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Biological Indicators, Habitat Classification and Its Assessment

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Biological Indicators, Habitat Classification and Its Assessment Studies on Spring Conservation: Biological Indicators, Habitat Title Classification and its Assessment( Dissertation_全文 ) Author(s) Sun, Ye Citation 京都大学 Issue Date 2020-03-23 URL https://doi.org/10.14989/doctor.k22610 Right Type Thesis or Dissertation Textversion ETD Kyoto University Studies on Spring Conservation: Biological Indicators, Habitat Classification and its Assessment 湧水保全に関する研究 ー生物指標種、生息地分類及びアセスメントー （正確に記入すること。論文タイトルの和訳または英訳を付記しない。） 孫 燁 【資料 3】申請者 【内表紙】 博士（総合学術） Studies on Spring Conservation: Biological Indicators, Habitat Classification and its Assessment 湧水保全に関する研究 ー生物指標種、生息地分類及びアセスメントー 孫 燁 京都大学大学院 総合生存学館 2020 年 3 月 CONTENTS TABLE OF CONTENTS ...................................................................................................... 1 ABSTRACT ........................................................................................................................... 3 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................. 5 i. Springs in the Landscape..................................................................................................... 5 (1) Biodiversity Values of Springs ..................................................................................... 6 (2) Social and Cultural Values of Springs .......................................................................... 7 ii. Challenges to Springs ......................................................................................................... 8 (1) Spring Degradation and River Management ................................................................. 8 (2) Methods for Groundwater and Spring Monitoring ....................................................... 9 (3) Riverine Spring Classification .................................................................................... 10 iii. Objectives and Scope of Research .................................................................................. 12 CHAPTER 1 Development of Spring Indicator of Benthic Invertebrate Taxa .................................... 13 1.1 A Broad-Scale Survey of Benthic Invertebrates in Springs ........................................... 13 (1) Data Collection of Spring Fauna ................................................................................. 13 1.2 Results of Investigating Invertebrate Fauna of Springs ................................................. 22 (1) Taxonomic Composition of Spring Fauna................................................................... 22 (2) Spring Indicators of Benthic Invertebrates .................................................................. 28 1.3 Applicatin of Spring Indicator ........................................................................................ 32 1.4 Conclusion ...................................................................................................................... 35 CHAPTER 2 Classification of Riverine Spring Habitats and Fauna Characteristics ......................... 36 2.1 Spring Classification in this Study .................................................................................. 36 2.2 Study Sites and Data Collection ...................................................................................... 39 1 (1) Spring-Flow Type: Hodakanomori, Gamada River .................................................... 40 (2) Floodplain Spring: Hiru Valley, Gamada River .......................................................... 42 (3) Water’s Edge Spring: West Side of Kamogamo Shrine, Kamo River ......................... 44 (4) Under-Water Spring: East Side of Shimogamo Shrine, Kamo River .......................... 45 2.3 Data Analysis................................................................................................................... 46 2.4 Biological Differences Among Spring Habitat Types ..................................................... 49 (1) Taxonomic Composition ............................................................................................. 49 (2) The Patterns of Invertebrate Diversity ........................................................................ 51 (3) The Patterns of Ecological Types ................................................................................ 52 2.5 Discussion ....................................................................................................................... 55 2.6 Conclusion ....................................................................................................................... 59 CHAPTER 3 Application to Conservation of Spring Ecosystems and Environmental Education .... 60 3.1 Spring Monitoring .......................................................................................................... 61 3.2 Spring Habitat Assessment ............................................................................................. 66 3.3 Environmental Education Project ................................................................................... 67 (1) Project Overview ......................................................................................................... 68 (2) Project Planning .......................................................................................................... 68 (3) Project Implementation ............................................................................................... 70 (4) Project Accomplishments ............................................................................................ 71 Conclusions and Future Directions.................................................................................... 73 Acknowledgments................................................................................................................ 74 References ............................................................................................................................ 75 Appendix 1. .......................................................................................................................... 84 Appendix 2. ........................................................................................................................ 121 2 ABSTRACT Freshwater springs are a significant component of basin landscapes. They have an important role in sustaining biodiversity in aquatic systems, which intrinsically link to human welfare by providing various ecosystem services. However, spring habitats have been under risk of deterioration by land reclamation and water resource development. Therefore, the conservation of springs should be considered an important part of integrated basin management. In this thesis, we focus on the key elements to improving spring management including identification of biological indicators of spring fauna, classification of riverine spring habitats and identification of their ecological roles, and provision of methods for spring assessment in basin management. 1. The role of groundwater in the surface water ecosystem is not fully understood. Groundwater can be easily affected by land reclamation, water resource development, and climate change. The future policy is needed to better understand the interaction between groundwater and surface water. We present biological indicators of benthic invertebrates to evaluate the contribution of groundwater to surface water bodies. Because the benthic community is so dependent on its surroundings and strongly affected by its environment, including sediment composition and quality, water quality, as well as hydrological factors that influence the physical habitat, it serves as a biological indicator that reflects the overall condition of the aquatic environment. We collected data of benthic invertebrates from both field research and literature at a continental and world-wide scale. By analyzing their taxonomic and ecological types, we identified spring indicator taxa of benthic invertebrates based on their dependent degree to the groundwater environment. A total of 1,448 aquatic invertebrate species representing 58 orders were found from 249 research sites. The spring indicators were identified as spring dependent species including groundwater species (Stygobites and Stygophiles), cave species (Troglobites and Troglophile), and stenothermal species. Considering the geographical distribution patterns of the spring indicator taxa, stenothermal species were classified into "cold stenothermal species" which evolutionarily originate in more boreal regions and "warm stenothermal species" derived from more tropical regions. The ecological interpretation of these stenothermal species was discussed in relation to climatic zones and the altitude of the basin concerned. Based on the variations of spring contribution into river ecosystems, suggested by the spring indicator species, we proposed an application procedure of the spring indicators for environmental assessment and nature conservation works in river management. 2. Springs that are hydro-geologically connected to river channels are considered to have different spatial dimensions of interaction with surface water. Such interactions create a mosaic of inner- connected micro-habitats that play an important ecological role in structuring benthic invertebrate 3 assemblages. However, little is known about the spring typological variations and their ecological roles in a river system. We have identified two major spring types within the braided river landscape, based on their locations in relation to the main
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