Snakelocks Anemone

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

BIOSNIPPET ISSUE 47 Scientific Name: Anemonia viridis Synonym: Anemonia sulcata English: Snakelocks Anemone Maltese: l-artikla ħadra The Snakelocks Anemone is a small, peculiar animal found in the eastern Atlantic Ocean and throughout the Mediterranean Sea, including also along the North African coast. In Malta it is very common, attaching itself to rocks, seaweeds and sea-grasses, and even to the shells of invertebrates such as molluscs or crabs. This anemone grows to around 10cm wide and can live as far down as 20m, however it prefers brightly lit shallow waters, where it is frequently observed in rock pools on the seashore. This species is characterised by its long, greenish tentacles with purple tips, each lined with venomous, stinging cells. The green colouration is due to the presence of symbiotic algae that use sunlight as an energy source – the algae provide food and oxygen, whilst the anemone provides protection and a reliable exposure to sunlight. Underneath the mass of tentacles one finds the polyp body, which is a tubular structure, whilst the mouth lies imbedded between the tentacles. Sea anemones are voracious predators, sweeping the surrounding seawater for any suitable prey that comes within reach of their tentacles, immobilising it with their paralysing venom. Interestingly, sea anemones are capable to reproduce both sexually and asexually. Since they lack the free-swimming medusa stage of their life-cycle, during the mating season in the summer months, the fertilised egg develops directly into another polyp. Even though the Snakelocks Anemone enjoys favourable conservation status, aquarium fishing activities may have an impact on this species, as sea anemones are fast becoming popular aquarium pets, not to mention that anemones are occasionally also consumed in Malta, where they are deep fried in olive oil. Environment and Resources Authority Hexagon House, Spencer Hill Marsa MRS 1441 T: (+356) 2292 3500 E: [email protected] W: era.org.mt.

Copy Link

Recommended publications

The Anemonia Viridis Venom: Coupling Biochemical Purification
marine drugs Review The Anemonia viridis Venom: Coupling Biochemical Puriﬁcation and RNA-Seq for Translational Research Aldo Nicosia 1,*,† , Alexander Mikov 2,†, Matteo Cammarata 3, Paolo Colombo 4 , Yaroslav Andreev 2,5, Sergey Kozlov 2 and Angela Cuttitta 1,* 1 National Research Council-Institute for the Study of Anthropogenic Impacts and Sustainability in the Marine Environment (IAS-CNR), Laboratory of Molecular Ecology and Biotechnology, Capo Granitola, Via del mare, Campobello di Mazara (TP), 91021 Sicily, Italy 2 Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, RAS, GSP-7, ul. Miklukho-Maklaya, 16/10, 117997 Moscow, Russia; [email protected] (A.M.); [email protected] (Y.A.); [email protected] (S.K.) 3 Department of Earth and Marine Sciences, University of Palermo, 90100 Palermo, Italy; [email protected] 4 Istituto di Biomedicina e di Immunologia Molecolare, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Ugo La Malfa 153, 90146 Palermo, Italy; [email protected] 5 Institute of Molecular Medicine, Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 119991 Moscow, Russia * Correspondence: [email protected] (A.N.); [email protected] (A.C.); Tel.: +39-0924-40600 (A.N. & A.C.) † These authors have made equal contribution. Received: 29 September 2018; Accepted: 24 October 2018; Published: 25 October 2018 Abstract: Blue biotechnologies implement marine bio-resources for addressing practical concerns. The isolation of biologically active molecules from marine animals is one of the main ways this ﬁeld develops. Strikingly, cnidaria are considered as sustainable resources for this purpose, as they possess unique cells for attack and protection, producing an articulated cocktail of bioactive substances.
[Show full text]
The Nature of Temperate Anthozoan-Dinoflagellate Symbioses
FAU Institutional Repository http://purl.fcla.edu/fau/fauir This paper was submitted by the faculty of FAU’s Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institute. Notice: ©1997 Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute. This manuscript is an author version with the final publication available and may be cited as: Davy, S. K., Turner, J. R., & Lucas, I. A. N. (1997). The nature of temperate anthozoan-dinoflagellate symbioses. In H.A. Lessios & I.G. Macintyre (Eds.), Proceedings of the Eighth International Coral Reef Symposium Vol. 2, (pp. 1307-1312). Balboa, Panama: Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute. Proc 8th lnt Coral Reef Sym 2:1307-1312. 1997 THE NATURE OF TEMPERATE ANTHOZOAN-DINOFLAGELLATE SYMBIOSES 1 S.K. Davy1', J.R Turner1,2 and I.A.N Lucas lschool of Ocean Sciences, University of Wales, Bangor, Marine Science Laboratories, Menai Bridge, Anglesey LL59 5EY, U.K. 2Department of Agricultural sciences, University of OXford, Parks Road, Oxford, U.K. 'Present address: Department of Symbiosis and Coral Biology, Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institution, 5600 U.S. 1 North, Fort Pierce, Florida 34946, U.S.A. ABSTRACT et al. 1993; Harland and Davies 1995). The zooxanthellae of C. pedunculatus, A. ballii and I. SUlcatus have not This stUdy (i) characterised the algal symbionts of the been described, nor is it known whether they translocate temperate sea anemones Cereus pedunculatus (Pennant), photosynthetically-fixed carbon to their hosts. Anthopleura ballii (Cocks) and Anemonia viridis (ForskAl), and the temperate zoanthid Isozoanthus sulca In this paper, we describe the morphology of tus (Gosse) (ii) investigated the nutritional inter-re zooxanthellae from C. pedunculatus, A. ballii, A.
[Show full text]
Anemonia Sulcata and Its Symbiont Symbiodinium As a Source of Anti-Tumor and Anti-Oxidant Compounds for Colon Cancer Therapy: a Preliminary in Vitro Study
biology Article Anemonia sulcata and Its Symbiont Symbiodinium as a Source of Anti-Tumor and Anti-Oxidant Compounds for Colon Cancer Therapy: A Preliminary In Vitro Study Laura Cabeza 1,2,3, Mercedes Peña 1,2,3 , Rosario Martínez 4 , Cristina Mesas 1,2,3, Milagros Galisteo 5, Gloria Perazzoli 1,2,3, Jose Prados 1,2,3,* , Jesús M. Porres 4,† and Consolación Melguizo 1,2,3,† 1 Institute of Biopathology and Regenerative Medicine (IBIMER), Center of Biomedical Research (CIBM), University of Granada, 18100 Granada, Spain; [email protected] (L.C.); [email protected] (M.P.); [email protected] (C.M.); [email protected] (G.P.); [email protected] (C.M.) 2 Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain 3 Biosanitary Institute of Granada (ibs.GRANADA), SAS-University of Granada, 18014 Granada, Spain 4 Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology (INyTA), Biomedical Research Center (CIBM), Department of Physiology, University of Granada, 18100 Granada, Spain; [email protected] (R.M.); [email protected] (J.M.P.) 5 Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] † Co-senior authors: These authors contributed equally to this work. Citation: Cabeza, L.; Peña, M.; Simple Summary: Colorectal cancer is one of the most frequent types of cancer in the population. Martínez, R.; Mesas, C.; Galisteo, M.; Recently, invertebrate marine animals have been investigated for the presence of natural products Perazzoli, G.; Prados, J.; Porres, J.M.; which can damage tumor cells, prevent their spread to other tissues or avoid cancer develop.
[Show full text]
A Review of Toxins from Cnidaria
marine drugs Review A Review of Toxins from Cnidaria Isabella D’Ambra 1,* and Chiara Lauritano 2 1 Integrative Marine Ecology Department, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale, 80121 Napoli, Italy 2 Marine Biotechnology Department, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale, 80121 Napoli, Italy; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +39-081-5833201 Received: 4 August 2020; Accepted: 30 September 2020; Published: 6 October 2020 Abstract: Cnidarians have been known since ancient times for the painful stings they induce to humans. The effects of the stings range from skin irritation to cardiotoxicity and can result in death of human beings. The noxious effects of cnidarian venoms have stimulated the definition of their composition and their activity. Despite this interest, only a limited number of compounds extracted from cnidarian venoms have been identified and defined in detail. Venoms extracted from Anthozoa are likely the most studied, while venoms from Cubozoa attract research interests due to their lethal effects on humans. The investigation of cnidarian venoms has benefited in very recent times by the application of omics approaches. In this review, we propose an updated synopsis of the toxins identified in the venoms of the main classes of Cnidaria (Hydrozoa, Scyphozoa, Cubozoa, Staurozoa and Anthozoa). We have attempted to consider most of the available information, including a summary of the most recent results from omics and biotechnological studies, with the aim to define the state of the art in the field and provide a background for future research. Keywords: venom; phospholipase; metalloproteinases; ion channels; transcriptomics; proteomics; biotechnological applications 1.
[Show full text]
Energy Relationships Between Anemonia Sulcata and Its Endosymbiotic Zooxanthellae *
Symbiosis, 3 (1987) 233-248 233 Balaban Publishers, Phila.delphia/Rehovot Energy Relationships between Anemonia sulcata and its Endosymbiotic Zooxanthellae * NOGA STAMBLER a.nd ZVY DUBINSKY Department of Life Sciences, Bar-flan University Ramat- Gan 52100, Israel Tel. 03-718283 Received Ma.y 14, 1987; Accepted November 11, 1987 Abstract The sea anemone Anemonia sulcata which is widely distributed in shallow wa• ters along the Mediterranean coast of Israel contains endosymbiotic zooxan• thellae in its tissues. Only 50% of the photosynthetically assimilated carbon is utilized by the algae, while the rest is translocated to the animal tissue. The percentage of translocated carbon to the anemone tissue is independent of light intensity and, therefore, does not depend on the total amount of fixed carbon. Under starvation, the percent of translocation increases up to 70%. This translocation of the photosynthetic products from the algae to the animal tissue may provide up to 116% of the animals' respiratory needs under natural conditions. The energy contribution of zooxanthellae to the anemone allows its survival and maintenance under starvation, but for growth, the anemone also needs essential nutrients such as nitrogen and phosphate which have to be obtained through predation. Keywords: Anemonia sulcata, zooxanthellae, symbiosis, carbon budget Abbreviations: CZAR, contribution of zooxanthellae to animal respiration; DOC, dissolved organic carbon; M.I., mitotic index • Presented a.t the First Eila.t Symposium on Marine Symbioses, February 8-13, 1987 0334-5114/87 /$03.00 © 1987 Balaban Publishers 234 N. STAMBLER AND Z. DUBINSKY 1. Introduction Various aspects of the association between the sea anemone Anemonia sulcaia and the zooxanthella Symbiodinium sp.
[Show full text]
Cytolytic Peptide and Protein Toxins from Sea Anemones (Anthozoa
Toxicon 40 2002) 111±124 Review www.elsevier.com/locate/toxicon Cytolytic peptide and protein toxins from sea anemones Anthozoa: Actiniaria) Gregor Anderluh, Peter MacÏek* Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, VecÏna pot 111,1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia Received 20 March 2001; accepted 15 July 2001 Abstract More than 32 species of sea anemones have been reported to produce lethal cytolytic peptides and proteins. Based on their primary structure and functional properties, cytolysins have been classi®ed into four polypeptide groups. Group I consists of 5±8 kDa peptides, represented by those from the sea anemones Tealia felina and Radianthus macrodactylus. These peptides form pores in phosphatidylcholine containing membranes. The most numerous is group II comprising 20 kDa basic proteins, actinoporins, isolated from several genera of the fam. Actiniidae and Stichodactylidae. Equinatoxins, sticholysins, and magni- ®calysins from Actinia equina, Stichodactyla helianthus, and Heteractis magni®ca, respectively, have been studied mostly. They associate typically with sphingomyelin containing membranes and create cation-selective pores. The crystal structure of Ê equinatoxin II has been determined at 1.9 A resolution. Lethal 30±40 kDa cytolytic phospholipases A2 from Aiptasia pallida fam. Aiptasiidae) and a similar cytolysin, which is devoid of enzymatic activity, from Urticina piscivora, form group III. A thiol-activated cytolysin, metridiolysin, with a mass of 80 kDa from Metridium senile fam. Metridiidae) is a single representative of the fourth family. Its activity is inhibited by cholesterol or phosphatides. Biological, structure±function, and pharmacological characteristics of these cytolysins are reviewed. q 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. Keywords: Cytolysin; Hemolysin; Pore-forming toxin; Actinoporin; Sea anemone; Actiniaria; Review 1.
[Show full text]
Antimicrobial Peptides Isolation from Anemonia Sulcata (Cnidaria)
ISJ 11: 182-191, 2014 ISSN 1824-307X RESEARCH REPORT First evidence of antimicrobial activity of neurotoxin 2 from Anemonia sulcata (Cnidaria) MR Trapani1,2, MG Parisi1, M Toubiana2, L Coquet3, T Jouenne3, P Roch2, M Cammarata1 1Marine Immunobiology Laboratory, Department of Biological, Chemical, Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy 2Ecologie des Systèmes Marins Côtiers, CNRS-Université Montpellier 2, place E. Bataillon, Montpellier, France 3Plateforme de Protéomique PISSARO, CNRS-Université de Rouen, Place E. Blondel, Mont-Saint-Aignan, France Accepted June 6, 2014 Abstract We investigated the antibacterial activity of Anemonia sulcata (Cnidaria, Anthozoa) tentacle and body acidic extracts. Biochemical purification consisted of first step on solid phase Sep-Pak C8 column followed by several HPLC runs on C18 column using different conditions. Anti-Micrococcus lysodeikticus activity has been detected in 40 % acetonitrile fractions. The resulting purified molecule from tentacles had a molecular mass determined by MALDI-TOF mass spectrum of 4946,299 Da and has been completely sequenced. Its aa sequence revealed identity with the Neurotoxin 2 (ATX-II), a Na+ channel blocking toxins. Consequently, ATX-II appeared to display a dual role as toxin and as antibacterial. Key Words: antimicrobial peptide; Anemonia sulcata; ATX II; neurotoxin; Micrococcus lysodeikticus Introduction The sea anemone Anemonia sulcata is a 2002). There is evidence that antimicrobial peptides widespread Mediterranean species. Sea anemones are widespread in invertebrates (Chisholm and are generally poisonous animals that spend most of Smith, 1992), especially in tissues such as the gut their lives in a sessile form. Capturing activities and and respiratory organs in marine invertebrates, defense mechanisms are strongly associated with subjected to a first exposure to pathogens.
[Show full text]
Anemone Anemonia Sulcata. Living There Or Just Passing By?
SCIENTIA MARINA 71(2) June 2007, 287-292, Barcelona (Spain) ISSN: 0214-8358 Decapod crustaceans associated with the snakelock anemone Anemonia sulcata. Living there or just passing by? RICARDO CALADO, GISELA DIONÍSIO and MARIA TERESA DINIS CCMAR Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8000-117 Faro, Portugal. E-mail: [email protected] SUMMARY: The present work identifies the decapod crustaceans that associate with Anemonia sulcata on the southwest- ern Atlantic coast of Portugal and characterises their host use pattern. It determines whether the anemone is monopolised by any species, resulting in the exclusion of conspecifics or other decapods and, under laboratory conditions, it evaluates the degree of association between each species and A. sulcata. From all sampled anemones, 79% harboured at least 1 decapod crustacean, with the majority displaying either one or two specimens (32 and 24%, respectively). The most abundant species were the shrimp Periclimenes sagittifer and the crab Inachus phalangium (representing 36 and 31% of collected specimens, respectively), which displayed lasting associations and were commonly recorded among the tentacles of the host. The species Eualus occultus, E. complex cranchii, Clibanarius erythropus, Maja brachydactyla, Pilumnus hirtellus and Polybius (Necora) puber displayed short-term associations, were mainly present on the substratum near the base, and avoided the ten- tacles of A. sulcata. Periclimenes sagittifer and I. phalangium were only recorded alone or in heterosexual pairs, appearing to efficiently defend their host against conspecifics. The majority of recorded species only seem to temporarily associate with A. sulcata, in order to seek protection from predators when other shelters are unavailable. Keywords: Anemonia sulcata, associative behaviour, decapod crustaceans.
[Show full text]
The Feeding Habits of Three Mediterranean Sea Anemone Species, Anemonia Viridis (Forskm), Actinia Equina (Linnaeus) and Cereuspedunculatus (Pennant)
HELGOLANDER MEERESUNTERSUCHUNGEN Helgol~nder Meeresunters. 46, 53-68 (1992) The feeding habits of three Mediterranean sea anemone species, Anemonia viridis (ForskM), Actinia equina (Linnaeus) and Cereuspedunculatus (Pennant) Ch. Chintiroglou & A. Koukouras Department of Zoology, University of Thessaloniki; Post Box 134, GR-54006 Thessalonita', Greece ABSTRACT: The feeding habits of the Mediterranean sea anemones Cereus pedunculatus, Actinia equina and Anemonia viridis were examined mainly by analysing their coelenteron contents. The three species are opportunistic omnivorous suspension feeders. Main source of food for A. vhddis and C. peduncutatus are crustaceans (mainly amphipods and decapods, respectively}, while for the midlittoral species A. equina, it is organic detritus. Using the same method, the temporal and spatial changes in the diet of A. viridis were examined. During the whole year, crustaceans seem to be the main source of food for A. vifidis. The diet composition of this species, however, differs remarkably in space, possibly reflecting the different composition of the macrobenthic organismic assemblages in different areas. The data collected are compared with the limited bibliographical information. INTRODUCTION Since Aristotle's time, it has been known that sea anemones can capture and feed on small fish, although it is only recently that information on their feeding habits has begun to emerge. Our understanding of their nutrition has changed considerably in recent years (Van Pratt, 1985}. Studies of the coelenteron contents of Anthopleura elegantissima, A. xanthogram- mica, Metfidium senile, Anemonia vifidis (= A. sulcata), Actinja equina, Edwardsia longicornis, E. danica, Phyrnactis clematis, Bunodactis marplatensis, Calliactis parasitica, and Urticina eques have contributed to the knowledge of the prey composition of these anemones (Ellehauge, 1978; M611er, 1978; Zamponi, 1980; Sebens, 1981; Van Pratt, 1983; Den Hartog, 1986; Chintiroglou & Koukouras, 1991).
[Show full text]
The Bioenergetics of Symbiotic Sea Anemones (Anthozoa: Actiniaria)
Symbiosis, 5 (1988) 103-142 103 Balaban Publishers, Philadelphia/Rehovot Review article The Bioenergetics of Symbiotic Sea Anemones (Anthozoa: Actiniaria) R. GRANT STEEN* Division of NMR Research, Department of Radiology The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA Tel. {301} 955-7492 Received November 19, 1987; Accepted March 17, 1988 Abstract The bioenergetics of sea anemones and the interactions between anemones and symbiotic zooxanthellae are reviewed from the standpoint of costs and benefits to the anemone. Energy input to the anemone includes phagotrophy (consumption of particulate organic material), saprotrophy (uptake of dis• solved organic material), and autotrophy (photosynthesis by zooxanthellae). Energy output includes respiration, growth and storage, reproduction, and export of carbon. Interactions between host and symbiont affect virtually all of these processes and the energetic costs of symbiosis to the host should not be ignored. Anemones appear to benefit from translocated algal photosynthate as anemones starved in light lose weight less rapidly than anemones starved in darkness. However oxygen production during algal photosynthesis may also be important in determining the balance between aerobic and anaerobic res• piration by the host. Furthermore, translocation of algal photosynthate may not equate with benefit to the host: much photosynthetic carbon is lost from the host and the remaining carbon may not contribute substantially to host bioenergetic status. The net impact of zooxanthellae on the host energy bud• get under field conditions is largely unknown. Keywords: Bioenergetics, symbiosis, sea anemone, photosynthesis "Present address: Department of Radiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA 0334-5114/88/$03.00 © 1988 Balaban Publishers 104 R.G.
[Show full text]
Urticaria Induced by Ingestion of Anemonia Sulcata Subcutaneous Immunotherapy Systemic Reaction Grading System
208 Practitioner's Corner 5. Cox L, Larenas-Linnemann D, Lockey RF, Passalacqua G. Speaking the same language: The World Allergy Organization Urticaria Induced by Ingestion of Anemonia sulcata Subcutaneous Immunotherapy Systemic Reaction Grading System. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2010;125:569-74. De Aramburu Mera T1, Labella Álvarez M1, Baynova K1, 6. Mueller HL. Diagnosis and treatment of insect sensitivity. J Bartolomé Zavala B2, Prados Castaño M1 Asthma Res. 1966;3:331-3 1Department of Allergology, University Hospital Virgen del Rocío, 7. Blank S, Seismann H, Michel Y, McIntyre M, Cifuentes L, Braren Seville, Spain I, et al. Api m 10, a genuine A. mellifera venom allergen, is 2Roxall, R&D Department, Bilbao, Spain clinically relevant but underrepresented in therapeutic extracts. Allergy. 2011;66:1322-9. J Investig Allergol Clin Immunol 2018; Vol. 28(3): 208-209 8. Severino MG, Campi P, Macchia D, Manfredi M, Turillazzi S, doi: 10.18176/jiaci.0244 Spadolini I, et al. European Polistes venom allergy. Allergy. 2006 Jul;61(7):860-3. Key words: Urticaria. Anemonia sulcata. “Ortiguilla” allergy. IgE-binding 9. Schiener M, Eberlein B, Moreno-Aguilar C, Pietsch G, Serrano bands. P, McIntyre M, et al. Application of recombinant antigen 5 Palabras clave: Urticaria. Anemonia sulcata. Alergia a “ortiguilla”. allergens from seven allergy-relevant Hymenoptera species in Bandas IgE. diagnostics. Allergy. 2017;72:98-108. 10. Birnbaum J, Ramadour M, Magnan A, Vervloet D. Hymenoptera ultra-rush venom immunotherapy (210 min): a safety study and risk factors. Clin Exp Allergy. 2003;33:58-64. The anemone Anemonia sulcata is a species of anthozoan cnidarian belonging to the Actiniidae family.
[Show full text]
III Congreso De Las Academias Andaluzas (Cádiz, 6
III CONGRESO DE ACADEMIAS DE ANDALUCIA CADIZ, 6-8 Octubre 1983 COMUNICACIONES A LAS PONENCIAS I.S.B.N. - En trámite Depósito Legal eA. 549 - 1986 Imprime: «LA VOZ» - P. Ejército, 38 - San Fernando MEMORIA DE SECRETARIA En el II Congreso de Academias de Andalucía celebrado en Córdoba, fue designada la Real Academia de Medicina y Cirugía de Cádiz, en la persona de su Presidente, Excmo. Sr. Don Fernando Muñoz Ferrer, para organizar el III Congreso, cuya celebración ha tenido lugar los días 6, 7 Y 8 de Octubre del pasado año 1983. Desde el primer momento fue deseo del Presidente del Congreso, Dr. Muñoz Ferrer, el que en su organización se integrasen las Academias que tienen su sede en la provincia de Cádiz, es decir, participarían en su organización la Real Academia de Bellas Artes y Real Academia Hispano Americana de Cádiz, Academia de Ciencias, Letras y Artes de San Romualdo de San Fernando y Academia Jerezana de San Dionisio de Ciencias, Letras y Artes. Se constituyó un COMITE DE HONOR cuya Presidencia fue aceptada por S.M. el Rey de España, D. Juan Carlos I, entrando a formar parte del mismo las siguientes autoridades: Excmo. Sr. Presidente de la Junta de Andalucía. Excmo. Sr. Capitán General de la Zona Marítima del Estrecho. Excmo. Sr. Consejero de Cultura de la Junta de Andalucía. Excmo. Sr. Gobernador Civil de la Provincia. Excmo. Sr. Presidente de la Audiencia Provincial. Excmo. Sr. Fiscal Jefe de la Audiencia Provincial. Excmo. y Rvdmo. Sr. Obispo de Cádiz y Ceuta. Excmo. Sr. Presidente de la Diputación Provincial.
[Show full text]