maria Leiva's father is identified as Fernando Leiva (born about 1816 at Huirivis, Sonora), and his mother as Juana Maria Peres (born about 1817 at Potam, Sonora), as does the baptismal record. However, in the biography of Cajemé later published by Corral (1959 [1900]), Corral calls José's father "Francisco," and this name has continued to be used since then. California Gold Rush At the age of 14, José accompanied his father Fernando, and others from Sonora, in the 1849 "Gold Rush" to Upper California, and Statue of Cajeme erected in Ciudad Obregon in returned to Sonora about two years later, having learned English, as 1985 well as having his first experience in defending himself against armed conflict (Corral, 1959 [1900]). His father evidently did well in the gold fields, as José was enrolled in an exclusive private school, the only school at the time in Guaymas, and one of only 20 schools in the State of Sonora (Molina, 1983). This was the Colegio Sonora operated by Cayetano Navarro, Prefect of Guaymas. José subsequently learned to read and write Spanish. Interestingly, Corral does correctly state that Cajemé was 16 to 18 years of age during his time in school, reflecting the 1835 date of his birth (Corral, 1959 [1900]). Cajemé 3 Military Experience José Maria Leiva had his first taste of battle in 1854, while serving with the "Urbanos," the local militia of Guaymas organized by his teacher, Cayetano Navarro. This occurred when a plot to seize control of Sonora was carried out under the leadership of Count Gaston de Raousset-Boulbon, who two years earlier had tried to seized the city of Hermosillo by force, and was repelled. At 14:30 hours on July 13, 1854, the battle began, with the Count's forces attacking the defenders of the Guaymas town square. The attackers numbered more than 350 French, Germans and Chileans under the Count's leadership. After fighting the Mexican forces for about two hours, the invaders began to retreat. Seeing all of the men that Raousset-Boulbon had lost in the fighting, the French vice-consul came to request his intervention to make peace. Under the command of General José María Yáñez, the Urbanos and the other Mexican forces in Guaymas were victorious. Raousset-Boulbon surrendered his army, asking for no other condition than to respect their lives. The surrender took place at 6 pm the same General Ramón Corona, c. 1888, under whom Cajemé began his military service day, giving 313 prisoners being counted among them Count Raousset-Boulbon. The Mexican Army collected 310 rifles, 10 shotguns, 7 swords, 6 flags, a campaign banner and a forge. The losses suffered by both sides included 48 dead and 78 injured foreigners, with 19 dead and 57 wounded Mexican patriots. Gaston Rausset-Boulbon was sentenced to death. The execution took place in Guaymas, on August 12, 1854, in an area located in the north of the town square. Captain Francis M. Espino led the firing squad (Berber, 1958. See also de Collet La Madelène, 1876, pp. 266–304).[1] Now 18 years of age, José looked for new opportunities in life, and traveled to Tepic, where he worked for a short time as a blacksmith. Later, he was caught up in the draft for soldiers to serve in the regular army, the San Blas Battalion, but deserted after only three months of service. José fled to the mountains near Acaponeta, Nayarit, and worked for a while as a miner. With the Federal army still searching for him, José traveled to Mazatlán and joined a battalion comprising Pimas, Yaquis, and Opatas, that was part of the ranks of Pablo Lagarma, who had declared for constitutional restoration. Not long afterward, José began service in as a trooper in the army of General Ramón Corona. Due to his previous military experience, and the ability to speak three languages, José was appointed aide-de-camp to General Corona. José ended up participating in the War of Reform, and against the forces of the French Intervention of Emperor Maximilian. It was General Corona that accepted the sword of surrender from Emperor Maximilian at Queretaro on 15 May 1867 (Vandervort, 2006, pp. 230–231, 297). Eventually, José came to serve in the forces under Ignacio Pesqueira, who came to value José as a competent, well educated and trilingual officer, and who eventually commissioned José as a captain in the cavalry. Cajemé 4 Appointment as Alcalde Mayor Having successfully served in the Mexican military in the war against the French occupation, José Maria Leiva's service proved so exemplary that in 1872 he was appointed to the office of "Alcalde Mayor" of the Yaqui by then Sonora Governor Ignacio Pesqueira. Expected by Pesqueira to assist in pacifying the Yaqui people, he instead united the eight Yaqui pueblos into a small, independent republic and unexpectedly announced he would not recognize the Mexican government unless his people were allowed to independently govern themselves. Restructuring and disciplining Yaqui society to provide economic security and military preparedness, José instituted a system of taxation, external trade control, revived the practice introduced by the Jesuits of community work on commonly held lands, and institutionalized tribal tradition of popular assemblies and decision-making bodies, all the while storing up war material. The Rebellion of 1876 Due to Mexican government opposition to Yaqui self-government, José Maria Leiva led the Yaqui in a war against the Mexican state and those who sought to control and confiscate the traditional Yaqui lands. The war was long-lasting due to the skill of the Yaqui in battle under José Maria Leiva's leadership, and was particularly brutal, with atrocities on both sides, but much larger-scale slaughter by part of the forces of the Mexican government of President Porfirio Díaz (see Zoontjens and Glenlivet (2007) for additional factors behind the rebellion). In 1885, one of Cajemé's lieutenants, Loreto Molina, sought to gain control of the Yaqui people. With the support of the Mexican authorities, Molina developed an assassination plot to kill Cajemé at Cajemé's own home, at El Guamuchli, near Pótam. On the evening of 28 January 1885, Molina and twenty-two (some accounts state 30 or more) other Yaquis set out to kill Cajemé, but Cajemé was not at home, having left for the Mayo River with his bodyguard the day before. Molina ran off Cajemé's family and burned his house to the ground instead, and reportedly abused his family. After Molina failed to kill Cajemé, the Mexican Government sent a force of three columns of 1200 men each to occupy the Yaqui territory. This force was originally under the command of General Jose Guillermo Carbo (1841–1885), who had been appointed in 1881 as Commander of the First Military Zone comprising Sonora, Baja California, Sinaloa, and Tepic (Diccionario Porrúa, 1970). It was thought that this was an advantageous time to move against the Yaquis, President Porfirio Diaz - c. 1887 as the situation was relatively calm. A military report on the first of September stated that Cajeme had dissolved his troops, and many indigenous people were approaching ranchos near the Yaqui River in search of work, while raids on ranchos had stopped (Garcia, 1885). Also, there was optimism that the potential for disagreements between Cajemé and Anastasio Cuca, Cajemé's second in command, would increase, and that it wouldn't be remote if a split occurred between them ("no sería remoto se pudiera conseguir dividirlos" Otero, 1885). However, before Carbo could lead the government forces into an engagement, he died of a massive cerebral hemorrhage on October 29, 1885. Following this, General Angel Martinez ("El Machetero") was placed in control of these three columns. Cajemé 5 General Angel Martinez, c. 1900, who fought against the Yaquis Under General Martinez, the Mexican forces moved on the Yaqui River pueblos. Hubert Howe Bancroft relates (1888) how one of the columns was led by general Leiva (no relation to Cajemé) and General Marcos Carillo, and traveled west towards the Yaqui River Valley, carrying two mitrailleuse (the first machine gun used in major combat). Another was led by General Camano, and came from the south-east with two howitzers. A heavy body of cavalry came from the town of Buena Vista, from the north-east. General Martinez personally directed the occupation of the strategic Yaqui pueblo of Torím and other areas of the Yaqui River Valley from his headquarters at Barojica.
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