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Study to Investigate State of Knowledge of Deep Sea Mining 1.1 Interim Report Under FWC MARE/2012/06 - SC E1/2013/04

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Study to Investigate State of Knowledge of Deep Sea Mining 1.1 Interim Report Under FWC MARE/2012/06 - SC E1/2013/04 Study to investigate state of knowledge of Deep Sea Mining 1.1 Interim report under FWC MARE/2012/06 - SC E1/2013/04 Client: European Commission - DG Maritime Affairs and Fisheries Rotterdam/Brussels, 28 March 2014 Study to investigate state of knowledge of Deep Sea Mining Interim report under FWC MARE/2012/06 - SC E1/2013/04 Client: European Commission - DG Maritime Affairs and Fisheries Rotterdam/Brussels, 28 March 2014 About Ecorys and Consortium Partners Consortium Lead Partner ECORYS Nederland BV P.O. Box 4175 3006 AD Rotterdam The Netherlands T +31 (0)10 453 88 00 F +31 (0)10 453 07 68 E [email protected] Registration no. 24316726 www.ecorys.com 2 FGP96656 Table of contents Preface 9 1 Introduction 11 1.1 Background and objective 11 1.2 Set-up of the study 11 1.3 Purpose of this interim report 12 A. Task 1 Technology analysis 13 2 Approach 15 2.1 Aim and main elements within this task 15 2.2 The Value Chain concept 15 2.3 Technology assessment approach 19 3 Exploration techniques 21 3.1 Introduction into exploration 21 3.2 Technology assessment: Locating 22 3.2.1 Research vessels 22 3.2.2 Echo sounding (sonar) bathymetry 24 3.2.3 Electromagnetics 27 3.2.4 Water-chemistry testing 28 3.2.5 AUV (Autonomous underwater vehicle) 28 3.2.6 ROV 29 3.3 Technology assessment: Sampling 30 3.3.1 Free-fall devices 30 3.3.2 Grab samplers 30 3.3.3 Cable-operated grabs and cameras 30 3.4 Technology assessment: Drilling 31 4 Resource Assessment, Reserve Evaluation and Mine Planning 33 4.1 Introduction into demonstration and extraction 33 4.2 Procedural Assessment: Resource Modelling 33 4.2.1 3D Geometallurgical Modelling of Polymetallic Sulphides 34 4.2.2 2D Multivariate Modelling 34 4.3 Procedural assessment: Reserve Estimation and Mine Planning 35 4.3.1 Long-Term Deep Sea Mine Planning 35 4.3.2 Medium- and Short-Term Deep Sea Mine Planning 36 4.3.3 Comparison with land-based techniques for pre-processing 37 4.4 Resource/Reserve Reporting Codes 37 5 Extraction, lifting and surface operations 39 5.1 Introduction into Extraction, lifting and surface operations 39 5.2 Technology assessment: Excavation 39 Study to investigate state of knowledge of Deep Sea Mining 3 5.2.1 Polymetallic Sulphides (SMS) 39 Polymetallic Nodules 44 5.2.2 (Cobalt-rich) Ferromanganese Crusts 48 5.3 Technology assessment: Pre-processing 49 5.3.1 Identification 50 5.3.2 Separation 50 5.3.3 Size reduction 51 5.3.4 Concentration 51 5.4 Technology assessment: Stock & Dispatch systems 52 5.5 Technology assessment: Vertical transportation 53 5.5.1 Technique: Continuous Line Bucket 54 5.5.2 Technique: Air Lift System 54 5.5.3 Technique: Hydraulic Pump System 56 5.5.4 Technique: Batch cable-lifting 58 5.6 Technology Assesment: Surface Operations 58 5.6.1 Technique: Dewatering 59 5.6.2 Technique: Dewatering + Concentrating 60 5.6.3 Technique: Dewatering + Concentrating + Metallurgical Processing 61 5.7 Technology assessment: Support vessel 61 5.7.1 Production support vessel 61 5.7.2 Platform 62 5.8 Works Cited 63 6 Offshore and onshore logistics 64 6.1 Introduction into transportation, handling and storage 64 6.2 Technology assessment Transhipment from platform to ore carrier 64 6.3 Technology assessment: Sea-transport 64 6.4 Technology assessment: Terminal-operations 64 6.5 Technology assessment: Storage 65 6.6 Technology assessment: Land transport 65 7 Processing techniques 67 7.1 Introduction into Processing 67 7.1.1 Metals extractable from deep sea ore 67 7.1.2 Mineral Processing 68 7.1.3 Ship and Platform 68 7.1.4 Dry versus Wet Processing 68 7.2 Technology assessment: Comminution 68 7.2.1 Stage of development 68 7.2.2 Company – overview 72 7.3 Technology Assessment: Classification 73 7.3.1 Stage of development 73 7.4 Technology assessment: Mineral Separation 74 7.4.1 Stage of development 74 7.4.2 Likelihood of implementation 78 7.4.3 Company - overview 78 7.4.4 Separation techniques for use on sea-going vessels 78 4 Study to investigate state of knowledge of Deep Sea Mining 7.5 Technology assessment: Tailings Handling 79 7.6 Technology assessment: Metal Extraction 79 7.6.1 Polymetallic Sulphides 79 7.6.2 Polymetallic Nodules 80 7.6.3 Cobalt-rich crusts 83 7.6.4 Overall likelihood of implementation 83 7.7 References 84 B. Task 3 Legal analysis 85 8 International law 87 8.1 UNCLOS 87 8.2 Part XI Deep Sea Mining Agreement 92 8.3 Convention on Biological Diversity 94 8.4 London Convention 95 8.5 Agreements on navigation concluded under the auspices of IMO 96 8.6 Regional agreements 97 9 EU law 101 9.1 The EIA Directive 101 9.2 SEA Directive 101 9.3 The Marine Strategy Framework Directive (MFSD) 102 9.4 The Birds Directive and the Habitats Directive 104 9.5 Waste legislation 106 9.6 Proposed maritime spatial planning directive 106 10 National legislation 107 10.1 Member States 108 11 Preliminary observations 109 C. Task 6 Environmental analysis 111 12 Introduction 113 12.1 Background and overview of the environmental analysis 113 12.2 Introduction to the three main sources of deep sea minerals 114 12.2.1 Sea-floor Massive Sulphides 114 12.2.2 Manganese Nodules 116 12.2.3 Cobalt-rich Ferromanganese Crusts 117 12.3 Purpose of this interim report 120 13 Approach to environmental analysis 121 13.1 Approach 121 13.2 Overview of environmental concerns 124 13.2.1 Sea floor massive sulphides 124 13.2.2 Ferromanganese Nodules 125 13.2.3 Cobalt rich ferromanganese crusts 127 Study to investigate state of knowledge of Deep Sea Mining 5 13.3 Environmental policy and management approaches 127 13.3.1 Discussion on the EU Marine Strategic Framework Directive (MSFD) 127 13.3.2 General environmental management approaches and principles 128 13.4 Spill-over impacts affecting ecosystem services 130 14 Desk-based research 133 14.1 Findings 133 14.1.1 Overview of Environmental Impacts 133 14.1.2 Steps of the Mining Process that Impact the Environment 134 14.2 Environmental Impacts Unique to Mineral Type 135 14.2.1 Sea-floor Massive Sulphides 141 14.2.2 Manganese Nodules 143 14.2.3 Cobalt-rich Ferromanganese Crusts 144 14.3 Comparison with land-based mining 145 15 Roadmap to identify operational targets for Good Environmental Status 149 15.1 Overview 149 15.2 Methodology 150 15.3 Roadmap to establish operational targets for GES 151 16 Review and inventory of monitoring techniques 157 16.1 Inventory of monitoring techniques 157 16.2 Analysis and reporting 162 17 Next Steps 165 17.1 Workshop 165 17.2 Final report 166 18 References 167 D. Progress on other tasks 177 19 Task 2. Economic analysis 178 19.1 Aim 178 19.2 Activities 178 19.3 Commodity markets – first results 178 19.3.1 Introduction 178 19.3.2 Major trends at commodity markets 179 19.3.3 Market structure 180 19.3.4 Commodities relevant to deep sea mining 182 19.3.5 Example of specific commodity market - Silver 183 19.4 Economic model – first results 183 20 Task 4 Geological analysis 187 20.1 Aim 187 20.2 Activities 187 20.3 First Results 187 6 Study to investigate state of knowledge of Deep Sea Mining 21 Task 5 Projects analysis 193 21.1 Introduction 193 21.2 Issued exploration and mining licenses 199 Licenses issued by ISA 199 Licenses issued by national governments 199 21.3 Future activities in order to complete Task 5 200 C. Task 7 Public consultation 203 Literature 205 Annexes 207 Annex 1 Legal aspects for selected countries 209 1 The Kingdom of the Netherlands 210 1.1 Legal framework regarding jurisdiction at sea 213 1.1.1 Regulation in maritime zones 213 1.1.2 The territorial sea 214 1.1.3 The contiguous zone 215 1.1.4 The exclusive economic zone and continental shelf 215 1.1.5 The Area 216 1.1.6 Overview of the Dutch maritime zones 217 1.2 Regulation of deep sea mining 219 1.2.1 Legislation on mining activities 219 1.2.2 Legislation on Environmental Impact Assessment 223 1.2.3 Other environmental legislation 224 Legislation 227 2 Japan 229 2.1 Legislation concerning deep-sea mining within areas under national jurisdiction (i.e., in the exclusive economic zone or on the continental shelf) 229 2.2 Legislation concerning deep-sea mining in the Area 230 2.3 Legislation concerning maritime zones 232 2.3.1 Existing legislation concerning maritime zones 232 2.3.2 Extended continental shelf claim 233 2.4 Environmental legislation 233 2.4.1 Legislation concerning environmental impact assessment 233 2.4.2 Other environmental legislation, including marine protected areas 233 2.4.3 Draft legislation or policy proposals 234 Legislation 235 3 Fiji 236 3.1 Legislation concerning deep sea mining within areas under national jurisdiction. 237 3.2 Legislation on deep sea mining in the Area; 240 3.3 Legislation concerning maritime zones 242 3.3.1 Maritime Zones Legislation 242 Study to investigate state of knowledge of Deep Sea Mining 7 3.3.2 Extended Continental Shelf submission 243 3.3.3 Maritime boundary agreements 245 3.4 Environmental legislation 246 3.5 Draft legislation or policy proposals 249 4 Spain 251 4.1 The legal regime of maritime zones 251 4.1.1 Legislation on the territorial sea 251 4.1.2 Legislation on the Exclusive Economic Zone 252 4.2 Legislation on Deep Sea Mining 254 4.2.1 Competent authorities 255 4.2.2 The role of the Spanish State in Deep Sea Mining 255 4.2.3 Requirements for carrying out mining activities in Spain 256 4.3 Legislation on deep sea mining in the Area; 257 4.4 Environmental Impact Assessment Legislation in Spain 257 4.4.1 Competent bodies for EIA 259 4.4.2 The ordinary EIA procedure 259 4.4.3 The simplified EIA procedure 260 4.4.4 Environmental Legislation and Deep Sea Mining 260 4.4.5 MPAs and other instruments to protect marine areas 260 4.4.6 Other environmental aspects to take into consideration 262 4.5 Future legislation 263 Annex 2.
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