Gesamtübersicht Zu Den Russland-Sanktionen

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Gesamtübersicht Zu Den Russland-Sanktionen AUSSEN WIRTSCHAFT RUSSLAND-SANKTIONEN IM RAHMEN DES UKRAINE-KONFLIKTES GESAMTÜBERSICHT STAND: 24. SEPTEMBER 2021 Alle Angaben erfolgen trotz sorgfältigster Bearbeitung ohne Gewähr. Eine Haftung der Wirtschaftskammern Österreichs ist ausgeschlossen. Bei allen personenbezogenen Bezeichnungen gilt die gewählte Form für beide Geschlechter. AUSSENWIRTSCHAFTSCENTER MOSKAU Stand: 24. September 2021 INHALTSVERZEICHNIS I ALLGEMEINE INFORMATIONEN ..................................................................................................... 3 1. Einleitung .................................................................................................................................. 3 2. Wer die Sanktionen zu befolgen hat ......................................................................................... 4 3. Was die Sanktionen für Ihr Unternehmen bedeuten und was zu tun ist ................................. 5 4. Wie weit geprüft werden muss ................................................................................................. 6 II SANKTIONEN DER EUROPÄISCHEN UNION ................................................................................... 7 1. Personenbezogene Sanktionen der EU .................................................................................... 7 2. Regionenbezogene Sanktionen der EU .................................................................................. 30 3. Sektorale Sanktionen der EU ................................................................................................. 32 III SANKTIONEN DER USA ................................................................................................................. 38 1. Personenbezogene Sanktionen der USA ................................................................................ 38 2. Regionenbezogene Sanktionen der USA ................................................................................ 92 3. Sektorale Sanktionen der USA ............................................................................................... 93 4. Weitere Sanktionen der USA ................................................................................................ 110 IV RUSSISCHE FÖDERATION ........................................................................................................... 112 1. Sanktionsliste der Russischen Föderation .......................................................................... 112 2. Importverbote der Russischen Föderation .......................................................................... 114 V WEITERE SANKTIONSLISTEN ..................................................................................................... 118 VI ABSICHERUNG IHRES EXPORTVORHABENS .............................................................................. 119 VII WEITERFÜHRENDE INFORMATIONEN ....................................................................................... 120 Alle Angaben ohne Gewähr & Anspruch auf Vollständigkeit 2 Stand: 24. September 2021 I ALLGEMEINE INFORMATIONEN 1. EINLEITUNG Ende 2013 verweigerte der ukrainische Präsident Viktor Janukowtisch die Unterzeichnung des Assoziierungsabkommens mit der EU, welche eine wirtschaftliche Annäherung der Ukraine an die EU zur Folge gehabt hätte, und entschied sich somit für einen prorussischen Kurs. Dies stieß innerhalb der Bevölkerung jedoch auf Widerstand und resultierte in Demonstrationen, welche sich schnell zu einer anti-russischen und pro-europäischen Protestbewegung entwickelten. Als die ukrainische Regierung gegen die Demonstrationen vorging, kam es zu tödlichen Ausschreitungen am Maidan-Platz. Die EU, USA und andere Staaten verurteilten die Aktionen der Regierung und sanktionierten ausgewählte ukrainische und russische Politiker. In der Nacht zum 22. Februar 2014 floh der ukrainische Präsident ins Ausland. Kurz darauf – im März 2014 – besetzte Russland die Halbinsel Krim und führte ein Referendum über die Zugehörigkeit zur Russischen Föderation durch. Die Abstimmung fiel zu Gunsten Russlands aus. Sie wurde jedoch international nicht anerkannt, da sie nicht im Einklang mit dem Völkerrecht war. Die EU, USA und andere Staaten reagierten erneut mit Sanktionen – diese waren zuerst gegen russische Politiker gerichtet. Später folgten Wirtschaftssanktionen gegen die Krim. Währenddessen fanden prorussische und proukrainische Demonstrationen in der ganzen Ukraine statt, welche die Bevölkerung zusehends weiter spaltete. Im April 2014 eskalierte der Konflikt im Donbass, dem russisch geprägten Osten der Ukraine, als pro-russische Separatisten die international nicht anerkannten Volksrepubliken Donezk und Lugansk ausriefen. Russland wird vorgeworfen, die Volksrepubliken mit Personal, Waffen und Ausrüstung zu unterstützen, was die russische Seite jedoch bestreitet. Im Hinblick auf die Einflussnahme Russlands verhängten die EU, USA und andere Staaten im Juli 2014 wirtschaftliche Sanktionen gegenüber der Russischen Föderation. Im September 2014 wurde in der weißrussischen Hauptstadt unter Vermittlung der OSZE von offiziellen Vertretern der Ukraine sowie der Volksrepubliken das Protokoll „Minsk I“ unterzeichnet. Dieses enthält einen 12 Punkte-Plan zur Deeskalation des Konfliktes und zielt auf einen Waffenstillstand ab. Als die Kämpfe jedoch kurz darauf erneut aufflammten, kam im Februar 2015 auf Initiative von Deutschland und Frankreich „Minsk II“ – ein Maßnahmenkomplex zur Umsetzung der Minsker Vereinbarungen - zustande. Die Aufhebung der über Russland verhängten Sanktionen wurde von der Umsetzung des Abkommens von Minsk abhängig gemacht. Als Folge des Gifteinsatzes gegen einen ehemaligen russischen Geheimagenten in englischen Salisbury verhängte die EU 2019 weitere Sanktionen gegen Russland. Im Rahmen der Ukraine-Krise führten auch die USA und weitere westliche Staaten Sanktionen gegen Russland ein, welche den EU Sanktionen ähnelten aber nicht immer gleichzusetzen waren. Die USA hatten bereits 2012 im Rahmen des sogenannten Magnitsky-Aktes erstmals russische Personen sanktioniert. Der Magnitsky-Akt wurde nach dem verstorbenen Steuerberater Sergei Magnitsky benannt, der einen Steuerbetrug in Millionenhöhe mit russischer Beamtenbeteiligung untersuchte, und ist gegen Menschenrechtsverletzungen und Korruption gerichtet. Darüber hinaus sanktionierten die USA weitere Personen, welche über Cyberaktivitäten auf die US- Präsidentschaftswahl 2016 Einfluss genommen haben sollen. Zuletzt schaffte sich die USA im Sommer 2017 mit dem „Countering America's Adversaries Through Sanctions Act“ eine weitere Alle Angaben ohne Gewähr & Anspruch auf Vollständigkeit 3 Stand: 24. September 2021 Rechtsgrundlage für umfassende Russland-Sanktionen. Erste Listungen auf Basis dieser Rechtsgrundlage folgten 2018. Den westlichen Sanktionen ließ Russland seinerseits Gegensanktionen folgen. Wir haben für Sie kompakt alle Informationen zu den Sanktionen in diesem Dokument zusammengefasst. Einen Überblick über den aktuellen Stand der Sanktionen finden Sie außerdem auf der Homepage der Abteilung für Finanz- und Handelspolitik der Wirtschaftskammer Österreich. Sanktionslisten werden laufen aktualisiert. Allgemein ist zu beachten, dass die Sanktionen der Europäischen Union unterschiedlicher Natur sind und sich in folgende Kategorien einteilen lassen: Personenbezogene Sanktionen (natürliche und juristische Personen) Regionenbezogene Sanktionen (Krim und Sewastopol) Sektorale Sanktionen (Wirtschaftssanktionen) o Ölindustriebezogene Sanktionen o Sanktionen hinsichtlich Militär und Dual-Use-Güter o Kapitalmarktbezogene Sanktionen 2. WER DIE SANKTIONEN ZU BEFOLGEN HAT Prinzipiell haben alle Unternehmen, die nach EU-Recht gegründet wurden, sowie jene Unternehmen, die in der EU tätig sind (unabhängig vom Ort der Firmenregistrierung) den Sanktionen Folge zu leisten. Ein Beispiel für den letzteren Fall ist beispielsweise eine europäische Filiale einer japanischen Firma, die Waren an einen russischen Kunden liefert. Tochterunternehmen europäischer Firmen, die in Russland oder der Ukraine registriert sind (z.B. eine russische OOO), sind mit ihren eigenständigen Handlungen formell von dieser Regelung nicht erfasst, da diese als eigenständige russische bzw. ukrainische Unternehmen gesehen werden. Anders ist der Fall bei Repräsentanzen: Diese gelten als unselbständige Einheiten des Mutterunternehmens und müssen daher ebenso den Sanktionen folgen. Zu beachten ist weiters, dass auch natürliche Personen in die Pflicht genommen werden: EU-Bürger sind verpflichtet, die EU-Sanktionen zu befolgen, egal ob sie innerhalb oder außerhalb der EU handeln. Ebenso müssen Nicht-EU-Bürger, die in der EU wohnhaft oder tätig sind, die EU-Sanktionen im Unionsgebiet befolgen. Ein praktisches Beispiel: Ist der Eigentümer, Generaldirektor oder Manager eines russischen Unternehmens bzw. einer Tochterfirma EU-Bürger, so ist er/sie verpflichtet, die Sanktionen einzuhalten – auch wenn dies nicht für das Unternehmen gilt. Alle Angaben ohne Gewähr & Anspruch auf Vollständigkeit 4 Stand: 24. September 2021 Nachstehend finden Sie eine Matrix, die Ihnen dabei helfen soll, festzustellen, wann die EU-Sanktionen Wirkung erlangen: EU-Unternehmen auch ausl. Repräsentanz (z.B. in der RF) Nicht-EU- Nicht-EU- auch ausl. Filiale (z.B. in der RF) EU-Bürger Unternehmen Bürger1 in der EU EU-Sanktionen EU-Sanktionen EU-Sanktionen EU-Sanktionen tätig anzuwenden anzuwenden anzuwenden anzuwenden in einem EU-Sanktionen EU-Sanktionen Drittland EU-Sanktionen EU-Sanktionen NICHT NICHT (z.B. RF) anzuwenden anzuwenden anzuwenden
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