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Promoting Green Urban Development in African Cities DAR ES SALAAM, TANZANIA

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Promoting Green Urban Development in African Cities DAR ES SALAAM, TANZANIA Public Disclosure Authorized Promoting Green Urban Development in African Cities DAR ES SALAAM, TANZANIA Public Disclosure Authorized Urban Environmental Profile Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Promoting Green Urban Development in African Cities DAR ES SALAAM, TANZANIA Urban Environmental Profile COPYRIGHT © 2016 International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank 1818 H Street NW Washington DC 20433 Telephone: 202-473-1000 Internet: www.worldbank.org This work is a product of the staff of The World Bank with external contributions. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this work do not necessarily reflect the views of The World Bank, its Board of Executive Directors, or the governments they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this work. The boundaries, colors, denominations, and other information shown on any map in this work do not imply any judgment on the part of The World Bank concerning the legal status of any territory or the endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries. April 2016 RIGHTS AND PERMISSIONS The material in this work is subject to copyright. Because The World Bank encourages dissemination of its knowledge, this work may be reproduced, in whole or in part, for noncommercial purposes as long as full attribution to this work is given. Any queries on rights and licenses, including subsidiary rights, should be addressed to the Publishing and Knowledge Division, The World Bank Group, 1818 H Street NW, Washington, DC 20433, USA; fax: 202-522-2625; e-mail: [email protected]. Page iv Promoting Green Urban Development in African Cities ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The Promoting Green Urban Development in African Cities, Urban Environmental Profile for Dar es Salaam, Tanzania was prepared by a core study team led by Roland White (Global Lead: City Management, Governance and Financing - Task Team Leader) and included Chyi-Yun Huang (Urban Specialist), Amy Faust (Consultant/Urban Environmental Management Specialist) and a consultant team from AECOM including John Bachmann, Diane Dale, Brian Goldberg, Maritza Pechin, and Dr. Jane Turpie (Anchor Environmental). Andre Bald (Program Leader), Dr. Jeffrey Wielgus Yanovich (Consultant/Environmental and Natural Resource Economist) and Dr. Timm Kroeger (Senior Environmental Economist, The Nature Conservancy) contributed critical review and guidance. Professor Alphonce Kyessi (Ardhi University) and Dr. Anesi Mahenge (Ardhi University) provided key insights and secondary data. Sonia Wheeler, Gloria Sindano and Leah Mukuta offered organizational and administrative support while Sarah Botta (AECOM) provided graphic design support. The document was prepared under the overall guidance of Francisco Ferreira (Chief Economist), Sameh Wahba (Practice Manager), Mukami Kariuki (Practice Manager) and Philippe Dongier (Country Director). This Urban Environmental Profile benefited immensely from close collaboration with representatives from the Government of Tanzania, including the Dar es Salaam City Council, Kinondoni Municipal Council, Ilala Municipal Council, Temeke Municipal Council, Prime Minister’s Office - Regional Administration and Local Government (PMO-RALG), Ministry of Lands, Housing and Human Settlements Development, Ministry of Water, National Environment Management Council, Dar es Salaam Water and Sewerage Authority (DAWASA) and Dar es Salaam Water and Sewerage Corporation (DAWASCO). The team is also grateful for the inputs provided by representatives from the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), Tanzania Cities Network (TACINE), World Wildlife Fund, Ardhi University, University of Dar es Salaam, Open University of Tanzania and NIPE FAGIO. The team would like to express its gratitude especially to the Honorable Mayor Didas Massaburi for his guidance and support. The study would not have been possible without the generous financial contribution of Korean Green Growth Partnership. Dar es Salaam, Tanzania Page v CONTENTS I. INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................................................................................. 5 A. Methodology ...................................................................................................................................................................5 B. Summary of Report .........................................................................................................................................................6 II. DAR ES SALAAM CONTEXT............................................................................................................................................... 7 A. Urbanization ...................................................................................................................................................................8 B. Climate Change Impacts and Challenges .......................................................................................................................10 III. QUALITY OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL ASSETS IN THE URBAN REGION .............................................................................. 13 A. Terrestrial Ecosystems ..................................................................................................................................................13 B. Aquatic Ecosystems .......................................................................................................................................................18 C. Coastal and Marine Ecosystems ....................................................................................................................................21 D. Air Quality .....................................................................................................................................................................23 IV. DRIVERS OF ENVIRONMENTAL VULNERABILITY AND DEGRADATION ............................................................................. 25 A. Informal Settlements .....................................................................................................................................................25 B. Extraction of Natural Resources ...................................................................................................................................27 C. Solid Waste ...................................................................................................................................................................29 D. Effluent .........................................................................................................................................................................32 E. Extraction of Water ......................................................................................................................................................36 F. Air Emissions .................................................................................................................................................................37 V. INSTITUTIONAL CHALLENGES ........................................................................................................................................ 39 A. Overview .......................................................................................................................................................................39 B. Prevailing Institutional Landscape .................................................................................................................................40 C. Institutional Key Findings .............................................................................................................................................49 VII. KEY FINDINGS ............................................................................................................................................................... 53 VIII. BIBLIOGRAPHY .............................................................................................................................................................. 55 IX. APPENDIX .................................................................................................................................................................... 61 FIGURES Figure 1 City of Dar es Salaam Location ...............................................................................................................................7 Figure 2 Growth Rate of Dar es Salaam Wards .....................................................................................................................8 Figure 3 Pattern of Urban Growth .........................................................................................................................................9 Figure 4 Growth in the Number of Informal Settlement .......................................................................................................9 Figure 5 Mean Annual Rainfall in Dar es Salaam 1961-2009 .................................................................................................10 Figure 6 Precipitation Intensity .............................................................................................................................................10 Figure 7 Projected Intensity, Duration and Frequency of Rainfall Curves in Dar es Salaam ..................................................10 Figure 8 Trend for Mean Temperature over 5 Decades .........................................................................................................10
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