DESIGNING THE FUTURE OF COASTAL BEACH LANDSCAPE DESIGN AND PLANNING STUDIO

Landscape Architecture Program School of Architecture + Design

Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University

Dr. Mintai Kim COURSE DESCRIPTION TABLE OF CONTENTS:

This book documents the developments in an advanced studio course that enables students to address land- PHASE (1): scape architectural design and planning issues in various contexts and at a range of scales. Course Introduction ...... 4

Land planning and design in urban, suburban, and rural environments are a major professional PHASE 2: realm of landscape architects. Informed land planning and design should carefully consider the GIS Analysis for virginia beach ...... 22 impacts of each project on the surrounding wwenvironment. It is essential to understand that macro scale processes that link each project to its larger regional and global context. Responsible planning and design also depends on knowledge of the social needs, historic and cultural values, PHASE 3: political and economical feasibility, and perceptions of the people who are affected by the design Geodesign Workshop...... 48 and planning activities. PHASE 4: The studio is aimed at providing students with the ability to understand, synthesize and apply Design & Planning...... 60 cultural and natural factors and issues on a continuum from a large scale environment to a site level environment. Topics to be studied and applied include ecological planning and design and sustainable development.

Course OBJECTIVES: • identify a focus for individual inquiry within a broad design or planning context • identify and evaluate pertinent issues and formulate design objectives appropriate to the focus of inquiry • apply landscape design and planning principles and methods derived from a range of disciplinary perspec- tives, to the development of design proposals • communicate design and planning proposals using conventional and digital means

2 Introduction - Population on age>65 will be 25% :137 DESIGNING THE FUTURE OF COASTAL 5- The of Virginia Beach could lose about Major assumptions and innovations Phase One: VIRGINIA BEACH 45,000 acres from water inundation, assuming -Considering the potential sea level rise when The concept of Geodesign is used as a frame- 4-feet of relative sea level rise without considering planning the water infrastructure. - Introduction work for generating resilient plans and policies storm surge effects or sea level rise adaptation -Protecting agricultural lands for coastal resilience. The coastal city of Virginia measures. -Focusing on the business district area when Beach is facing a sea level rise with frequent storm 6- The Virginia Beach-Norfolk Metropolitan Sta- Implementing green infrastructure - VA Beach and Sea Level Rise surges, does not have a comprehensive resilient tistical Area ranks 10th in the world in value of -Producing energy through a variety of methods, -Major Requirements by 2050 plan against sea level rise. . The comprehensive assets exposed to increased flooding from relative using non-renewable and renewable sources. -Major assumptions and innovations plan for the city is addressed the problem of sea level rise, according to RMS. -Improving connectivity. level rises without presenting plans for resisting 7- is the largest population -Protecting the areas from the scope of Industry, -Challenges Facing Virginia Beach the main challenges facing Virginia Beach such as: center at greatest risk from sea level rise outside Commerce, and Tourism from sea level rise. Relocation of residents- particularly low-income of New Orleans - providing a higher density residential hous- - Case studies neighborhoods/ protect environmentally sensitive 8 - Develop spaces and infrastructure required ing in areas that are less at-risk for sea level rise areas/ managing stormwater; Quantity , Quality / along the corridor to encourage healthy living for flooding. Population increase/Military sustainability /Infra- all citizens of Virginia Beach. -Expanding urban mixed-use districts. structure and Soil quality/ Upgrade and modify Major Requirements by 2050 -Saving the military lands and the governments policies. Geodesignhub is used to evaluate scenar- - 100,000 more people in the city (45,000 new activities. ios for adapting to sea level rise in Virginia Beach. household). - Current population: 450,000 Total 2- Challenges Facing Virginia Beach Population in 2050: 550,000. VA Beach and Sea Level Rise -Tourism adjustment to sea level rise 1- A two-foot rise in global sea level is likely to - 30,000 New houses including 18,000 single fam- -Relocation of residents, particularly low income result in a relative sea-level rise of approximately ily (5 du/ac) detached 8,000 town houses (12-14 neighborhoods 2.9 feet in the beach region. du/acre), and 4,000 multi family housing - own -Help environmental problems/protect environ- 2- Rising sea levels threaten economic industry, (30-50 du/acre). mentally sensitive areas. such as hotels, restaurants, and resorts. - 10,000 New apartments - rental (30/50 du/acre). -Stormwater managements: Quantity, Quality, In- 3- Sea level rise will also result in an increase in Additionally, 45,000 people displaced by 3-ft creased storm intensity the frequency and intensity of storms along the sea-level rise requiring new housing. -Population increase coast. - 3 Million sq ft of new office space -Military sustainability 4- These storms can submerge the U.S. Navy’s - 5,000 acre new commercial space -Infrastructure Dam Neck Fleet Combat Center, and - Minimum 20,000 acre new parks, recreation -Soil quality the nearby Norfolk Naval Base. and conservation -Upgrade/modify policies

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- Case Studies FLOODABLE DEVELOPMENT Copenhagen Cloudburst Formula Ramboll Studio Dreiseitl ELEVATED DEVELOPMENTS Northern Riverfront City of Copenhagen Willamette Falls Riverwalk Healthy Habitat: The NR and the Flour Mill Founda- https://www.asla.org/2016awards/171784.html Snøhetta tion Oregon City, Oregon The elevated path does a good job of separating the https://www.asla.org/2018awards/450582-Willamette_ visitors from the ecosystems and water system that Falls_Riverwalk.html would have damaged the development. Flood plains where water rises and falls are able to freely flow natu- Blue-Green Boulevards: rally with the architectural elements, giving leeway for Many streets in Copenhagen already utilize grade native species to also thrive. change as a way to separate the pedestrian realm South Riverfront from car and bike traffic. This system sets up a Economic Redevelopment: The Public Yard and formula for a particular type of green street, in Woolen Mill Alcove which vegetation belts are inserted to infiltrate and The design uses the topography and remediated absorb some runoff. What isn’t absorbed can pool Willamette Falls Riverwalk habitat to its advantage with the stairs (built as a in the v-shaped street center, allowing the elevated The site has existing historical development of stageto the open expansive views) facing towards sidewalks to remain as “safety zones.” the falls and the river. Continuing down the edge industriabuildings, ecosystems, and etc. This pro- This project addresses the need for Copenhagen of the amphitheater like structure is the steep edge vides opportunities and challenges because of the to armor the city against increasingly unpredict- condition falling towards the water spilling into location within the Willamette river floodplain Remediating older exisitng industrial buildings able storm events, which have caused incredible the landscape. Opportunities for safe distancing with high chances of flooding risks and damage can be used as newer infrastructure for flood pro- damage in the past decade. of outlooks and flexible ecosystem relationships. of wildlife and hazardous building material. Each tected environments Planners and designers collaborated to produce site is adjacent to the river while exposed to the PGE Dam and Mill E Historical and Cultural Interpretation: Taking away development or peeling it away al- a design implementing a “surface-first” approach floodplain affecting development systems, eco- The Mill Reserve and Mill H Overlook lows a habitual space for both species and allow- of mitigating stormwater impacts over pipe-based nomical systems, and cultural natural sites. Destinations for outward views, the buildings are ing water to flow (controlled) stormwater infrastructure systems. “Blue-Green” Environmental data to understand the season- placed on the landscape with primary use of es- Economic opportunities solutions are also used, described as low-tech, on Blue-Green Parks: al activities that take place over the course of the cape from the lower elevation and water rise. The Studying environmetla patterns controls a frame- the surface, and interactive; suited for confined Certain parks are selected as catchment areas and year, this includes looking at migratory and breed- lofted path is well supported by the reconfigured work of designing for inhabital spaces urban spaces. The strategy involves establishing renovated to accept the extra water. These parks ing patterns of native spcies, industry operation structures, a safe thread for circulation. catchment areas within the city and retrofitting utilize basins to retain water and prevent overflow activities, and water flow/rise. Canemah them to function as water storage units (Blue- into surrounding areas. The topography is Site is divided into 5 distinct sections: Public Access: PGE Dam, The Clarifier, and The Falls Green parks, plazas, and boulevards). manipulated, however, to maintain pedestrian Off-site: Downtown Oregon City Overlook Willamette Falls Riverwalk Snøhetta distinct sections: Area Before: Major areas of the urban core of Copen- pathways through the parks. The same park will Area 1: North Riverfront. Area 2: South Riverfront. Successful application of minimal paths and cir- 1: North Riverfront. Area 2: South Riverfront. Area 3: PGE hagen were experiencing severe flooding issues; host an entirely different set of experiences when Area 3: PGE Dam and Mill E. Area 4: Canemah. culation while providing most to the issues of his- Dam and Mill E. Area 4: Canemah. water had nowhere to go. dry than when inundated.

6 7 erosion, extensive concrete debris deposition,in- Geotechnical considerations - will the work- Colley Bay Restoration vasive species encroachment, plane sink? Do you need stabilization? Planting Clarknexsen tidal marsh subsidence, narrow riparian buffers, seasons, Volunteers, Contractor qualifications - Norfolk, Virginia and upland storm water management.” Consider qualified bids and whether they have a Link: https://www.floods.org/Files/Conf2016_ppts/E2_Par- - Project Description by Clark Nexsen wetland, scientist on staff. kinson.pdf Source: Association of State Floodplain Managers Original work presented by: John Parkinson, Clark Nexsen. All information and rights belong to their respective owners

Blue-Green Plazas: The plan also integrates paved open spaces into the equation. In these areas, permeable hard surfaces are used to allow water to infiltrate un- Problems along 1,100 linear feet of living shoreline derground. PROGRAM The design protects the environment while allow- When the underground storage overflows, ing public access for recreation via pocket beach- the plaza becomes a retention basin. “A living shoreline is a protected, stabilized coast- es. Our team utilized rip-rap sills and coir fiber After: logs for marsh toe stabilization to enhance both The result of this system of storage and flow is a al edge made of natural materials such as plants, sand, or rock. Unlike a concrete or other low and high tidal marsh habitats as a component city embedded with multiple points of the wetland restoration. of catchment, to gather the water in key locations hard stru ture, which impede the growth of plants and animals, living shorelines grow over time. The design also included landscaping in adjacent and manage it on site. The areas uplands for riparian buffer restoration, per the Coprnhagen Strategic Urban Folld Plan Natural infrastructure solutions like living shore- surrounding these interference points shift slight- requirements of the Preservation PHASE 1 ly to drain all the rainfall to these lines provide wildlife habitat, as well as natural The city identified and ranked areas according to threat/vulnerability (just as we are doing), and used this Act. locations. The paths between these outer areas resilience to communities near the waterfront. How will the design impact the constructability data to determine where the catchment areas could best be located. They found that underground piping and the catchment basins become Living shorelines are sometimes referred to as of it? would never suffice; surface treatment had to be considered. interactive themselves, allowing for some water nature-based, green, or soft shorelines. They are Evaluate for potential upland erosion areas, i.e. This project reveals that an entire city does not need to be redesigned to deal with climate change. As long infiltration (Blue-Green Boulevards). an innovative and cost-effective technique for “Less is more except when it rains” Maintain as the correct points are selected, flooding can be dealt with on a point by point basis. Maintaining pedes- Takeaways: .” - Definition by NOAA strong working relationships with project con- trian travel is a primary goal in the redesign of all the catchment areas. This project makes a particularly This project deals with a flooding threat from Fishery, June 19, 2017 “Designed around the tractors Public and private partnerships can interesting point about how the pedestrian experience can be maintained, but change dramatically during within the city (rainfall), rather than along its edg- city’s plans for a future public pier and walking inform design Informed, varied interventions heavy rainfall events. We need to be thinking not about how to preserve roads for car traffic, but how to -en PHASE 2 es (sea level rise), but perhaps the technique of path around Colley Bay, our team addressed enrich the final product sure that travel can still be made possible—through walking, biking, or using public transit—even during establishing catchment areas and flow boulevards multiple issues along 1,100 linear feet of shore- Construction Considerations: a flood. can be implemented in REVERSE. line: denuded marsh habitats, moderate shoreline Accessibility - how will you build this? 8 9 ELEVATED DESIGN World’s first piece of public infrastructure to be TAKING BACK THE TIDE WATER The park was designed with the consideration of Luchtsingel accomplished through crowdfunding. Brooklyn Bridge Park NOAA’s water level predictions for 2045, and was Seattle’s Central Seawall ZUS Architects- 2011 - 2014 First Urban Farming Roof in Europe. Michael Van Valkenburgh Associates-2005 built to withstand the impact of storms and major James Corner Field Operations- 2017 Location: Rotterdam, The Netherlands “Delftsehof, which became one of Rotterdam’s Location: Brooklyn, NY floods up to 8’ of elevation. Location: Seattle, most vibrant nightlife areas.” Various edge typologies were employed to stabi- https://zus.cc/projects/luchtsingel-rotterdam http://www.mvvainc.com/project.php?id=3&c=parks https://www.fieldoperations.net/project-details/project/se- “A child-friendly Pompenburg Park, where a lize the shoreline, including stone rip rap, revet- attle-central-waterfront.html vegetable garden has been landscaped next to a ment slopwes, naturalized, and floating edges. In playground.” addition, salt water tolerant species were strate- “The roof of the former Hofplein Station is gically select and planted to add to the resilience currently being developed as a green space and of the park. The park proved it’s capability during events terrain.” the flood of super storm Sandy.

Ideal habitat/ pier configration integrated Salmon mi- gration corridor Brooklyn Bridge Park -“Decades after their separation, the 400-me- ter-long Luchtsingel pedestrian bridge has recon- - The park employs dramatic increases in to- nected three districts in the heart of Rotterdam. pography to transform the site. This required -”ZUS launched an initiative for crowd funded hundreds of thousands of cubic yards of fill to citymaking: I Make Rotterdam, a new way of cre- achieve 30’ of height in some areas. ating urban qualities in a post-crisis economy.” - Salt is flushed from the park’s soils witht he help -”Prototype of Sustainable Development” of an irrigation system. In addition, the soil pro- -The integration of a pedestrian route has creat- file chosen for the park has a high sand content, “The Central Seawall Project is a massive urban ed better connectivity within the city. Creating contributing to the drainage of the soil. infrastructure project which addresses current is- a pedestrian connection allows for more flow - The park’s rip rap edges are much more durable sues of sea level rise, ecology and aquatic habitat of space within the city and easier/safer access than solid walls, which can fracture or break. Constructed rip rap edges. rehabilitation while in the center of a large port to the other major locations in a city. Including -This design utilizes a combination of edge types Various edge types. c it y.” stops and green infrastructure along the way will to stabilize the shore. Naturalized edges com- “The City’s goals for the CSP were clear: provide allow for the showcasing of these areas. While bined with naturalized edges contribute to the a new, earthquake-resistant seawall; improve the walking around the city, people can look at green, parks resilience, and the mix of typologies fits near-shore marine environment; re-establish a Seattle’s Central Seawall urban elements for them to learn and implement this design to the context of the area, as well as long-interrupted salmon migration route; create into their own lives. make the shoreline interesting. a high-quality pedestrian promenade above the Landforms throughout the park seawall that would be integrated with the overall uplands. Central Waterfront design”.

10 11 pecially winter. On the banks of the Don River, a -”When Seattle’s waterfront was urbanized, many SEA LEVEL RISE SAFEGUARDS COASTAL PRESERVATION tributary to Lake Ontario, along the new post-in- as natural assets but are also major recreational aspects of the area’s native intertidal habitat were Corktown Common Surfers’ Point Managed Shoreline Retreat OYSTER BARRIER REEF dustrial neighborhood of West Don in Toronto. Surfrider Foundation, 2015 destinations for the community. Location: New Orleans, Louisiana lost, including sloping beaches, crevices, and Michael Van Valkenburgh Associates, Inc. 2012 This approach combines flood mitigation mea- Location: Ventura, California The shoreline retreat and cobble berm not only vegetated hiding places for not only salmon, but Location: Toronto, Canada sures in subtle ways that can be enjoyed as part of restore the beach but also ensure the prevention other fish and marine creatures.” http://files.hawaii.gov/dbedt/op/czm/ormp/2018-01-11_ http://www.mvvainc.com/project.php?id=8 a larger civic space. managed_retreat_surferspoint.pd of beach erosion in the future. -”Another component of the habitat corridor is The bike path and beach restoration also pro- the system of custom seawall face panels. Heavily vide expanded recreation area. The project also textured precast concrete face panels encourage includes a new storm water filtration system that the growth of marine life and provide feeding uses a grass bioswale to treat runoff as well as a grounds for the migrating salmon.” new permeable parking lot to further manage -”The City of Seattle had embarked on a com- runoff. This project combines engineered solu- prehensive redesign of its central waterfront, the tions with living shoreline expansion to prevent centerpiece of downtown.” erosion while expanding recreation and natural How I can use this information: habitat. -Coastal armoring has been essential to develop- ment on the coast. Though needed for develop- ment to exist, the implementation of armoring The City of Ventura and California State Parks Corktown Common is now an 18 acre urban techniques severely effects the coastal ecosystems along with the California Costal Commission park on what was a fallow brownfield site in a Children can play on the grassy hill, and there is where they are built. The Seattle Central Seawall and California Coastal Conservancy and vari- declining industrial district. It was nearly im- a greater buffer between the park amenities and Project is part of the future of coastal armoring ous other stakeholder groups were involved in possible to develop any buildings on due to its surrounding industrial landscapes that provides practices. It protects the city against sea level rise the beach preservation project. Funding sources frequent flooding from the Don River. This park a greater sense of distance and comfort than, for that is increasing with global warming, while include $1.5M from Federal Transportation/Bike- Before 1995 After 2015 offers a chance for urban growth in an area pre- example, a seawall could. at the same time it is using design to facilitate way Grant, $1.5M from State Coastal Conservan- viously not thought of as usable for a community The idea that it both prevents flooding while The long-term effects of shoreline retreat and The Coastal Protection & Restoration Authority Washington’s salmon cy, and $350,000 from City of Ventura Bond. that has seen a tremendous amount of growth in addressing stormwater management on opposite living shoreline restoration are still somewhat of Louisiana (CPRA) is the leader of Louisiana’s migration route, and creating an environment for The project aimed to initiate a managed retreat the past 10 years. ends is also critical ton flood mitigation, especial- unknown. The bare recreation beach amid the Gulf Coast master plan. The Coastal Impact As- a healthy coastal ecosystem to thrive alongside and restoration of the beach. This process in- Merging elevated design for flood mitigation and ly since this area is not subject to tides as it fronts dunes serves as a weak link in the project as vege- sistance Program has given the state $12 million human development. volves moving the existing bike path and parking civic park land, Corktown Common utilizes a 4 Lake Ontario. tation doesnt capture the sand and causes it to be to complete the restoration project while the State lots further inland, installing a buried cobble meter high clay substructure to reshape the Don blown away onto the bike path. of Louisiana is spending $60 million more to berm, and restoring sand and beach dunes to River floodplain and functions up to a 500 year Another issue with the implementation of this complete eleven more miles of the oyster barrier more “natural” conditions. flooding event. The park offers sports fields, project was conflicting policies due to the site reef in future years. Located at Surfers’ point in the City of Ventura in open green space, a playground and splash pad spanning multiple jurisdictions. Ventura County. The city is just north for summer months, added trails, and a pavilion Although it performed as designed during the of Los Angeles in Southern California. with a fireplace that can be used at any season, es- first few swells, it is unknown how long the inter- The beaches of Ventura are not only important ventions will last.

12 13 A seven-mile oyster barrier reef is constructed Oyster reefs as barriers to shoreline erosion with massive circles of cement, about the size tend to work well for a short period of time, but SAN FRANCSICO BAY LIVING Project Statement: restoration techniques on habitat values, begin- Results: of tires. The cement circles are put in rows (as eventually the process of oysters nesting in SHORELINES PROJECT “Restoration design and monitoring aim to ning to evaluate connectivity between submerged • Over 3 million native oysters initially settled on answer key questions about the best methods for pictured above) with mats of UV-resistant plas- one area slows which deteriorates the overall -http://scc.ca.gov/climate-change/climate-ready-program/san-francis- areas and adjacent tidal wetlands and creeks, and the reefs, with some loss over time due to compe- tic mesh attached to them. The mats are there to reef. Due to this, reefs can end up being costly co-bay-living-shorelines-project/ subtidal restoration, species use of restored reefs, testing alternatives to hard/structural stabiliza- tition, predation, and recruitment fluctuations. -http://www.sfbaylivingshorelines.org/sf_shorelines_science.html and to assessing whether these types of treat- protet the shore while to oysters are beginning for governments because of maintenance and -http://www.northrichmondshoreline.org/ecosystem.htm tion, in a multi-objective project. Due to limited • Reefs reduced 30-50% of wave energy. to nest within the cement circles. Over time the repair of the reefs. As well, the reef protects ments can provide physical benefits in addressing historical information on distribution and abun- • Sediment accumulated 15 cm around oyster mesh will breakdown, but the oyster reef will stay, the shoreline, but it does not stop erosion climate changes in San Francisco Bay. We have Project Goals: dance of native oysters and eelgrass, we use the shell bags and 24 cm inside. and act as the new mesh or barrier to the waves. altogether which means the land will eventually assembled an interdisciplinary team to build on •Test differnent methods and combinations of term “restoration” to mean enhancing valuable • Many rare and valuable species such as black wash away, just at a later date. previous restoration lessons and move toward natural shoreline restoration and armoring. functions and services promoted by these types oystercatchers, dungeness crabs, and steelhead The New Orlean’s/St. Bernard Parish’s coastline is integrating multiple habitats. The San Francis- • Reduce wave action near shoreline. of features in SF Bay and elsewhere, rather than were quickly attracted to the site. washing away quickly. The region is losing 25,000 co Bay Living Shorelines: Near-shore Linkages •Monitor Sediment Buildup. in the strict sense of replacing previously known acres of coastal land every year without protective Project is testing subtidal restoration techniques, • Increase bird and fish populations in the area. distributions or extent.” measures such as barriers. The shoreline erodes restoring critical eelgrass and oyster habitat, test- • Improve water quality through natural meth- due to wave-wind action that rips land from its ing the individual and interactive effects of ods. place - especially during storm surges. The loss Construction: of land has been negative for not only the local • Sites were chosen 150-250m offshore, depen- landowners, but the entire state’s economy. The dent on slope, to achieve eelgrass’s preferred sea level rise predicted for the depth; oysters can tolerate higher tidal elevations. area has the entire section of land in over 15 feet Four types of Oyster Shelter: • Site access had to be carefully planned in order of water in 50 years or less. to access shallow subtidal environments.

• More than half a million clean oyster half shells Oyster barrier reefs are a newer method of creat- (six semi-truck loads) were used to build reefs. ing a seawall that also acts as a wildlife rehabili- • Eelgrass was transplanted from different sites to tation area. Oysters bring back valuable wildlife test which donors performed best. in certain areas that can create a new ecosystem, boosting commercial species and helping to fuel Oyster Block Layer Cake the local industries. As well the reefs provide protection of the coast from erosion and reduce storm surges and flooding within the region. This protection now, even if it does not last forever, Sea level rise expected in the next 50 years within the helps to cut down restoration costs in the future Lousiana Gulf Coast region. The New Orleans/St. Bernard by combating the issue in the present. Parish region is highlighted to show over 15 feet of sea level rise. Reef Ball Stacks Reef Ball

14 15 LIFEARK ENGHAVEPARKEN NOW Modular, Flexible, & Resilient Design Location: Vesterbro, Copenhagen, Denmark Infinite Configurations, Easy Assembly, Disassembly, Reassembly Size: 35.000 m3 Easy Maintanence And Repair, Excellent Sustainable Systems, Off Grid RainFall Capacity 24.000 M3 https://lifeark.net/designoverview/ Excellent sustainable systems: Under Construction: Completion 2019 https://www.tredjenatur.dk/en/portfolio/enghave- LIFEARK offers many things as a floating devel- parken-now/ opment. all the comforts of on-land society with the ability to function sustainably off grid and on Floodable Design - Enghaveparken is re-designed the sea. economically, LIFEARK is quick and easy to accommodate increased rainfall now facing to build and take apart, and made with durable, Denmark. The park is to demonstrate new mod- temperature conserving materials. ern/classical architecture with simple geometry that is stimulating to all residents of all ages. Con- crete structures are designed to be able to flood during rainfall events and act as play fields, or rec- reational spaces during normal uses. • Multipurpose seating/floodwalls. • water gutters to transport water around the park and nourish plants. Rainwater collection system Multiple configuration options to create a number of unique Before RainFall - After RainFall Before RainFall - After RainFall spaces • Detention basin for recreational play. Water Capacity

1 Year Storm 10 Year Storm 100 Year Storm Waste management system Enghaveparken Now Kit of Parts | Quick Assembly | Durability | Self-Sustain- Enable master planning of communities ability | Flexibility | Localization | Optional Systems

16 17 Managed Retreat versus Managed Realignmen Floating Development Diamond City, NC & Pacifica Beach, CA Islais Hyper-Creek Basin of Islais Creek https://www.tredjenatur.dk/en/portfolio/enghave- BIG + ONE + SHERWOOD parken-now/ http://www.resilientbayarea.org/islais-hyper-creek/

Diamond City Islais Hyper-Creek is a vision for the area where •Originally a Whaling Town, largest town in ecology and industry co-exist in harmony. eastern NC by late 19th Century (Approx. 500 A large park with a restored tidal creek system residents) and soft shoreline shares the area with maritime •1899: San Ciriaco Hurricane, largest storm on functions, light manufacturing, and logistics that record to hit coast of NC have formed the area’s economic backbone for •Homes systematically disassembled, loaded onto decades. sailboats and moved to Harker’s Island THE BIG + ONE + SHERWOOD team’s vision •Completely abandoned by 1902 for southeastern san francisco is islais hy- •Now a part of Shackleford Banks Wilderness per-creek, a restoration of the area’s underlying Areas Map drawn by Ira Lewis, descendant of Diamond City Residents. Coastalreview.org natural watershed as a major new park. addressing risk from coastal and stormwater Pacifica Beach flooding, islais hyper-creek serves as an oppor- • Battled chronic flooding and erosion for de- tunity to bring the existing industrial ecosystem Proposed pilot projects for Islais Hyper-Creek (Courtesy BIG + ONE + Sherwood). cades into the next economy. • City attempted to mitigate using structural sta- The BIG + ONE + Sherwood team has high- bilization techniques (armoring and channeliza- lighted six potential pilot projects to kickstart tion) which ultimately accelerated the problems the long-term vision for a resilient Islais Hy- • Late 1990s: Pacifica State Beach Master Plan, per-Creek. These include: public-private partnership 1. Islais Creek Gateway. • City of Pacifica purchased 2 homes with acreage 2. Living . -Moved homes -Rebuilt dunes -Restored 4 acres 3. River Park. “A Long-Term Vision, A Short-Term Method” of beach and estuary “Ecology and Industry Co-Exist in Harmony” Bringing resilient design to Islais Creek is a long-term vision but a short-term 4. SF Food District. method to deal with the immediate shocks and stresses of climate change, which can be seen daily in the built and natural -Result: reduced flooding and erosion, increased 5. Living with Water. environment. function of wetlands, improved habitat (Steel- 6. Innovation Cove. head), expanded recreation opportunities Taco Bell building in 2004 as seen in Google Earth. Taco Bell building in 2018, 15 years after completion of Managed Allignment as seen using Google Earth.

18 19 “Reef Street” Coastal Armouring Using modeling software from Solidity, the Ac- Living Breakwaters CERBERE RECONSTRUCTION Living Breakwaters Design and Implementation The linear reefs with oyster act like m cropode II unit was studied as an interlocking Solidity, 2010 Scape, 2014 cro-pockets to support habitat reconstruction system that ensures the greatest potential stability. Location: Cerbere, France Location: Tottenville, Staten island, NY for finfish, shellfish, and lobsters, etc. The entire Other modular units can be placed in a Sources: Solidity, Concrete Layer Solutions Sources:https://www.scapestudio.com/projects/liv- south-west shore of Staten Island was popular pseudo-random orientation and still retain struc- ing-breakwaters-design-implementation/ place for oyster fishing back in the 18C. Through tural entegrity. implementing oyster reefs and other events + The breakers for Cerbere’s marina protects The goal of this project is to create linked in-water infrastructure that can ease strong tidal waves programs , the design creates a system of linked docked ships from incoming waves and storm and erosion with education and outreach, to increase awareness of sea level rise, enhance ecologies, and science, recreation, education, heritage and ac- A resilience model for the entire Bay Area (Cour- surges. Solidity reconstructed the breakers using bring school curriculum to the shore. cess. tesy BIG + ONE + Sherwood). new modular technology that is better adept Subject to king tides, repeat flooding, and sea to mitigate dynamic forces than previous systems. level rise, the neighborhoods surrounding the present-day industrialized creek house an in- creasingly vulnerable hub of vital infrastructure for the City of San Francisco, as well as constit- Each unit can be placed relatively quickly, mak- uent jobs and cultural assets. At the same time, ing on-site assembly a fairly simple process. residents and local workers raise the issues of Packing density is achieved using GPS locations, environmental justice and equitable access to aligning each unit to maximize keying between training and jobs. units. The new breakwater is composed of modular units, supplied by the manufacturer Concrete Layer Innovations, which are designed to pe form under various conditions. The breakwaters at Cerbere were created by individually placing the Accropode II module. As shown in this graphic, the strong tidal waves are mostly eased by the constructed reefs. The location and placement of the reefs are settled according to research and data of storm wave direction and height.

20 21 Phase Two: GIS Analysis for virginia beach The systems: 1-Agriculture 2- Energy Infrastructure 3- Residential - Low Density 4-Institutional - Military 5-Mixed, Residential with Commerce 6-Industry, Commerce, Tourism 7-Green Infrastructure - Ecological 8-Transportation 9-Institutional-Water 10. History and Culture

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Criteria: 1. Agriculture The following criteria are used to determine the best options for future agricultural land expan- Introduction: sion or relocation, as the effects of sea level rise become more and more present in the city of Agriculture serves as one of the three ma- Virginia Beach. OPTIMAL jor industries for the city of Virginia Beach, - Exisiting agricultural land however it has been in decline for the last Value of different crop - Located away from rising waters groups in VA Beach. several years. Until World War 2, agriculture - On prime farmland soils was still the primary industry. Of the city’s WHY? This is the most cost effective option: maintain the existing agricultuaral lands 248 square mile land area, about 44 square BEST ALTERNATIVE miles are agricultural lands, and much of - Low density residential this will be flooded with rising sea levels. - Located away from rising waters - On prime farmland soils. Today the city supports around 200 farms WHY? With population rise and a shrinking city, infill and high density development should be the focus and farm-related businesses, with agronom- of growth. These low density areas already have large amounts of unpaved, vegetated open space that could ic crops accounting for about 51% of total be converted to ag. land. These areas also tend to be closer to the coast, and ag. may act as a buffer to flood- ing from rising sea levels. production value. Fruits and vegetables form another 16%, whereas livestock production FEASIBLE The decreasing trend in VA - Mixed use business districts, parks, and light industrial districts Beach farm acreage. forms the remaining 18%. - Located away from rising waters Agritourism is emerging as a shift in the in- - On prime farmland soils dustry in recent years, with pick-your-own WHY? Urban agriculture may help remediate some of the ag. lands lost from sea level rise. Mixed use districts in the urban core offer opportunities for rooftop farming. The parks offer opportunities for- com farms, farmer’s markets, and the very popu- munity gardens. All of these contribute to the city’s potential to grow an agritourism/ecotourism industry. lar Virginia Beach Strawberry Festival. This CAPABLE, BUT UNDESIRABLE analysis offers options for the expansion - Office districts (and relocation) of farmland in the anticipa- - Other residential districts tion of continuing, rising sea levels and cli- - Non-prime farmland soils - Resort districts The decreasing value of the mate change. - Undefined areas (zoning undefined/unable to retrieve data) agriculture industry in VA WHY? These areas surround the urban core and should be prioritzed for infill development to meet requirements for an increasing population. Beach.

WORST SCENARIO The industry is decreasing in - Military properties size and value, and the ma- - High density residential jority of farmers are nearing - Nature preserves - Lands under rising sea levels (2’ rise), or effected by frequent flooding retirement age. Perhaps sea WHY? Military bases are both heavily paved and important to the industries and culture of the city. High level rise provides the oppor- density residential should be maintained and expanded, and preserved lands should not be interfered. tunity to revitalize the indus- try in different ways.

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2. Energy Infrastructure Introduction: The existing trends of low density residential shows most residential is concentrated to the northern half of Virginia Beach. Select areas surrounded by higher density residential would be ideal for infill development. The southern half of the city is primarily used for agriculture, which would be suitable for future development. As the northern half reaches planned density, the southern agricultural land uphill from projected sea level rise (SLR) can be utilized for low density residen- tial development.

Existing Agriculture and the effects of sea level Potential zoning areas of agriculture relocation: Soils: Prime farmland soils are naturally support- rise: Many acres of ag. lands will be lost to rising These areas offer opportunities for development ive of high yields and healthy crops. The non- sea levels. The Ag. Reserve Program protects into new ag. lands or expansion of existing ag. prime farmland soils are either highly urbanized, prime farmlands from development/rezoning. lands susceptible to high erosion, unable to retain water (gis.data.vbgov.com, virginiaplaces.org, vbgov. (gis.data.vbgov.com, virginiaplaces.org, vbgov. or drain, or inadequate in some other quality. com, visitvirginiabeach.com, coast.noaa.gov) com, visitvirginiabeach.com, coast.noaa.gov) (gis.data.vbgov.com, virginiaplaces.org, vbgov. com, visitvirginiabeach.com, coast.noaa.gov)

Sources: https://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/cropmap/virginia/counties/virginia_beach.html file:///C:/Users/hwater/Downloads/VB_agriculture_0.pdf https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/virginia/virginiabeachcityVA1985/virginiabeachcityVA1985.pdf

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Criteria: Energy in Virginia: 3- Residential - The sustainability of future energy infrastructure devel- Though coalbed methane production will increase opments in Virginia Beach was determined using vari- in the Appalachian Plateau, Virginia will always Low Density ables and an elgibility matrix. Layering multiple attributes be a net importer of oil and gas as long as cars and allowed the analysis to be hierarchial and deep. Characteris- trucks use an internal combustion engine powered Introduction: tics of classifications are as follows: by gasoline/diesel. Virginia is also a net importer of The City of Virginia Beach produces en- CAPABLE electricity, even though that fuel is rarely used in the ergy through a variety of methods, using - South-facing slopes (passive-solar heating / cooling) transportation sector. Electricity is produced in only - Current industrial land + retrofitted office space a handful of locations in Virginia, but a complex both non-renewable and renewable sources. distribution system of power lines built in the last 80 The current trends of energy consumption SUITABLE years carries it to virtually every house in the state. and production indicate a strong presence Virginia exports massive amounts of of fossil-fuel based energy, with an emerging coal, and some coal mined in Virginia, through the Agricultural lands presence of biomass and solar. As renewable - Residential / commercial zones (if applicable) CSX terminal at Newport News and the Norfolk - Modify building codes with improved energy use guidelines Southern terminal at Lamberts Point in Norfolk. energy technology becomes increasingly (LEED) Virginia coal mines in the southwestern edge of more affordable and efficient, these facili- the state also send coal south by railroad for export FEASIBLE ties can be expanded across Virginia Beach. through the port at Charleston, . Also, as sea level rise (SLR) brings tidal forc- - Dams / spillways (convert to hydro-electric) Most exported coal is metallurgical (“met”) coal, - Shoreline and is converted to coke before being used to smelt es further inland, the City can adapt to uti- - Military base (if removed). steel. Virginia coal used domestically is typically lize this potential energy source by creating carried by train to power plants on the River. It new hydroelectric facilities. NOT COMPATIBLE is thermal coal, burned to generate steam that spins - Flood plains turbines and dynamos creating electricity. Despite - Preserved land of environmental significance the coal production, Virginia is a net importer of - Existing waterbody / wetlands energy; the state is not self-sufficient for petroleum, natural gas, uranium, or electricity. EXISTING Liquid oil production in the state is very limit- - Utility lines ed - there are just two tiny oil fields (Ben Hur and - Power plants Rose Hill) in Lee County, plus liquids from natural - Solar gas production in the Roaring Fork field in Wise - Biomass County. Oil production is too small to justify a wide - Petroleum (oil) network of wells with pipelines connecting them. Instead, oil is pumped from underground, stored in metal tanks at each well, and collected by trucks that drive to each well. Virginia also produces substantial amounts of natural gas, especially methane (CH4) Sources: from coal seams that are too thin/too deep to mine gis.data.vbgov.com, virginiaplaces.org, vbgov.com, visitvir- for the coal. giniabeach.com, coast.noaa.gov

28 29 Criteria: Population charts: The sustainability of future low density residential devel- Flooding Map: opments in Virginia Beach was determined using vari- ables and an elgibility matrix. Layering multiple attributes Areas in Zone VE (also known as the Coastal allowed the analysis to be hierarchial and deep. Characteris- High Hazard Area) are likely to have flooding tics of classifications are as follows: with waves that are three feet or greater. Areas in CAPABLE Zone AE will have waves less than three feet in - Least Flooding Area height. Within Zone AE, the Limit of Moderate Wave Action (LiMWA) identifies an area where SUITABLE higher building standards are encouraged to pro- mote safe development. Communities that adopt - Farmland (Least Flooding Area) - City Green Spaces the LiMWA as a higher standard may earn flood insurance.

FEASIBLE

- Planned development districts (PD-H1, PH-H2) - Suburban-rural area

NOT COMPATIBLE - Flooding area - Preserved park service area - Existing water body or wetland

EXISTING - Low density residential land maintaining density up to 4 units per acre

Sources: gis.data.vbgov.com, virginiaplaces.org, vbgov.com, visitvir- giniabeach.com, coast.noaa.gov

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Criteria: 4. Institutional - The sustainability of current military operations in Virginia Beach was determined using FEMA flood data. Layering Military multiple attributes allowed the analysis to be hierarchial and deep. Characteristics of classifications are as follows: Introduction: LEAST SUITABLE The military lands in Virginia Beach are - CAMP PENDELTON designated for the government activities Currently most of facility threatened by current flooding levels, to increase in near future. in and along the coast, mainly Naval. - DAM NECK ANNEX The bases and facilities are mostly along Currently over half of facility threatened by current flooding the northern and eastern coast, with the levels, to increase in near future. Oceana base being inland. The map is SUITABLE conducted by using the existing zon- - LITTLE CREEK AMPHIBIOUS BASE ing map and considering the Strategic Currently over half of facility threatened by current flood- Growth Areas plan for Virginia Beach. ing levels, to increase in near future. The Oceana NAS would be a large target - JOINT EXPENDITIONARY BASE EAST for new developments if it were closed in Currently over half of facility threatened by current flood- the future. As for institutional buildings, ing levels, but adjacent inland portion of facility will be there are no buildings in immediate or safe from future flooding. long term danger. MOST SUITABLE

- OCEANA NAVAL AIR STATION Currently only small portions of perimeter of facility threatened by current flooding levels, majority of station out of flood threat zone. NOT COMPATIBLE - Existing residential lands - Existing agricultural reservation districts Automatic incompatibility; defined by National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration research. - Existing ecological reservation lands Forest, wetlands and parks. EXISTING - Existing military land Include military districts and facilitaries owened and operated by the U.S. govt. Sources: gis.data.vbgov.com, virginiaplaces.org, vbgov.com, visitvir- giniabeach.com, coast.noaa.gov

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Criteria: 5. Mixed, Residential The sustainability of Virginia Beach’s economic develop- ment and residential land is citical to their future as a city. with Commerce Our criteria is based on land that can hold multi-use, resi- Resilient measures: dential spaces after the impact of sea level rise. 1. {Business Innovation Districts}: These core districts, including the two “Business Parks” are EXCELLENT Mixed use, residential spaces have become a central to industry and economic growth with- huge trend throughout major and towns - Strategic Growth Areas in the city. Providing resilient measures such as today. They provide communities with a space Reference map number # to see Virginia Beach’s planned growth new building codes for flooding, and movement that can act as a live, work, and play community areas - Available, unzoned land to be built on of industrial centers can protect these valuable ceneter which holds a lot of value for a growing industries. This includes Airport Industial Park, milennial working class. Many business dis- GOOD Centerville, Hilltop, Lynnhaven, Oceanfront Re- trcits today have embraced multi-use concept - Areas with higher density, compact area that can be used sorts, Newton, Pembroke, Princess Anne Com- that has been heavily introduced in design to create multi-use communities mons, and Rosemont. today. - Flooding affects the area, but not heavily 2. {Focus on Tourism}: the Oceanfront Resorts Virginia Beach has nine business districts that - Available land to be built district makes up a large part of Virginia Beach’s -Areas with a 0.3 buffer from flood zones all have their own niche and at atmosphere. The economy as well as residential land which needs nine districts are: Airport Industial Park, Cen- FAIR to be either relocated or protected in time for sea terville, Hilltop, Lynnhaven, Oceanfront Re- level rise. sorts, Newton, Pembroke, Princess Anne Com- - Low density, single family homes - Flooding affects the area somewhat 3. {New Designs for Multi-Use Spaces}: Aiming mons, and Rosemont. Virginia Beach, as well, -Areas with a 0.1 buffer from flood zones at the sea level rising, take resilient measures has two major business parks which act more when designing new developments or when as a multi-use space where similar industries NOT COMPATIBLE revitalize the existing lands. This could include will locate to create a fluid area for businesses -Areas covered by sea level rise through the next 10+ years Examples of Mixed-Use Development: making green spaces that can soak up or collect to interact. Many times these areas also contain - Conservation lands that are not appliciable to be developed - Existing bodies of water and wetlands flooding water, elevating new developments, or retail space, and residential apartments above Represented in blue on larger map creation of barriers. retails or corporate companies. In recent years, the city of Virginia Beach has been proposing more multi-use spaces to boost their economy and to fit with the new working class. As these WORST - Areas covered by sea level rise through the next 10+ years types of spaces will boost economic develop- - Highly dense areas without the availability of more commer- ment, it is important for the city to build in ar- cial, residential, or mixed space eas without high flooding impact from sea level rise, and to begin locating important industries Sources: in places that will have a lesser impact from sea http://gis.data.vbgov.com/ level rise. 34 35 6. Industry, Commerce , FEDERAL MILITARY PROPERTY CAPABLE “The Virginia Beach MSA has the largest concentration of - Existing Business District. Tourism military personnel outside of the Pentagon with more than Area is already developed which allows for some 86,000 active duty military personnel here representing design but not to the extent we want. every branch in the armed forces. More than 75 federal It is important to know where industries, com- facilites and defense instillation are located in the Virginia Beach MSA.” POSSIBLE SITE merce, and tourism are located. Most of these Major Industries: Engility Corporation, Allied Technology areas are focused on the central, northern part Group Inc., Lockheed Martin Corporation, ADS Tactical -Areas Include of Virginia Beach. Most Industry and Tourism Inc., J.K. Hill & Associates Inc., Valkyrie Enterprises, LLC , Business, historic and cultural, and special economic is in close proximity to water. Northrop Grumman growth districts. Found on visitivirginiabeach.com -36 percent of Hampton Roads employment was either -Development Possibility directly employed by or supported through DoD These districts are already developed however additional Also, it is important to know where the eco- -An average of 12,000 active-duty military personnel annu- development is encouraged and possible. nomically and culturally important areas are. If ally exit the military in Hampton Roads we decide to implement design with the issues -Number of veterans in Hampton Roads: 213,926 that Virginia Beach is facing, we are focusing (Source: U.S. Census Bureau) DESIRABLE SITE on protecting these areas from the scope of BUSINESS DISTRICTS Industry, Commerce, and Tourism. -Areas Include “The City’s business community is renowned for its Industrial Parks and Historically Underutilized Business highly diverse collection of industries, including na- (HUB) Zones -Development Possibilities tionally and internationally known corporate head- Development in these districts is highly encourage due quarters, technologically-advanced manufacturers, to underutilized space, feasibility, and location. Found on visitivirginiabeach.com billion-dollar defense contractors, and locally owned shops.” NOT COMPATIBLE Major Business Districts: -APZ-1 Clear Zones Federal Owned Military Zones. /Airport Industrial Park /Centerville /Oceanfront Re- TOURISM Development is undesirable due to federal regulations sort /Newtown /Pembroke /Princess Anne Commons and city zoning laws. /Rosemont /Hilltop /Lynhaven.

Found on visitivirginiabeach.com

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7. Green AVAILABLE AMENITIES CAPABLE City Parks - Military Zones Infrastructure - Natural Areas: “A natural area is a municipal preservation Development might be difficult due to regulations. area whose primary purpose is to preserve the indigenous Ecological vegetation and wildlife in order to serve as green infra- structure and as a scenic environment for Virginia Beach It is important to know where the water bound- residents to enjoy. Natural areas include areas for protec- POSSIBLE SITE aries and main vegetated areas are in relation to tion and management of the natural/cultural environment -Water Shorelines with recreation use as a secondary objective. Recreational where the business districts are and the Development within these zones are feasible when im- use might include passive recreation activities such as plemented correctly. If not building footprints. hiking, birding, and environmental education, but may implemented correctly, more harm than good can be Found on the Virginia Green Infrastructure The dam break inundation zones are potential also include public waterway access improvements, public done to these ecological Directory problematic areas if there is a catastrophic fail- fishing opportunities, and trail connections.” systems. ure regarding the dams. “293 parks and park facilities, encompassing over 7,000 acres,” The business districts have the most amount Bikeways and Trails of impervious surfaces. Ecologically resilient “The City currently has over 100 miles of trails.” DESIRABLE SITE buffer zones can help mitigate flooding that Dog Parks -Business Districts accompanies dam failure. Skate Parks The most developed areas in the city have the highest Focus on implementing green infrastructure “ The City of Virginia Beach operates three premier skate amount of impervious parks located in , Williams surfaces which allows more advanced green infrastruc- should be based around the business district Farm Park, and Woodstock Park. Skate parks welcome ture to exist. area which lack it. users of all ages.” Fishing Found on the Virginia Green Infrastructure Saltwater and Fresh Fishing Directory “The following are recommended sites for fishing from a NOT COMPATIBLE canoe or kayak: Dozier Bridge, Hutton Circle, - Agriculture Zones and the Chesapeake Bay Resource Protec- Birdneck Launch, and Owl Creek Boat Ramp.” tion Area (RPA) Beach and Boat Facilities Development is undesirable due to the ecological Kayaking consequences that would arise. These zones are highly 14 Kayaking or Canoeing Locations regulated.

Found on the Virginia Green Infrastructure Directory

38 39

Criteria: 8. Transportation The sustainability of Virginia Beach’s transportation system Major Roadways is critical to the future of the area. The criteria was deter- Resilient measures: Transportation has shaped the way a city is mined based on the availability of land not covered by sea level rise. 1. {Relocation of Infrastructure} Moving major made for centuries. Originally, the boundaries EXCELLENT roadways such as evacuation routes o a city were determined by walking distances, - Open Areas and major highways to areas with low flooding but once private and public transportation was - Areas with limited buildings for major roads to be implement- impact. This would lower the impact on created, those boundaries increased immensley. ed businesses and tourism by having new routes in This did not only impact urban developments, - Areas where sea level rise does not affect due to elevation -Allows for public transportation to be implemented; areas place before possible sea level rise. but it impacted the connectivity of our nation where population is located 2. {New design of Public Transit} Creation of new through the creation of things like highway - Areas with a 0.5 mile buffer from flood zones public transportation routes for when and freeway systems, along with public transit GOOD sea level rises. Movement of larger transit routes routes that impact a city such as Virginia Beach. - Areas with low density development Flood Impact - Flooding affects the area, but not heavily such as the light rail in Norfolk. This In cities transportation has grown to cause ma- - Available land to be built on will eliminate panic once sea level rises to be able jor issues such as conjestion, pollution, as well - Moderate amount of population for public transporta- to switch over to realiable routes to as public transportation outreach. tion keep the city functioning In a place like Virginia Beach, transportation is 3. {Prepare Target Areas} As seen above, the tar- a very important way to get around especially FAIR geted areas are sections in Virginia for tourists. As tourists make up majority of - Higher density areas that can be used to relocte small roads, not major roadways Beach where the impact of sea level rise and the people within the city for months at a time, - Flooing affects the area, but not heavily flooding impact will make major roadways they need ways to get to and from the beach. become unsuable for the city. These areas need to When sea levels rise many main roadways, free- NOT COMPATIBLE be addressed first by elevating ways, and highways will hinder Virginia Beach’s - Areas covered by sea level rise through the next 10+ years Target Areas roadways or moving roadways altogether to com- main source of commerce will fade away when Respresented in the three maps to the left with target areas of flooding in future years bat future unsustainability. people have limited access to the beach due to - Conservation lands that are not appliciable to be developed 4. {Elevation of Transportation} Moving road- road closures. Flooding already impacts the - Existing bodies of water and wetlands ways off of the ground such as a bypass area with road closures, but soon they will be Represented in tan on the larger map would eliminate need for realocation of all infra- fully underwater. This will not only impact tourists, but also residents , and businesses that WORST - Existing major roadways will generate commerce within the area. Includes highways, freeways, and mainstream roads within Virginia Beach - Existing public transprtation - Areas covered by sea level rise through the next 10+ years

Sources: http://gis.data.vbgov.com/

40 41

Criteria: 9. Institutional- The sustainability of current military operations in Virginia Beach was determined using FEMA Water flood data. Layering multiple attributes allowed the analysis to be hierarchial and deep. Characteristics of classifications are as follows: The existing water infrastructure in Virginia Beach supports the current development in the LEAST SUITABLE area but does not take into affect potential sea - Sea Level Must Rise 2ft or more level rise and would no longer function at its - Existing Infrastructure In This Area Would No intended capacity. Longer Be Accessible or Usable

SUITABLE - Sea Level Must Rise 4ft or more - Existing Infrastructure In This Area Would No Longer Be Accessible or Usable

MOST SUITABLE - Sea Level Must Rise 6ft or more - Existing Infrastructure In This Area Would No Longer Be Accessible or Usable

NOT COMPATIBLE - Existing Water Body/Area Not Suitable For Water Infrastructure

EXISTING - Existing Water Infrastructure Including: - Storm Pump Station - BMPs

Sources: gis.data.vbgov.com, virginiaplaces.org, vbgov.com, visitvirginiabeach.com, coast.noaa.gov

42 43 10. History and Culture GOALS + OBJECTIVES Criteria: CULTURE OF VIRGINIA BEACH Mount Trashmore Park Sustainable Land Use And Tourism: History: Virginia Beach / Virginia The City of Virginia Beach is most known for it’s agricultur- Description: 165 acre man made park Virginia Beach is home to many historical Redefining coastal tourism by expanding it to in- al lands, coastal life, surfing culture, and also as a Naval City. clude a year-round, ecologically centered tourism that is comprised of two - man made and cultural sites of importance for the state Surf Culture – Virginia as a surfer destination mountains, two lakes, playgrounds, of Virginia and nationally. Developedly built experience. Local surf stores, commercial amenities, and coastal sand skate park, and vertical ramp with as a Naval city with historical importance of • Maintaining and expanding wildlife preserves, es- attractions for surfing community multi use paths. East Coast Surfing Championship coastal life such as aquatic pecially vulnerable marshlands, and Served as a popular park destina- Weeklong, volunteer run competition festival that’s free for tion in Virginia Beach that covers centers, surfer locations, and early settlement. establishing these places as tourism destinations. the public. The ECSC is in its 56th year drawing surfers and • Showcasing and embracing sea level rise in areas rubble and trash hence the name Dominantly known for Naval and oceanfront celebrating the culture and talent in Virginia Beach. The Mount Trashmore. Costing roughly tourism industries, moving towards the cen- where flooding is inevitable (controlling coastal waters of Virginia Beach has attracted amateur and $192,000 to construct. ter of the city where the town center is rapidly where flooding will be permitted) talented surfers from across the nation influencing the new- Built: Trash build up/dumped ceased • Reinventing existing stormwater infrastructure to er generation of kids living in the area. Serving as a place 1971, project start 1966, park opened growing as the main for celebration and exhibition has elevated the sense of be- hub for environment and businesses. Al- avoid overwhelming natural water systems. 1973 Historical Significance: Covered longing and place for VA Beach. Landscape of VA Beach is the rubbish and trash for municipal- though plans to increase economic planning an ideal setting for beginner surfers, a friendly invitation to ity use of the city - since dumping and development in the center, the bulk of Economy the coastal waters to grow into an active and talented surger. would of caused negative effects to history and its importance will succumb to Includes agriculture, military, and tourism. Rein- the city and its water table. 1607. Na- tive , settlers, and etc have the sea level rises and climate vent existing industries to thrive in rising sea level LIKELY CULTURAL/HISTORICAL changes. conditions. SIGNIFICANCE navigated the parks waterways. • Boosting agritourism with innovative, organic, ViBe Cultural District and resilient agriculture methods King Neptune Sculpture History: Virginia Beach Description: A district that holds History: Virginia Beach • Repurposing damaged or vacant lots, esp. from creative industries by the Virginia A 34 foot tall statue that was erected rising sea levels Beach oceanfront in need of revi- during the Neptune Festival Board- talization. The district’s mission is walk Weekend, now located at the to promote, support, and inspire the Long Term Planning and Trends: 31st street at the boardwalk./ Built: ca. arts and creative industries to boost Evaluating best areas to accommodate growing September 30th, 2005. Cultural Signifi- local economy, and to enhance qual- cance: A statue built to dedicate the city populations and encouraging a gradual shift to ity of life. This place is vibrant with of VA BeachBuilds a reputation for VA relocate people from vulnerable areas through pol- color and stark contrast of programs Beaches quality of life while enhancing - but acts as an extension of the icy and planning. it for future development. • Data analysis and study of trends boardwalk for the community mem- • Creating incentives to relocate (employment in bers and visitors to enjoy. Built: ca. 2016/ Cultural Significance: new and revitalized industries) Builds a reputation for VA Beaches Resource planning quality of life while enhancing it for future development

44 45 RESTRICTED HISTORIC DISTRICTS LEGALLY HISTORIC DISTRICTS / Wis- structed in 1830, but the site dates Upper Wolfsnare House Registered National Register of Historic Places hart-Boush back to the mid 17th century. It is National Register of Historic History: Virginia Beach / Virginia / History: Virginia Beach + Virginia National Register of Historic Places said that one of the earliest ferry US Description: The original owner, Places History: Virginia Beach + Virginia services started near these types of History: Virginia Beach + Virginia Description: Virginia’s most visited Adam thoroughgood (1604-1640) Description: Glimpse of the social county courthouses and plantations. Description: The first settler, Thom- state park,2,888 acre park with a 1.5 was gifted the and economical lifestyle as a mid- The third Princess Anne County as I, settled in 1662 from Barbados miles of the coastal beach offers a ownership of 5,350 acres of land in dle-class planter curing the 18th courthouse shares the same lot with and owned the then 7,000 acre land. wide range of outdoor activities. Has 1635, where he built his home and century. It contains about 85% of the , and to- It got passed on to generations, enough places for the visitor to dive named surrounding overall intact original materials, and day it is used for various educational where Thomas III was a major in the into the historical preservation land- local features after his descendance, is one of the best preserved historical programs. British Army, and his son, Walke IV scape the east coast has to offer. King’s Lynn, Norfolk, England. It is buildings from this period. Built: ca. 1830. was one of the two representatives Located near a military training cen- one of the oldest buildings in Virgin- Built: ca. 1725 Historical significance: Example of that voted to ratify the United States ter, but aside from the unusual sight- ia. Historical significance: Example of Federal style three-course American Constitution (representing Prince ings and noises, the park is 100 safe Built: ca. 1719 18th century Virginia ver- bond brickwork and Colonial Reviv- Anne for visitors. Historical significance: Example of nacular architecture. al style architecture of the 1950s. County). Today it is open for visitors Built: By the Civilian Conservation early colonial architecture in Virginia for certain seasons during the year. Corp in 1930s Historical Signifi- Built: ca. 1759 cance: English colonists first landed Old Lighthouse National Register of Historic Places deWitt Cottage / Atlantic National Register of Historic Places Historical significance: Example of along the VA beach coast in 1607. History: Virginia Beach Wildfowl Heritage Museum History: Virginia + United States Georgian style. Native americans, settlers, and etc Description: The Y-shaped building National Register of Historic Places Description: Marks the southern have navigated the parks waterways. was built during the prosperity of History: Virginia Beach entrance to the Chesapeake Bay in the 1920s, and remained as a ame- Old Beach Neighborhood Description: The historical “L” Virginia. nities-full hotel until the WWII era, shaped beach cottage demonstrates History: Virginia Beach Despite suffering damage during where the US Navy used it as a train- the typical building layout of ocean- Description: The Old Beach is one the and light- ing center until the war ended. It re- front homes during the late 1800s. It of the older residential neighbor- ning strikes that compromised the opened as a hotel, and continues to has remained as a permanent resi- hoods at the Oceanfront, established building’s stability, it still underwent behold view towards the ocean. dence until 1988. Today it holds the in 1915. The majority of the original repair for conservation purposes. Built: ca. 1927 Atlantic Wildfowl Heritage museum, cottages built during the 1920’s and Today, a taller and newer lighthouse Historical significance: Built during displaying hunting memorabilia and 1950’s have been lost to redevelop- is used for full shipping orientation, the Roaring Twenties and key ele- related wildlife displays. ment. Various types of architectural but the old tower is used for daytime ment in creating Virginia Beach a Built: ca. 1895 styles such as: Arts and Crafts, mark and triangulation. resort area. Historical significance: Example of Coastal Cottage, European Roman- Built: ca. 1792/ Historical signif- oceanfront brick cottage with Queen tic, and Colonial Revival. Ferry Plantation House / Old icance: First federal construction Anne style. Built: ca. 1915 project under the Constitution, as Donation Farm National Register of Historic Places Historical Significance: Oldest well as the first authorized light- History: Virginia Beach + Virginia neighborhood, redeveloped under house by the US government. historical guidelines. Description: The house was con-

46 47 WHEN SHOULD YOU USE IT:

CONTESTED SITES

CONFLICTING POLITICS

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Phase Three: HARD STRATEGY PROBLEM EARLY STAGES Geodesign Workshop

48 49 Geodesign Hub

STUDY AREA: Virginia Beach BOUNDARIES CONSTRAINTS

PROJECT BRIEF CONSTRAINTS OBJECTIVE The Back Bay National Wildlife Refuge serves as The goal of this project is to develop future man- the main constraint in the area. It is a protected agement strategy for this area. site and cannot be changed. DESIGN TARGETS BACKGROUND 1-100,000 more people in the city (45,000 new Virginia Beach needs to adapt household). - Current population: 450,000 Total Population in 2050: 550,000. SYSTEMS 2-30,000 New houses including 18,000 single The project has the following systems: family (5 du/ac) detached 8,000 town houses 1-Climate (CLIM) (12-14 du/acre), and 4,000 multi family housing - 2-Ecology (ECO) own (30-50 du/acre). 3-Surface Water (SWTR) 3-10,000 New apartments - rental (30/50 du/ 4-Ground Water (GWTR) acre). 5-History and Culture (HISCUL) 4-Additionally, 45,000 people displaced by 3-ft 6-Tourism (TRSM) sea-level rise requiring new housing. 7-Housing (HSG) 5-3 Million sq ft of new office space 8-Commerce + Industry (COMIND) 6-5,000 acre new commercial spacwe 9-Military (MIL) 7-Minimum 20,000 acre new parks, recreation 10-Transport (TRANS) and conservation 8-Population over age of 65 or older will be 25% : 137.

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