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The Representation of Th Civil Rights Movement in Lee Daniels From Reality to Screen: The Representation of the Civil Rights Movement in Lee Daniels’ The Butler Tamara Mariño Díaz Doctoral Thesis UDC 2021 Directora e titora da tese: Dra. María Frías Rudolphi Programa de Doutoramento en Estudos Ingleses Avanzados: Lingüística, Literatura e Cultura A mi madre y a mi padre, por ser mi mayor apoyo y motivación. A mi hermana, por su infinita ayuda y comprensión. A mi abuela, por ser el mayor ejemplo de superación. A mi familia, por siempre estar ahí. A mis amigos y amigas, por creer más en mí que yo misma. Además, a todas esas personas que ya no están pero que estarán celebrando este logro con mucho orgullo dondequiera que estén. Sin vuestra ayuda y cariño esto no habría sido posible. Muchas gracias. Mi especial agradecimiento a mi tutora María Frías Rudolphi por su apoyo incondicional y valiosos consejos sin importar la distancia y los obstáculos, no solo durante la elaboración de esta tesis sino durante toda mi experiencia universitaria. Gracias por ser mi mayor inspiración y mi aliada durante este viaje. Abstract From Reality to Screen: The Representation of the Civil Rights Movement in Lee Daniels’ The Butler The aim of this Ph. Dissertation is to look at one of the most traumatic events in the history of the United States, the Civil Rights Movement, and focus on one of the best Oscar winning movies of the last decade, Lee Daniels’ The Butler (2013). I will try to prove the unmistakable relationship that exists between real live events in the North-American history and those explicitly tackled in Lee Daniels’ movie, to later focus on the impact that the figure of the African- American major-domo who works in the White House makes on the African- American community. I will use as my primary sources the movie The Butler (2013) and the documentary series The Eyes on the Prize (1987). In spite of existing controversy between fiction and cinematic discourse and to what extent a movie can or cannot offer a fair representation of a historical time, The Butler does depict the Civil Rights fight and some of their most important figures and events. With this work, I attempt to show that movies can be a source of truthful knowledge and representation when coming to study and understand the history of the United States. Resumen De la realidad a la pantalla: la representación del movimiento por los derechos civiles en El mayordomo de Lee Daniels El objetivo de estos estudios de Doctorado es profundizar en uno de los momentos más traumáticos de la historia de los Estados Unidos, el movimiento por los derechos civiles, usando una de las más aclamadas películas ganadoras de un Oscar de la última década, El mayordomo (2013). Intentaré probar la indiscutible relación que existe entre los hechos reales de la historia de América del Norte y su representación en la película de Lee Daniels, para después poder centrarme en el impacto que tiene en la comunidad afroamericana la figura del mayordomo afroamericano que trabaja en la Casa Blanca. Mis fuentes primarias para todo esto serán la película El mayordomo (2013) y el documental The Eyes on the Prize (1987). Aunque existe controversia entre el discurso ficticio y el de las películas, y de hasta qué punto una producción cinematográfica puede ofrecer una buena representación de una época histórica, El mayordomo representa la lucha por los derechos civiles y a algunas de las figuras y acontecimientos más importantes. Con este trabajo, intentaré demostrar que las películas pueden ser una fuente de información verídica para estudiar y entender la historia de Estados Unidos. Resumo Da realidade á pantalla: a presentación da loita polos dereitos civís en The Butler de Lee Daniels O obxectivo destes estudos de doutoramento é afondar nun dos momentos máis traumáticos da historia de Estados Unidos, o movemento polos dereitos civís, empregando unha das mellores películas gañadoras dun premio Oscar da última década, The Butler (2013). Intentarei probar a indiscutíbel relación que existe entre os feitos reais da historia de América e a súa representación na película de Lee Daniels para despois poder centrarme no impacto que ten na comunidade afroamericana a figura do mordomo afroamericano que traballa na Casa Branca. As miñas fontes primarias para todo isto serán a película The Butler (2013) e o documental The Eyes on the Prize (1987). Porén, existe controversia entre o discurso ficticio e o das películas e de até que punto unha producción cinematográfica pode ofrecer unha correcta representación dunha época histórica, The Butler representa a loita polos dereitos civís e algunas das súas figuras e acontecementos máis importantes. Con este traballo intentarei mostrar que as películas poden ser unha fonte de información verídica para estudar a historia de Estados Unidos. TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction .................................................................................................... 12 1. Methodology on Cinema as a Historical Source and an Approach to the History of the Study of Movies ...................................................................... 20 2. Movie Concepts in Lee Daniels’ The Butler ............................................. 47 3. An Approach to the Representation of African-Americans in Cinema .. 60 3.1 What Is Considered Black Cinema? ........................................................ 80 4. Movies as a Social Practice ....................................................................... 87 4.1 The Power of Stories ............................................................................... 90 5. The Eyes on the Prize: A Social-Historical Contextualization .............. 102 5.1 1926 – Awakenings ............................................................................... 102 5.2 1957 – Fighting Back ............................................................................ 111 5.3 1960 – Ain’t Scared of Your Jails .......................................................... 117 5.4 1961– No Easy Walk ............................................................................. 124 5.5 1964 – Bridge to Freedom .................................................................... 143 5.6 1968 – Power ........................................................................................ 152 5.7 1969 – A Nation of Law ......................................................................... 161 5.8 1974 – The Keys to the Kingdom .......................................................... 166 5.9 1986 – Back to the Movement .............................................................. 171 6. Lee Daniels’ The Butler ............................................................................ 175 6.1 The Real Story Behind the Movie .......................................................... 175 6.1.1. Being a Butler in the White House ................................................. 180 6.1.2 Eugene Allen versus Cecil Gaines .................................................. 184 6.2 The Story in the Movie .......................................................................... 186 6.2.1 Summary of the Movie .................................................................... 186 6.2.2 The Making of the Movie ................................................................. 190 6.2.3 The Award Season: Success, Reviews and Controversies ............ 203 7. A Study of the Representation of the Civil Rights Movement in Lee Daniels’ The Butler ....................................................................................... 208 7.1 1926 – Macon, Georgia ......................................................................... 208 7.2 1957 – The Eisenhower Administration ................................................. 210 7.3 1960 – Fisk University ........................................................................... 215 7.4 1961 – The Kennedy Administration ..................................................... 219 7.5 1964 – The Johnson Administration ...................................................... 229 7.6 1968 – Memphis, Tennessee ................................................................ 235 7.7 1969 – The Nixon Administration .......................................................... 248 7.8 1974 – Nixon’s Second Term ................................................................ 255 7.9 1986 – The Reagan Administration ....................................................... 262 7.10 2008 – The Obama Administration ...................................................... 269 8. From the Civil Rights Movement to Barack Obama .............................. 276 9. Conclusion ................................................................................................ 297 Works Cited .................................................................................................. 305 Appendix: ...................................................................................................... 332 The Black Lives Matter Movement and Trump’s Administration ................. 332 USA Presidential Elections of 2020............................................................. 345 2021’s USA - A Work in Progress ............................................................... 349 Lee Daniels’ The Butler through Pictures .................................................... 359 Eugene Allen’s Life through Pictures .......................................................... 385 Resumen ..................................................................................................... 395 Resumo ......................................................................................................
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