Swansea Bay (Wales)
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EC Regulation 854/2004 CLASSIFICATION OF BIVALVE MOLLUSC PRODUCTION AREAS IN ENGLAND AND WALES SANITARY SURVEY REPORT Swansea Bay (Wales) 2011 SANITARY SURVEY REPORT SWANSEA BAY Cover photo: Queen’s Dock looking East from Scherzer Passage. CONTACTS: For enquires relating to this report or For enquires relating to policy matters on the further information on the implementation of Sanitary Surveys in implementation of Sanitary Surveys in England and Wales: England and Wales: Simon Kershaw/Carlos Campos Karen Pratt/Mariam Aleem Food Safety Group Hygiene Delivery Branch Cefas Weymouth Laboratory Enforcement and Delivery Division Barrack Road Food Standards Agency The Nothe 3rd Floor Aviation House Weymouth 125 Kingsway Dorset London DT43 8UB WC2B 6NH +44 (0) 1305 206600 +44 (0) 20 7276 8000 [email protected] [email protected] © Crown copyright, 2011. Queen’s Dock and overall review of production area 2 SANITARY SURVEY REPORT SWANSEA BAY STATEMENT OF USE: This report provides information from a study of the information available relevant to perform a sanitary survey of bivalve mollusc harvesting areas in Swansea Bay, Wales. Its primary purpose is to demonstrate compliance with the requirements for classification of bivalve mollusc production areas in EC Regulation 854/2004 laying down specific rules for the organisation of official controls on products of animal origin intended for human consumption. The Centre for Environment, Fisheries & Aquaculture Science (Cefas) undertook this work on behalf of the Food Standards Agency (FSA). CONSULTATION: Consultee Date of consultation Date of response Environment Agency 08/10/2010 08/11/2010 Swansea Bay Port Health 06/10/2010 08/10/2010 Authority Welsh Assembly Government - 06/10/2010 08/10/2010 Food, Fisheries and Market Development Division DISSEMINATION STATUS: Food Standards Agency, Swansea Bay Port Health Authority, Environment Agency, Welsh Assembly Government - Food, Fisheries and Market Development Division, Welsh Assembly Government (Fisheries Unit). RECOMMENDED BIBLIOGRAPHIC REFERENCE: Cefas, 2011. Sanitary Survey of Swansea Bay (Wales). Cefas report on behalf of the Food Standards Agency, to demonstrate compliance with the requirements for classification of bivalve mollusc production areas in England and Wales under Regulation (EC) No. 854/2004. Queen’s Dock and overall review of production area 3 SANITARY SURVEY REPORT SWANSEA BAY CONTENTS 1. INTRODUCTION 2. SHELLFISHERIES 3. OVERALL ASSESSMENT 4. RECOMMENDATIONS 5. SAMPLING PLAN APPENDICES I. Human population: density and activities II. Hydrometric data: rainfall III. Hydrometric data: freshwater inputs IV. Hydrodynamic data: bathymetry V. Hydrodynamic data: tides and currents VI. Meteorological data: wind VII. Sources and variation of microbiological pollution: sewage discharges VIII. Sources and variation of microbiological pollution: agriculture IX. Sources and variation of microbiological pollution: birds X. Sources and variation of microbiological pollution: boats XI. Microbiological data: water XII. Microbiological data: shellfish flesh XIII. Microbiological data: bacteriological surveys XIV. Shoreline survey REFERENCES LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS GLOSSARY ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Queen’s Dock and overall review of production area 4 SANITARY SURVEY REPORT SWANSEA BAY 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 LEGISLATIVE REQUIREMENT Filter feeding, bivalve molluscan shellfish (e.g. mussels, native oysters) retain and accumulate a variety of microorganisms from their natural environments. Since filter feeding promotes retention and accumulation of these microorganisms, the microbiological safety of bivalves for human consumption depends heavily on the quality of the waters from which they are taken (Bell, 2006). When consumed raw or lightly cooked, bivalves contaminated with pathogenic microorganisms may cause infectious diseases (e.g. Norovirus-associated gastroenteritis, Hepatitis A and Salmonellosis) in humans. Infectious disease outbreaks are more likely to occur in coastal areas, where bivalve mollusc production areas (BMPAs) are impacted by sources of microbiological contamination of human and or animal origin. In England and Wales, fish and shellfish constitute the fourth most reported food item causing infectious disease outbreaks in humans after poultry, red meat and desserts (Hughes et al., 2007). The risk of contamination of bivalve molluscs with pathogens is assessed through the microbiological monitoring of bivalves. This assessment results in the classification of BMPAs, which determines the level of treatment (e.g. purification, relaying, cooking) required before human consumption of bivalves (Lee and Younger, 2002). Under EC Regulation 854/2004 laying down specific rules for the organisation of official controls on products of animal origin intended for human consumption, sanitary surveys of BMPAs and their associated hydrological catchments and coastal waters are required in order to establish the appropriate representative monitoring points (RMPs) for the monitoring programme. The Centre for Environment, Fisheries & Aquaculture Science (Cefas) is undertaking sanitary surveys for new BMPAs in England and Wales, on behalf of the Food Standards Agency (FSA). The purposes of the sanitary surveys are to demonstrate compliance with the requirements stated in Annex II (Chapter II paragraph 6) of EC Regulation 854/2004, whereby “if the competent authority decides in principle to classify a production or relay area it must: (a) make an inventory of the sources of pollution of human or animal origin likely to be a source of contamination for the production area; (b) examine the quantities of organic pollutants which are released during the different periods of the year, according to the seasonal variations of both human and animal populations in the catchment area, rainfall readings, waste-water treatment, etc.; Queen’s Dock and overall review of production area 5 SANITARY SURVEY REPORT SWANSEA BAY (c) determine the characteristics of the circulation of pollutants by virtue of current patterns, bathymetry and the tidal cycle in the production area; and (d) establish a sampling programme of bivalve molluscs in the production area which is based on the examination of established data, and with a number of samples, a geographical distribution of the sampling points and a sampling frequency which must ensure that the results of the analysis are as representative as possible for the area considered.” EC Regulation 854/2004 also specifies the use of Escherichia coli as an indicator of microbiological contamination in bivalves. This bacterium is present in animal and human faeces in large numbers and is therefore indicative of contamination of faecal origin. In addition to better targeting the location of RMPs and frequency of sampling for microbiological monitoring, it is believed that the sanitary survey may serve to help to target future water quality improvements and better analyse their effects on BMPAs. Improved monitoring should lead to improved detection of pollution events and identification of the likely sources of pollution. Remedial action may then be possible either through funding of improvements in point sources of contamination or as a result of changes in land management practices. This report documents information relevant to undertake a sanitary survey for a new production area for mussels (Mytilus spp.) at Queen’s Dock and existing production areas for farmed and wild mussels and wild native oysters in Swansea Bay (Wales). Queen’s Dock and overall review of production area 6 SANITARY SURVEY REPORT SWANSEA BAY 1.2 SITE DESCRIPTION SWANSEA BAY Swansea Bay - national grid reference (NGR) SS 630910 - is an embayment situated in the Bristol Channel, on the coast of South Wales. The bay is approximately 12km wide (from Mumbles Head to Port Talbot) and recessed by 5km. The bay has a long shoreline (Table 1.1). It faces south to southwest and is bounded on either side by broadly east-west trending hard rock coasts. Table 1.1 Main characteristics of Swansea Bay. Geomorphological type Embayment Shoreline length (km) 22.3 Core area (ha) 785 Intertidal area (ha) 748 Data from the Estuary Guide (ABPmer and Wallingford, 2009). Seabed sediments within the bay are varied, ranging from muddy sands through gravel material (Halcrow Group Ltd, 2002). The bivalve mollusc production areas (BMPAs) assessed in this sanitary survey are situated in sub-tidal areas of the western bay (Figure 1.2) and in Queen’s Dock in Swansea Docks (Figure 1.3). The estuaries within the bay have been heavily modified by human activity. There are no saltmarshes or mudflats within the Afan Estuary, with sand occupying virtually the whole system. The upper part of the Neath Estuary is extensively reclaimed and industrialised, with docks and considerable navigational dredging (Halcrow Group Ltd., 2002). The stretch of shoreline between the River Tawe and River Clyne is a low-lying area fronted by areas of dunes in places. However, seawalls define most of the coastline. From the River Clyne to Mumbles Head, the steep sloped coastline is composed of Carboniferous rocks partly covered by glacial tills and gravels with revetments and seawalls defending the frontage (Halcrow Group Ltd., 2002). Queen’s Dock and overall review of production area 7 SANITARY SURVEY REPORT SWANSEA BAY Figure 1.1 Aerial view of Swansea Bay. Reproduced from TutorGig Encyclopedia. Queen’s Dock and overall review of production area 8 SANITARY SURVEY REPORT SWANSEA BAY Figure 1.2