DOCSLIB.ORG

Genetic Variation in Chromosome Y Regulates Susceptibility to Influenza a Virus Infection

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Genetic Variation in Chromosome Y Regulates Susceptibility to Influenza a Virus Infection Genetic variation in chromosome Y regulates susceptibility to influenza A virus infection Dimitry N. Krementsova, Laure K. Casea, Oliver Dienzb, Abbas Razaa, Qian Fanga, Jennifer L. Athera, Matthew E. Poyntera, Jonathan E. Boysonb, Janice Y. Bunnc, and Cory Teuschera,d,1 aDepartment of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405; bDepartment of Surgery, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405; cDepartment of Medical Biostatistics, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405; and dDepartment of Pathology, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405 Edited by Sabra Klein, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, and accepted by Editorial Board Member Peter Palese January 23, 2017 (received for review December 20, 2016) Males of many species, ranging from humans to insects, are more encephalomyelitis (EAE) in SJL/J mice, which are controlled by susceptible than females to parasitic, fungal, bacterial, and viral genetic variation in ChrY (23–25). Moreover, with respect to infections. One mechanism that has been proposed to account for viral infections, we reported that genetic variation in ChrY this difference is the immunocompetence handicap model, which influences both survival following infection with Coxsackie- posits that the greater infectious disease burden in males is due to virus B3 virus (CVB3) (26) and susceptibility to CVB3-induced testosterone, which drives the development of secondary male sex autoimmune myocarditis (27). To address whether genetic vari- characteristics at the expense of suppressing immunity. However, ation in ChrY is capable of influencing susceptibility to IAV and emerging data suggest that cell-intrinsic (chromosome X and Y) the associated sex differences, we studied the susceptibility of a sex-specific factors also may contribute to the sex differences in panel of ChrY consomic strains on the C57BL/6J background infectious disease burden. Using a murine model of influenza A (B6-ChrY), and report that genetic variation in ChrY controls virus (IAV) infection and a panel of chromosome Y (ChrY) consomic susceptibility to IAV in male mice, as well as the observed sex differences. In addition, we show that ChrY variation controlling strains on the C57BL/6J background, we present data showing increased susceptibility to IAV is associated with augmented that genetic variation in ChrY influences IAV pathogenesis in pathogenic immune responses in the lung, including elicitation of males. Specific ChrY variants increase susceptibility to IAV in males proinflammatory IL-17–producing γδ T cells, without affecting and augment pathogenic immune responses in the lung, including viral replication. activation of proinflammatory IL-17–producing γδ T cells, without affecting viral replication. In addition, susceptibility to IAV segre- Results and Discussion gates independent of copy number variation in multicopy ChrY Genetic Variation in ChrY Controls Susceptibility to IAV in Males and gene families that influence susceptibility to other immunopatho- Influences Sex Differences in Susceptibility to IAV. To assess the role logical phenotypes, including survival after infection with coxsack- of ChrY genetic variation on susceptibility to IAV infection, we ievirus B3. These results demonstrate a critical role for genetic studied male mice from a panel of 11 B6-ChrY consomic strains variation in ChrY in regulating susceptibility to infectious disease. of mice using mouse-adapted Puerto Rico A/PR/8/34 H1N1 (PR8) IAV by challenging them with 5 × 103 egg infectious units influenza A virus | chromosome Y | sex | genetic variation | (EIU), equivalent to ∼1 B6-LD50. A significant overall effect of infectious disease strain on the survival of male mice was detected among the B6-ChrY consomic strains studied (χ2 = 49.5, df = 10, P < 0.0001) easonal infection with influenza A virus (IAV) is a significant (Fig. 1). When each B6-ChrY consomic line was compared with Sthreat to human health. IAV infects ∼15% of the world’s population annually, resulting in ∼1 million deaths (1). Throughout Significance history, multiple pandemics (three per century over the last 300 y) INFLAMMATION confirm the importance of IAV, and in the 20th century, three Including sex and gender into preclinical research is central to IMMUNOLOGY AND pandemics in particular have been exceptionally devastating. delineating the mechanisms contributing to sex differences in Epidemiologic evidence from both seasonal outbreaks and health and disease. The majority of sex differences in suscep- pandemics suggests that morbidity and mortality are significantly tibility to infectious diseases, such as influenza A virus (IAV), greater in women than in men (2). For example, a 2010 report are believed to be due to the influence of sex hormones on the from the World Health Organization concluded that the out- immune system; however, the idea that sex chromosomes also comes of pandemic IAV, as well as of avian H5N1, are generally may influence infectious disease susceptibility is being in- worse in females (3). However, in epidemiological studies in creasingly recognized. Our finding that genetic variation in which age and sex were included as covariates, the data indicate chromosome Y (ChrY) influences the survival of male mice that incidence and severity change as a function of age, with following IAV infection, and the associated sex differences in more males affected from birth through age 15 y and more fe- – IAV susceptibility, further establishes a critical role for ChrY in males affected across all postpubertal age ranges (4 17). Im- controlling the male-specific regulatory genome related to in- portantly, these data suggest that nonendocrine cell-intrinsic fectious disease susceptibility. (genetic) sex-specific factors may contribute to disease suscep- tibility in males. In this regard, the concept that genes on the X Author contributions: D.N.K., L.K.C., J.E.B., and C.T. designed research; D.N.K., L.K.C., O.D., and Y chromosomes (ChrX and ChrY) may influence sex dif- A.R., Q.F., J.L.A., and M.E.P. performed research; D.N.K., L.K.C., J.L.A., M.E.P., J.E.B., J.Y.B., ferences is being increasingly recognized (18–21), and it was and C.T. analyzed data; and D.N.K., J.E.B., and C.T. wrote the paper. recently suggested that the widely expressed ancestral single- The authors declare no conflict of interest. copy ChrY genes may function as dosage-sensitive regulators of This article is a PNAS Direct Submission. S.K. is a Guest Editor invited by the Editorial gene expression, translation, and protein stability, and as such may Board. play essential roles in male viability, development, and sex dif- Data deposition: The data reported in this paper have been deposited in the Gene Ex- ferences in health and disease (22). pression Omnibus (GEO) database, www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo (accession no. GSE94540). The age-by-sex interaction seen in IAV infection is strikingly 1To whom correspondence should be addressed. Email: [email protected]. reminiscent of the age-dependent sex differences in immune This article contains supporting information online at www.pnas.org/lookup/suppl/doi:10. responsiveness and susceptibility to experimental autoimmune 1073/pnas.1620889114/-/DCSupplemental. www.pnas.org/cgi/doi/10.1073/pnas.1620889114 PNAS | March 28, 2017 | vol. 114 | no. 13 | 3491–3496 Downloaded by guest on September 26, 2021 100 IAV was not addressed in this model, and our current findings show that pairing of different ChrY with B6-autosomes and B6- 80 ChrX can in fact influence IAV susceptibility. RF (15) B6-like B6 (45) SJL (9) 129S1 (16) ChrY Influences Pathogenic Inflammatory Responses in IAV-Infected 60 MA (19) LEWES (11) Lung. To understand the mechanisms underlying the increased susceptibility to IAV in ST-like ChrY consomic male mice, we 40 PWD % Survival A/J* (22) compared B6 mice and ChrY mice. The latter were selected ST-like because they exhibited the second-highest mortality overall, and 20 SWR** (12) BUB*** (14) because the PWD/PhJ strain is highly genetically divergent PWD** (10) PWD ST*** (14) compared with B6 (30, 31). Male B6 and ChrY mice were 0 0 5 10 15 20 infected with the same dose of IAV as in the mortality studies, Day Post-Infection followed by isolation of whole-lung RNA at the peak of viral replication, on day 6 postinfection, just before the onset of IAV- Fig. 1. ChrY polymorphism influences survival following primary infection induced mortality (Fig. 1). Viral replication was assessed using with IAV. Male mice from the indicated B6-ChrY consomic strains of mice quantitative RT-PCR (qRT-PCR) for viral RNA, and no differ- PWD were challenged with 5 × 103 EIU of PR8 virus. Data shown represent the ences between B6 and ChrY mice were found (SI Appendix, PWD combined results of two to three independent experiments per strain, with Fig. S2A), suggesting that the increased mortality in ChrY the total number of mice indicated in parentheses behind each strain name. mice is not due to enhanced viral replication. In addition, analysis Overall significance of differences in survival was determined using the log- of bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid did not reveal a significant rank (Mantel–Cox) test, with post hoc comparisons of each strain vs. B6 difference in the number and type of leukocytes between the two computed using the Dunnett–Hsu correction for multiple comparisons. A strains (SI Appendix,Fig.S2B and C), or in the production of the significant effect of ChrY on overall survival was detected (χ2 = 49.5, df = 10, proinflammatory cytokines IL-6, IFNγ, and TNFα (SI Appendix, P < 0.0001). The significance of the difference from B6 is indicated next to Fig. S2 D–F). ≤ ≤ ≤ each strain name, designated as follows: *P 0.05; **P 0.01; ***P 0.001. To obtain a global unbiased perspective of the pathogenic The following strains were not significantly different from B6, as indicated by RF SJL 129S1 MA events at the site of infection, we performed transcriptomic pro- a lack of a symbol next to the strain name: ChrY ,ChrY ,ChrY ,ChrY , filing of the infected lung.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • (APOCI, -C2, and -E and LDLR) and the Genes C3, PEPD, and GPI (Whole-Arm Translocation/Somatic Cell Hybrids/Genomic Clones/Gene Family/Atherosclerosis) A
    Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA Vol. 83, pp. 3929-3933, June 1986 Genetics Regional mapping of human chromosome 19: Organization of genes for plasma lipid transport (APOCI, -C2, and -E and LDLR) and the genes C3, PEPD, and GPI (whole-arm translocation/somatic cell hybrids/genomic clones/gene family/atherosclerosis) A. J. LUSIS*t, C. HEINZMANN*, R. S. SPARKES*, J. SCOTTt, T. J. KNOTTt, R. GELLER§, M. C. SPARKES*, AND T. MOHANDAS§ *Departments of Medicine and Microbiology, University of California School of Medicine, Center for the Health Sciences, Los Angeles, CA 90024; tMolecular Medicine, Medical Research Council Clinical Research Centre, Harrow, Middlesex HA1 3UJ, United Kingdom; and §Department of Pediatrics, Harbor Medical Center, Torrance, CA 90509 Communicated by Richard E. Dickerson, February 6, 1986 ABSTRACT We report the regional mapping of human from defects in the expression of the low density lipoprotein chromosome 19 genes for three apolipoproteins and a lipopro- (LDL) receptor and is strongly correlated with atheroscle- tein receptor as well as genes for three other markers. The rosis (15). Another relatively common dyslipoproteinemia, regional mapping was made possible by the use of a reciprocal type III hyperlipoproteinemia, is associated with a structural whole-arm translocation between the long arm of chromosome variation of apolipoprotein E (apoE) (16). Also, a variety of 19 and the short arm of chromosome 1. Examination of three rare apolipoprotein deficiencies result in gross perturbations separate somatic cell hybrids containing the long arm but not of plasma lipid transport; for example, apoCII deficiency the short arm of chromosome 19 indicated that the genes for results in high fasting levels oftriacylglycerol (17).
    [Show full text]
  • GENOME GENERATION Glossary
    GENOME GENERATION Glossary Chromosome An organism’s DNA is packaged into chromosomes. Humans have 23 pairs of chromosomesincluding one pair of sex chromosomes. Women have two X chromosomes and men have one X and one Y chromosome. Dominant (see also recessive) Genes come in pairs. A dominant form of a gene is the “stronger” version that will be expressed. Therefore if someone has one dominant and one recessive form of a gene, only the characteristics of the dominant form will appear. DNA DNA is the long molecule that contains the genetic instructions for nearly all living things. Two strands of DNA are twisted together into a double helix. The DNA code is made up of four chemical letters (A, C, G and T) which are commonly referred to as bases or nucleotides. Gene A gene is a section of DNA that is the code for a specific biological component, usually a protein. Each gene may have several alternative forms. Each of us has two copies of most of our genes, one copy inherited from each parent. Most of our traits are the result of the combined effects of a number of different genes. Very few traits are the result of just one gene. Genetic sequence The precise order of letters (bases) in a section of DNA. Genome A genome is the complete DNA instructions for an organism. The human genome contains 3 billion DNA letters and approximately 23,000 genes. Genomics Genomics is the study of genomes. This includes not only the DNA sequence itself, but also an understanding of the function and regulation of genes both individually and in combination.
    [Show full text]
  • An Overview of the Independent Histories of the Human Y Chromosome and the Human Mitochondrial Chromosome
    The Proceedings of the International Conference on Creationism Volume 8 Print Reference: Pages 133-151 Article 7 2018 An Overview of the Independent Histories of the Human Y Chromosome and the Human Mitochondrial chromosome Robert W. Carter Stephen Lee University of Idaho John C. Sanford Cornell University, Cornell University College of Agriculture and Life Sciences School of Integrative Plant Science,Follow this Plant and Biology additional Section works at: https://digitalcommons.cedarville.edu/icc_proceedings DigitalCommons@Cedarville provides a publication platform for fully open access journals, which means that all articles are available on the Internet to all users immediately upon publication. However, the opinions and sentiments expressed by the authors of articles published in our journals do not necessarily indicate the endorsement or reflect the views of DigitalCommons@Cedarville, the Centennial Library, or Cedarville University and its employees. The authors are solely responsible for the content of their work. Please address questions to [email protected]. Browse the contents of this volume of The Proceedings of the International Conference on Creationism. Recommended Citation Carter, R.W., S.S. Lee, and J.C. Sanford. An overview of the independent histories of the human Y- chromosome and the human mitochondrial chromosome. 2018. In Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Creationism, ed. J.H. Whitmore, pp. 133–151. Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania: Creation Science Fellowship. Carter, R.W., S.S. Lee, and J.C. Sanford. An overview of the independent histories of the human Y-chromosome and the human mitochondrial chromosome. 2018. In Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Creationism, ed. J.H.
    [Show full text]
  • Cell Growth and Reproduction Lesson 6.2: Chromosomes and DNA Replication
    Chapter 6: Cell Growth and Reproduction Lesson 6.2: Chromosomes and DNA Replication Cell reproduction involves a series of steps that always begin with the processes of interphase. During interphase the cell’s genetic information which is stored in its nucleus in the form of chromatin, composed of both mitotic and interphase chromosomes molecules of protein complexes and DNA strands that are loosely coiled winds tightly to be replicated. It is estimated that the DNA in human cells consists of approximately three billion nucleotides. If a DNA molecule was stretched out it would measure over 20 miles in length and all of it is stored in the microscopic nuclei of human cells. This lesson will help you to understand how such an enormous amount of DNA is coiled and packed in a complicated yet organized manner. During cell reproduction as a cell gets ready to divide the DNA coils even more into tightly compact structures. Lesson Objectives • Describe the coiled structure of chromosomes. • Understand that chromosomes are coiled structures made of DNA and proteins. They form after DNA replicates and are the form in which the genetic material goes through cell division. • Discover that DNA replication is semi-conservative; half of the parent DNA molecule is conserved in each of the two daughter DNA molecules. • Outline discoveries that led to knowledge of DNA’s structure and function. • Examine the processes of DNA replication. Vocabulary • centromere • double helix • Chargaff’s rules • histones • chromatid • nucleosomes • chromatin • semi-conservative DNA replication • chromosome • sister chromatids • DNA replication • transformation Introduction In eukaryotic cells, the nucleus divides before the cell itself divides.
    [Show full text]
  • Metabolism As Related to Chromosome Structure and the Duration of Life by John W
    METABOLISM AS RELATED TO CHROMOSOME STRUCTURE AND THE DURATION OF LIFE BY JOHN W. GOWEN (From the Department of Animal Pathology of The Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research, Princeton, N. ].) (Received for publication, December 16, 1930) In this paper it is proposed to measure the katabollsm of four fundamentally distinct groups of animals all within the same species and having closely similar genetic constitutions. These groups differ in what are perhaps the most significant elements of life. The chromosome structure of the first group is that of the type female, diploid; the second group is that of the type male, diploid but having one X and Y instead of the two X-chromosomes of the type female; the third group of flies are triploid, three sex chromosomes and three sets of autosomes; the fourth group, sex-intergrades has two X-chromo- somes and three sets of autosomes. Katabolism is a direct function of the cells composing the bodies of all animals. The cells of these four groups differ in size; the type male cells are the smallest; the females are somewhat, possibly a tenth, larger; the sex-intergrades and triploid cells are a half larger. The larger cell size suggests that any function within the cell would be performed in a larger way. The carbon dioxide production should enable us to measure physiologically the extent of this activity and present us with data on that fundamental point the relation of cell size to metabolic activity. The durations of life of these different groups have been measured. The forms with the balanced chromosome complexes within their cells live the longest time, the unbalanced groups the least.
    [Show full text]
  • Genesis of Non-Coding RNA Genes in Human Chromosome 22—A Sequence Connection with Protein Genes Separated by Evolutionary Time
    non-coding RNA Perspective Genesis of Non-Coding RNA Genes in Human Chromosome 22—A Sequence Connection with Protein Genes Separated by Evolutionary Time Nicholas Delihas Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, NY 11794-5222, USA; [email protected] Received: 16 July 2020; Accepted: 1 September 2020; Published: 3 September 2020 Abstract: A small phylogenetically conserved sequence of 11,231 bp, termed FAM247, is repeated in human chromosome 22 by segmental duplications. This sequence forms part of diverse genes that span evolutionary time, the protein genes being the earliest as they are present in zebrafish and/or mice genomes, and the long noncoding RNA genes and pseudogenes the most recent as they appear to be present only in the human genome. We propose that the conserved sequence provides a nucleation site for new gene development at evolutionarily conserved chromosomal loci where the FAM247 sequences reside. The FAM247 sequence also carries information in its open reading frames that provides protein exon amino acid sequences; one exon plays an integral role in immune system regulation, specifically, the function of ubiquitin-specific protease (USP18) in the regulation of interferon. An analysis of this multifaceted sequence and the genesis of genes that contain it is presented. Keywords: de novo gene birth; gene evolution; protogene; long noncoding RNA genes; pseudogenes; USP18; GGT5; Alu sequences 1. Introduction The genesis of genes has been a major topic of interest for several decades [1,2]. One mechanism of gene formation is by duplication of existing genes [1,3].
    [Show full text]
  • Basic Genetic Concepts & Terms
    Basic Genetic Concepts & Terms 1 Genetics: what is it? t• Wha is genetics? – “Genetics is the study of heredity, the process in which a parent passes certain genes onto their children.” (http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002048. htm) t• Wha does that mean? – Children inherit their biological parents’ genes that express specific traits, such as some physical characteristics, natural talents, and genetic disorders. 2 Word Match Activity Match the genetic terms to their corresponding parts of the illustration. • base pair • cell • chromosome • DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid) • double helix* • genes • nucleus Illustration Source: Talking Glossary of Genetic Terms http://www.genome.gov/ glossary/ 3 Word Match Activity • base pair • cell • chromosome • DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid) • double helix* • genes • nucleus Illustration Source: Talking Glossary of Genetic Terms http://www.genome.gov/ glossary/ 4 Genetic Concepts • H describes how some traits are passed from parents to their children. • The traits are expressed by g , which are small sections of DNA that are coded for specific traits. • Genes are found on ch . • Humans have two sets of (hint: a number) chromosomes—one set from each parent. 5 Genetic Concepts • Heredity describes how some traits are passed from parents to their children. • The traits are expressed by genes, which are small sections of DNA that are coded for specific traits. • Genes are found on chromosomes. • Humans have two sets of 23 chromosomes— one set from each parent. 6 Genetic Terms Use library resources to define the following words and write their definitions using your own words. – allele: – genes: – dominant : – recessive: – homozygous: – heterozygous: – genotype: – phenotype: – Mendelian Inheritance: 7 Mendelian Inheritance • The inherited traits are determined by genes that are passed from parents to children.
    [Show full text]
  • Glossary/Index
    Glossary 03/08/2004 9:58 AM Page 119 GLOSSARY/INDEX The numbers after each term represent the chapter in which it first appears. additive 2 allele 2 When an allele’s contribution to the variation in a One of two or more alternative forms of a gene; a single phenotype is separately measurable; the independent allele for each gene is inherited separately from each effects of alleles “add up.” Antonym of nonadditive. parent. ADHD/ADD 6 Alzheimer’s disease 5 Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder/Attention A medical disorder causing the loss of memory, rea- Deficit Disorder. Neurobehavioral disorders character- soning, and language abilities. Protein residues called ized by an attention span or ability to concentrate that is plaques and tangles build up and interfere with brain less than expected for a person's age. With ADHD, there function. This disorder usually first appears in persons also is age-inappropriate hyperactivity, impulsive over age sixty-five. Compare to early-onset Alzheimer’s. behavior or lack of inhibition. There are several types of ADHD: a predominantly inattentive subtype, a predomi- amino acids 2 nantly hyperactive-impulsive subtype, and a combined Molecules that are combined to form proteins. subtype. The condition can be cognitive alone or both The sequence of amino acids in a protein, and hence pro- cognitive and behavioral. tein function, is determined by the genetic code. adoption study 4 amnesia 5 A type of research focused on families that include one Loss of memory, temporary or permanent, that can result or more children raised by persons other than their from brain injury, illness, or trauma.
    [Show full text]
  • Initiating Chromosome Replication in E. Coli: It Makes Sense to Recycle
    Downloaded from genesdev.cshlp.org on October 2, 2021 - Published by Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press PERSPECTIVE Initiating chromosome replication in E. coli: it makes sense to recycle Alan C. Leonard1 and Julia E. Grimwade2 Department of Biological Sciences, Florida Institute of Technology, Melbourne, Florida 32901, USA Initiating new rounds of Escherichia coli chromosome Escherichia coli initiator DnaA: building a bacterial replication requires DnaA-ATP to unwind the replication ORC and pre-RC origin, oriC, and load DNA helicase. In this issue of Questions about cycling initiator activity are particularly Genes & Development, Fujimitsu and colleagues (pp. relevant to DNA replication control in rapidly growing 1221–1233) demonstrate that two chromosomal sites, bacteria, since these cells contain multiple origins that termed DARS (DnaA-reactivating sequences), recycle must fire synchronously only once per cell division cycle inactive DnaA-ADP into DnaA-ATP. Fujimitsu and col- (Skarstad et al. 1986; Boye et al. 2000). Studies of the E. leagues propose these sites are necessary to attain the coli AAA+ initiator, DnaA protein, provide insights into DnaA-ATP threshold during normal growth and are im- portant regulators of initiation timing in bacteria. the various cellular mechanisms that ensure that the initiator is active and available at the time of initiation and is then prevented from triggering another round of replication until the next cell cycle. DnaA has a high All cells must coordinate the timing of chromosome affinity for adenine nucleotides ADP and ATP, but is duplication with cell division during the cell cycle, to active only when bound to ATP (Sekimizu et al.
    [Show full text]
  • Specific Chromosome 1 Breaks Induced by Human Cytomegalovirus
    Specific chromosome 1 breaks induced by human cytomegalovirus Elizabeth A. Fortunato*, Marie L. Dell’Aquila†, and Deborah H. Spector*‡ *Department of Biology, Center for Molecular Genetics and †Division of Medical Genetics, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0366 Communicated by Webster K. Cavenee, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, November 8, 1999 (received for review July 9, 1999) Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is the major viral cause of birth to its downstream damage response targets, p21 and MDM2 (refs. defects and a serious problem for immunocompromised individu- 17 and 27, and E.A.F., unpublished results). Whether this block in als. Here we show that infection of cells with HCMV during the signaling is because of viral protein binding and inhibition (25, 28, S-phase of the cell cycle results in two specific chromosome 1 29) or sequestration of p53 (30), it suggests a mechanism by which breaks at positions 1q42 and 1q21. We demonstrate that purified HCMV may fully ‘‘activate’’ the infected cell and precipitate virions, and not infected cell supernatant alone, are responsible for genotoxic effects without triggering cell death. the damage. In addition, we show that the specific breaks occur Several investigators have previously noted a significant increase when different sources of fibroblasts and strains of HCMV are in the number of randomly distributed chromatid breaks and gaps used. Incubation of the virus with neutralizing antibody prevents in HCMV-infected cultures, but no specific breaks were reported the induction of breaks. However, UV-inactivated virus is as effi- (2–4).
    [Show full text]
  • Sow Thistle Chloroplast Genomes: Insights Into the Plastome Evolution and Relationship of Two Weedy Species, Sonchus Asper and Sonchus Oleraceus (Asteraceae)
    G C A T T A C G G C A T genes Article Sow Thistle Chloroplast Genomes: Insights into the Plastome Evolution and Relationship of Two Weedy Species, Sonchus asper and Sonchus oleraceus (Asteraceae) Myong-Suk Cho 1, Jin Hyeong Kim 1 , Chang-Seok Kim 2, José A. Mejías 3 and Seung-Chul Kim 1,* 1 Department of Biological Sciences, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do 16419, Korea; [email protected] (M.-S.C.); [email protected] (J.H.K.) 2 Highland Agriculture Research Institute, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration (RDA), Gangwon-do 25342, Korea; [email protected] 3 Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, Universidad de Sevilla, 41004 Seville, Spain; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +82-31-299-4499 Received: 20 September 2019; Accepted: 1 November 2019; Published: 1 November 2019 Abstract: Prickly sow thistle, Sonchus asper (L.) Hill, and common sow thistle, Sonchus oleraceus L., are noxious weeds. Probably originating from the Mediterranean region, they have become widespread species. They share similar morphology and are closely related. However, they differ in their chromosome numbers and the precise relationship between them remains uncertain. Understanding their chloroplast genome structure and evolution is an important initial step toward determining their phylogenetic relationships and analyzing accelerating plant invasion processes on a global scale. We assembled four accessions of chloroplast genomes (two S. asper and two S. oleraceus) by the next generation sequencing approach and conducted comparative genomic analyses. All the chloroplast genomes were highly conserved. Their sizes ranged from 151,808 to 151,849 bp, containing 130 genes including 87 coding genes, 6 rRNA genes, and 37 tRNA genes.
    [Show full text]
  • Glossary of Genetic Terms for Patients
    Clinical Genetics Glossary of Genetic Terms for Patients ACQUIRED A condition or disease originating after birth. An acquired condition is not hereditary. ACUTE A sudden onset of symptoms or disease which may be severe and/or brief in duration. ALLELE Alternative forms of a gene responsible for alternative traits. AMNIOCENTESIS Procedure used in prenatal diagnosis to obtain amniotic fluid which can be used for genetic and other diagnostic tests. This test can be performed as early as 16 weeks gestation. ANEUPLOIDY The presence of more or fewer than the usual (diploid) number of chromosomes, giving rise to an abnormal chromosome number. There may be partial aneuploidy, where there is the addition or loss of part of a chromosome. AUTOSOME Any chromosome other than the sex (X or Y) chromosomes. AUTOSOMAL DOMINANT Where an individual possesses an altered gene and demonstrates characteristics of the condition. The condition will usually be transmitted to children with a fifty per cent chance of an affected child for each pregnancy. AUTOSOMAL RECESSIVE Where an individual carries an altered gene but it does not affect the individual (they do not display any characteristics of the condition). However, when two carriers with the same altered gene have children there is usually a twenty-five per cent chance of an affected child for each pregnancy. 1 BRCA1/BRCA2: The first breast cancer genes to be identified. CARRIER An individual who carries an altered gene for a specific condition without symptoms. CELL The basic structural unit of all living organisms. It is surrounded by a membrane and contains a nucleus that carries genetic material.
    [Show full text]