8. TRANSPORT AND COMMUNICATION

Road, transport and communication are sinews of the State economy. They contribute substantially to reduction in cost of production, improvement in productivity and expansion in marketing network and catalysing the growth of trade in the economy., with a total area of 1, 30,058 Sq Kms is backed up by a road length of 2, 05,557 Kms. The average road length worked out to 319 Kms for every one lakh population as compared to the all India average of 329 Kms. The rapid strides were made by the State in the Transport sector towards achieving the national average which offered an efficient, reliable and safe transport system. On the communication front, Tamil Nadu has the total tele-density of 106.12 as compared to an all India average of 70.89.

8.1. Road Net Work: Table-8.1: Length of Roads – Tamil Nadu (in Kms) The road network is Type of Road 2009-10 2010-11 % share the back bone of an economy to total linking agriculture, National Highways 4873 4861 2.4 State Highways 9384 10561 5.1 industries, railways, seaports Major District Roads 11288 11315 5.5 and airports. A glance of the Other District Roads 34293 33182 16.1 length of roads in Tamil Sugarcane Roads 1803 1755 0.9 Nadu shows a marginal Panchayat Union and 105748 106619 51.9 decrease in the Other District Village Panchayat Roads Roads (ODR) against the Town Panchayat Roads 17904 19151 9.3 marginal increase in Major Municipality Roads 12525 12703 6.2 Corporation Roads 5388 5410 2.6 District Roads (MDR) Total 203206 205557 100.0 indicating the continuous Source: 1. Department of Highways, -5; 2. Dept of Rural upgradation of roads to the Department, Chennai. higher category. Among the various types of roads, `Panchayat Union and Village Panchayat roads’ occupies more than 60 per cent of the total length of roads. National Highways got a dimunitive share of 3 per cent and at the same time bears the 40 per cent of the total traffic in the State.

8.1.1. Length of Roads - Surface wise:

The proportion of surfaced road availability in the State is on the increase. The surfaced road growth was on the upward trend with 1950-51 from 64.5 per cent in 1950-51 to 80.80 per cent in 2007-08.

Table – 8.2: Surface-wise Length of Roads in Tamil Nadu (in Kms) Year Surfaced Roads Unsurfaced Roads Total Length of Roads Length % to total Length % to total 1950-51 28291 64.50 15569 35.50 43860 1970-71 45345 66.25 23101 33.75 68446 1990-91 134135 78.53 36666 21.47 170801 2000-01 131882 75.05 43848 24.95 175740 2007-08 155330 80.77 36989 19.23 192319 Source: Statistical Hand Book, 2011, Department of Economics and Statistics, Chennai – 6.

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8.1.2. Length of Road Matrix-Lane-wise:

The lane-wise length share indicates the efficacy of the road Box-8.1 networks in terms of speed and time A high level committee on National factor. During 2010-11, out of 61674 Transport Development Policy has kilometers, single lane accounted for a been set up to develop a Transport major chunk of 58 per cent, followed by policy going up to 2030 at the double lane at 26 per cent and Centre to facilitate the efficient intermediate lane with 13 per cent. The expansion of the transportation multilane road occupies the least with 4 network to minimize energy use per cent. with special attention to competitive pricing and coordination between

alternative modes of transport. The A further analysis of the resultant integrated policy category of roads reveals that in Tamil framework is expected to provide Nadu, in the case of National Highways, the backdrop for the development of double lane took a major share with 73 transportation in the Twelfth Plan in per cent and multilane with 26 per cent, Tamil Nadu during the coming where as the share of double lane in years. State Highways was 82.5 per cent and intermediate 9 per cent. As far as Major Source: Policy Note on Road, Minor Ports and Shipping -2010-11, Highways District Roads are concerned, single Department, Chennai. lane occupied the highest share of 90 per cent followed by intermediate lane (6%) and in respect of Other District Roads, single lane road accounted for a major portion of 92 per cent and multilane was at negligible level of 0.09 per cent. The Sugarcane roads were mostly single lane (90%), which provides the necessary road net work to link the sugarcane growing area with the sugarcane mills.

Table – 8.3: Lane-wise Length of Roads as on 31st March 2011 – Tamil Nadu (in Kms) Type of Road Single Lane Intermediate Double Multi Lane Total Lane Lane National Highways 13 62 3531 1255 4861 (0.3) (1.3) (72.6) (25.8) (100) State Highways 32 963 8709 857 10561 (0.3) (9.1) (82.5) (8.1) (100) Major District Roads 3702 4687 2819 107 11315 (32.7) (41.4) (24.9) (1.0) (100) Other District Roads 30472 1964 715 31 33182 (91.8) (5.9) (2.2) (0.1) (100) Sugarcane Roads 1587 106 62 - 1755 (90.4) (6.0) (3.6) (100) Total 35806 7782 15836 2250 61674 (58.1) (12.6) (25.7) (3.6) (100) Source: Department of Highways, Chennai-5.

8.1.3. Road Standards Recommended by the Indian Roads Congress (IRC):

The constant endeavour is made by the State to meet the standards set for road improvement by the Indian Roads Congress (IRC). The fruits of the endeavour were reflected in the availability of roads. About 82 per cent of the State Highways and 66

114 per cent of the Major District Roads out performed the norms set as per IRC Standards albeit Other District Roads has miles to go to reach the IRC Standards.

Table –8.4: Stock of Road Length and Standard Specified by Indian Roads Congress Type of Road Stock of Road Standard Specified by Availability of Road as Length During Indian Roads Congress per IRC Standard 2010-11 (Kmss) (Kmss) State Highways 10561 75 % should be Double 8709 Lane = 7921 Kmss (82%) Major District 11315 65% should be Double 7506 Roads Lane / Intermediate (66%) Lane (i.e.) = 7356Kmss Other 33182 50% of the total Road 2710 District should be strengthened (16.33%) Roads and to be improved = 16591 Kmss Source: Computed by DEAR using the data from Highways Department Chennai – 5.

8.1.4. Major Road Sector Investments in Tamil Nadu:

The total investments made for the road projects implemented in the State, stood at `41230 crore in the end of March 2011 as compared to `31113 crore in March 2010, for the growth of road infrastructure and its multiplier effect on the trade and economy of the State. Ten projects are in various stages of progress in the State with a project cost of `15039 crore. The Chennai High Speed Elevated Transport Corridor spanning a length of 74 Kmss at a cost of `3000 crore is the major one. The State is taking tireless efforts to improve the road sector to ease the congestion in the main arterial roads leading to major cites. The other two high value projects viz. (i) – (NH-4) Four Lane Elevated Road to the tune of `1813 crore stretching over 19 Kmss and (ii) Krishnagiri – Walajapet (NH-46) Six-Laning Road worth `1450 crore stretching over 148 Kmss are being implemented. Chennai Outer Ring Road Project Phase II was announced at a cost `1076 crore to give a fillip to the expanding Chennai Metropolitan Area (CMA). The work on the Chennai Outer Ring Road Project, Phase-I, which is being implemented for a length of 29.65 Kms at a cost of `1,081 crore has already triggered the multiplier effect and this is very well evident in the mushrooming housing layouts floated by the real estate in the areas abetting the ring road.

Table -8.5: Status of Investment in Road Project

Status As of March 2010 As of March 2011 Nos. Kms Project Cost Nos. Kms Project (`Crore) Cost (`Crore) Under 7 693.72 8072 5 429.78 6544 Implementation Announced 3 771.00 6219 5 810.40 8495 Total 10 1464.72 14291 10 1240.18 15039 Outstanding 31113 41230 Investment Source: Monthly Review of Tamil Nadu Economy, March 2010& March 2011 CMIE.

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8.1.4.1. Review of National Highways Road Executed by National Highways Wing of High Ways Department:

The improvement, maintenance and renewal works of the National Highways for a length of 4873 Kms within Tamilnadu are shouldered jointly by the State Government and National Highway Authority of India (NHAI) The NHAI took the lions’share by undertaking the required works for a length of 3260 Kms and the works for the balance 1613 Kms are taken were by the State Government through their National Highways Wing. The maintenance works for National Highways were carried out with the funds provided by the Centre.

8.1.4.2. Performance of National Highways under Operation and Maintenance:

Coming to the nitty-gritty of the works, during the period from 2006 to 2010, roads for a length of 3260 Kms is maintained by NHAI, and the improvement of NH roads for a length of 1307 Kms including 22 bridges had been done for `613 crore. Out of `227 crore sanctioned by Government of India for the maintenance of road for a length of 1613 Kmss by the State Government, `169 crore had been spent in 2009-10, of which `152 crore was spent for a road length of 225 Kms, `12.8 crore for a one high level bridge in NH 210 in Ramnad district and balance of `4.2 crore for minor bridges located in Tirunelveli, Virudhunagar and districts.

During the year 2010-11, a road length of 330 Kms is getting refurbished at a cost of ` 276 crore by the the Cental Government, and 9 minor bridges are getting ready at a cost of `14 crore. The maintenance works were funded exclusively by the Centre to a tune of `33 crore in the year 2009-10 by which 59 Kms length of NH Roads got revamped.

8.1.4.3. Revamped Central Road Fund Scheme:

Cess levied on the comsumption of petrol and diesel is deposited in Central Road Fund from the year 2001 by Government of India (GOI). The GOI allotted `594 crore from this fund for Tamil Nadu to renovate 1235 Kms during 2005-2010. In the year ending March, 2010, in the National Highways, 726 Kms of road was renewed and 13 bridge works were completed, all at a total cost of `381 crore. Further, in the year 2011, `147.7 crore has been received from this corpus fund through which 196 Kms of road works were renewed.

8.1.4.4. Economic Importance Scheme (Centre: State sharing 50: 50):

Of the total target of 24.80 Kms for 2009-10, 8.80 Kms length of road works were completed in 2009-10 with a sum of `480 crore and the balance works are in progress. The widening of a 30 Kms length of road linking NH 47 and NH 67 has got the nod from GOI and an amount of `31.79 crore has been spent so far.

8.1.4.5. Inter State Connectivity Scheme (100 % Share of Centre):

A 17 Kms of road length and new bridge across river Palar was proposed in this scheme with an allocation of `19.48 crore and `11.71 crore has been spent so far

116 in completing a bridge with 10 Kms length of the road. The balance work is under progress.

8.1.4.6. Bharat Nirman Scheme for Rural Roads:

A rural focused scheme had been designed at Phases II, with Phase-I taking up an ambitious target of development of 1254 Kmss of Other District Roads (ODR) at a cost of `247.00 crore. Under this scheme, in the year 2009-10, 743 Kms. of ODR was developed for which `152.00 crore was spent. The development of the balance 511 Kms of roads would be completed in the year 2010-11. Under Phase-II, 246 Kms has been targeted with an earmarked fund of `49 crore.

8.1.4.7. Road development works under Development Programme (WGDP) and Hill Area Development Programme (HADP):

In the Special Area Development Programme, viz. WGDP and HADP, for developing roads in the hilly terrains of Western Ghats including Nilgiris Hills (separate funds are being alloted every year). Under WGDP, in Tiruppur and Dindigul districts, 10.20 Kms length of roads was taken up at a cost of one crore during the year 2009-10. For the year 2010-11 one crore was allotted from the WGDP funds.

Under HADP, 11.40 Kms road length was targeted in the 2009-10 out of which 4.60 Kms was completed at a cost of `1.14 crore. In the 2010-11, the balance work is under progress with an additional amount of `2.64 crore allotted from the HADP funds.

8.1.4.8. Projects Executed by National Highways Authority of India (NHAI):

The National Highways Authority of India (NHAI) formed by the Government of India in the year 1995 mainly concentrates on improvement of National Highways in Tamil Nadu in association with the State Government. Apart from this, roads, flyovers, under passes are also built under Port Connectivity Project and Other Special Projects.

Currently, NHAI has taken up road works for a length of 802 Kms valuing `7837 crore for the two years 2009-10 and 2010-11, of which 480 Kms length has been completed so far and the balance 322 Kms length of road is under progress.Further, in 2010-11, Work Plan-I was designed at a cost of `9029 crore covering a length of 1296 Kms consisting of 13 road works and the land acquisition process is being done.

8.1.4.9. Elevated Road Connecting Chennai Port to :

This elevated corridor project is the longest in the country and has been estimated at a cost of `1655 crore covering a length of 19 Kms The elevated portion runs to 17.50 Kms and the balance 1.50 Kms runs at road level with `258 crore apportioned for land acquisition and rehabilitation of affected families. The agreement for this project had been signed and rehabilitation works are gaining momentum.

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8.1.4.10. Port Connectivity Scheme:

Ports are the backbones of the economy in garnering precious foreign exchange of the country and taking into cognizance of it, the Cabinet Committee on Economic Affairs (CCEA) at the Centre had approved the Port Connectivity Scheme in the year 2000. In the State, the three ports such as Chennai, and Tuticorin are benefited under the scheme. The scheme has been put under operation in Tamilnadu by launching 2 Special Purpose Vehicles (SPV).

8.1.4.11. Chennai-Ennore-Manali road Improvement Project (EMRIP):

Chennai Port Road Company had been launched with the Government of Tamilnadu, Chennai Port Trust, Ennore Port and NHAI as stake holders and 30 Kms. of road are targeted for improvement and strengthening. The project was initially launched in 2003 for `163 crore and reached `600 crore in 2010-11.The reasons attributed for the hike were the change of scope from two lanes into four lanes with service road, drainage,subway and rehabilitation and resettlement cost. Initial tenders have been called for a value of `267.47 crore through Tamil Nadu Road Development Company and steps have been taken to rehabilitate 1,824 people living in huts along the Chennai Ennore Expressway.

8.1.4.12. Thoothukudi Port Connectivity Scheme:

Thoothukudi Port Road Company had been started with Thoothukudi Port Trust and NHAI joining hand to improve the 51.20 Kms length of road in NH-7A at a cost of `290.00 crore. The work is under progress.

8.1.4.13. Progress of Road Works under the Purview of State Government: a. Comprehensive Road Infrastructure Development Programme (CRIDP):

Under the Comprehensive Road Infrastructure Development Programme, road widening works, road improvement works, bridge works and improvement works in accident prone areas were targeted. Such works were mainly carried out in State Highways, Major District Roads and Other District Roads to alleviate the traffic problems by converting them in to two lanes and intermediate lanes respectively. An amount of `8707.00 corores had been allotted as plan expenditure to the programme in the last four years; out of which `4236.00 had been utilized. A road length of 9487 Kms got widened at a cost of `2672.00 crore, 9730 Kms of roads were improved at a cost of `1492.00 crore and a total number of 196 bridges had been constructed at a cost of `72.00 crore as detailed below.

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Table- 8.6: Progress of Roadworks under CRIDP Category of Road Works / Bridges/ Culverts Roads Sanctioned Completed works in Under execution in in 2009-10 2009-10 2010-11 State Highways Widening of 389 Kms of 950 Kms length of 10 important bridges (SHs): roads strengthening of road works, 169 at a cost of `16.62 548 Kms of roads, bridges for a value of crore are under improvement of 43 `471.42 crore. 5 major execution. A accident prone roads and bridges have been provision of `485.67 14 Kmss length of Tourist completed for 10 crore made in 2010- spots for a total amount of crore 11 for the on going `442.3 crores.12 major and for the new bridges for `26.3 crore. works to be sanctioned. Major District Widening 600 Kms, 1081 Kms length of 8 important bridges Roads (MDRs): strengthening of 515 Kms road works and at a cost of `15.46 of roads, improvement of 128 bridges/culverts crore are under 26 Accident prone roads for a value of `361.29 execution. A 12 Kms length of Tourist crore. provision of `402.45 spots, construction of 88 crore made in 2010- Bridges/Culverts for a 11 for the on going total amount of `352.90 and for the new crore.12 major bridges for works to be `11.80 crore. sanctioned. Other District Widening 1405 Kms , 1318 Kms length of 9 Major bridges at a Roads (ODRs): construction and Re- road works and 109 cost of `33.89 crore construction of 137 bridges/culverts have are under execution.A Bridges / Minor Bridges , been completed at an provision of `296.49 improving 23 Kms length expenditure of crore made in 2010- of roads in Tourist spots, `255.91 crore. 11 for the on going and for the new works to be sanctioned. Connectivity to Adi 598 Kms length of Other 621 Kms length of A provision of Dravida Habitations District Roads and for road works and 29 `133.85 crore was construction of 39 bridge/culvert works made in 2010-11, for bridges/culvert works at a have been completed the ongoing and for total cost of `96.59 crore. at an expenditure of new works to be `111 crore. sanctioned. Source: Policy Note on Road, Minor Ports and Shipping -2010-11, Highways Department, Chennai.

8.1.4.14. Special Industrial Corridors: a. IT Corridor Expansion:

The IT Expressway Limited, a subsidiary of Tamil Nadu Road Development Corporation (TNRDC) had completed, the (IT Corridor) for a total distance of 20 Kms (six lanes) at a cost of `300.00 crore under Phase I. In the second phase, the Government proposed to extend the IT Expressway further from to for a length of 25 Km. with a rough estimate of `550.00 crore. The Government have sanctioned an initial amount of `70.00 crore for land acquisition and the procedural formalites are in progress.

8.1.4.15. Road Infrastructure Development in Industrial Park:

In order to improve the road and bridge infrastructure facilites required for increasing industries in Sriperumpudur area of Kancheepuram District, the

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Government had formulated Oragadam Industrial Park Area Development Programme at a cost `300 Crore and it is implementing the project through Tamil Nadu Road Infrastructure Development Corporation. Oragadam Industrial Park was being given the state of the art connectivity to the ports at a cost of `300 crore by widening and improving the road length of 58 Kmss In the first phase, 29 Km. length of road had been completed and out of 166 culvert works, 133 works have been completed. In the year 2009-10, a sum of `145.38 crore was spent for these works including land acquisition. In the second phase, land acquisition for six-lane formation of Orgadam-Sriperumpudur road is in progress and a provision of `165 crore has been made during 2010-11.

8.2. NABARD Assisted Schemes:

State resources were supplemented with financial assistances received from NABARD to develop and maintain the roads in the State. The works executed in the years of review viz. 2009-10 and 2010-11 are given below.

Table – 8.7: NABARD Assisted Schemes - Tamil Nadu Scheme Objective Progress 1. Improvement to Improving and During 2009-10, works of 3 bridges were completed MDRs and ODRs strengthening of MDRs at a cost of `7.99 crore. 260 Kms for 14 districts at a and ODRs cost of `113 Crore were taken up, of which 18.70 Kms length of road works were completed at an expenditure of `42.14 crore during 2009-10. A provision of `89.01 crore as allotted in 2010-11. 2.Construction of Bridgeworks During 2009-10, under the construction of bridges in Bridges in Government roads, spill over works in respect of 48 Government Roads bridges have been taken up for execution at an outlay of `74 crore. Of which, 21 bridges have been completed during 2009-10 at an expenditure of `33.28 crore. Out of anticipated loan assistance of `129 crore, 90 bridges have been sanctioned for construction in State Highways, Major District Roads and Other District Roads. Out of which 65 bridge works were completed in 2009-10 at a cost of `46.95 crore. 3. Rural Road Panchayat Union Roads During 2009-10, spill over works of 53 Kmss length Scheme connecting villages having of roads and 19 bridges were taken up at a cost of a population of 500 – 1000. `33 crore. Of these, entire 53 Kms length of road works and 13 bridge works have been completed with an expenditure of `15.31 crore. About 57 villages were benefited with B T road connectivity by this scheme. 4. Scheduled Caste Providing road During 2009-10, spill over works of 5 Kms length of Sub-Plan connectivity to hamlets roads and 6 bridges were taken up at a cost of `3.09 where 50 per cent of crore, and 19 villages have been benefited with BT population belongs to Adi- road connectivity. dravidar community. 5. Bus Route Conversion of Panchayat During 2009-10 , spill over works of 19 Kms length Improvement Scheme Union BT roads as per of roads and 9 bridges were completed at a cost of ODR standard where buses `15 crore. Of which, entire 19 Kms stretch and 8 are plying for more than bridge works have been completed. three years Source: Policy Note on Roads, Bridges and Shipping 20010-11, Highways Department, Chennai.

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8.2.1. Roads and Bridge Maintenance:

Proper maintenance of road infrastructure which was developed at a huge cost under various schemes of the Government is essential. Accordingly, the State has taken steps to renew and maintain the roads keeping five years cycle of renewal as per IRC norms and bridges were also taken care to enhance their life span. An expenditure of `877 crore in 2009-10 and a provision of `653 crore have been made for 2010-11 in the case of road maintenance and bridges got a share of `26.69 crore in 2009-10 for their maintenance and upkeep. The maintenance of Panchayat and Panchayat Union Roads by Rural Development Department had got a share of `103.60 crore from `877 crore was expended for road maintenance in 2009-10. The 4,225 Kms length of Panchayat Roads, Agricultural Development Project Roads and Sugarcane Roads were given a facelift with an amount of `288.46 crore in 2009-10.

8.3. Prathan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana (PMGSY):

Prathan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana (PMGSY) was launched by Government of India in 2000 to provide all-weather roads, to all rural habitations with a population of more than 1,000 in the first phase and to all habitations with a population between 500 and 1,000 in the second phase. This is a 100 percent Centrally Sponsored Scheme. In the first three Phases, Rural Development and Panchayat Raj Department has taken up 3,342.20 Kms length of road works at an estimated cost of `427.27 Crore. So far, road works for a total length of 337.89 Kms have been completed with an expenditure of `389.11 Crore.

8.4. Tamil Nadu Road Sector Project- World Bank Assitance:

The World Bank plays an exemplary role in assisting the development of road infrastructure in the State as well as to bridge the gap in the financial requirement of the State. The Tamil Nadu Road Sector Project is implemented from 2003-04 in the State at a total cost of `2160 crore which includes `1670 crore of world bank assistance and `490 crore of State Government’s share.With the cost escalation, this has been revised to `2442 crore with an increase in the World Bank loan component to `1903 crore and State’s contribution to `539 crore. The expected date of completion has been extended by one year up to March 2012 from the earlier target of March 2010. The following are the three major components of the Project:

A) Upgradation component in the project has taken up stretches of National Highways, State Highways and Major District Roads for upgradation in 6 packages numbered 1,2,3,4,5,5-A, and 6. In this under 1-4 packages, so far a stretch of 695 Kmss of roads got the face lift at a cost of `1281.50 crore, Works under 5,5A and 6 are in progress. In the case of bypass roads, aiming at decongesting the main throughfares of the districts, a length of 100.10 Kms has been taken up at a cost of `245.20 crore.

B) Under the Enhanced Periodical Maintenance work component, a total length of 1033 Kms in State Highways and Major District Roads (MDR) has been taken up at a total cost of `430 crore. Of which, 953 Kms of Road works have been completed with an amount of `374 crore, and the rest of the works are in progress.

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C) Under Road Safety, out of 307 Black spots (accident prone) were identified in the State and 236 Black spots have been improved. The improvement works for balance for 71 Black spots are in progress.

8.5. Role of Infrastructure Development in Public Private Partnership (PPP):

The Planning Commission of India has estimated to the tune of `486,603 crore, investment for 1,017 PPP projects for infrastructure development during the Twelth Five Year Plan. Further, Tamil Nadu has cornered to its credit around 43 projects (8.3%) out of of the total 518 PPP projects spelt out in the Economic Survey, 2010-11.

Table: 8.8: Public-Private Partnership Projects in Tamil Nadu (Value in Crore) State Total PPPs Up to `500 Above `500 Value of Contracts (Nos.) Crore Crore (in Crore) Tamil Nadu 43 9526 9100 18626 All India 518 63414 210433 273847 Source: Economic Survey 2010-11

8.6. Growth of Vehicle Population:

Vehicles population in the State is an indicator of the growing economy. The average number of vehicles registered per day had increased to 5078 in 2010-11 as compared to 4519 in 2009-10. The total number of vehicles in the State had marked a double digit growth of 12.37 per cent in 2010-11 which had increased from `121.57 lakhs in 2009-10 to `136.61 lakhs in 2010-11. The share of transport and non- transport vehicles in 2010-11 accounted for 6.8 per cent and 93.2 percent respectively. In the case of non-transport vehicles in 2010-11, two wheelers constituted 88 per cent. The mushrooming growth on personalized vehicles was very obvious.

Table-8.9: Trend in Registered Vehicle Population in Tamil Nadu (Lakh Nos.) Year Trans-port Non-transport vehicles Total Growth Vehicle vehicles Two Others vehicles Rate (%) Density per wheelers Sq.Kms 2006-07 6.08 75.03 9.92 91.03 10.72 63.25 2007-08 7.06 82.60 11.03 100.69 10.60 70.03 2008-09 7.84 90.37 12.19 110.40 9.64 77.45 2009-10 8.34 99.70 13.53 121.57 10.12 84.92 2010-11 9.29 112.07 15.25 136.61 12.37 93.52 AAGR 10.70 Source: Transport Department, Chennai – 5.

8.6.1. Vehicle Population and Road Infrastructure:

Overcrowding and traffic jam in cities is found owing to excess number of vehicles on limited road network. Mushrooming growth in personalized vehicle, rising per capita and growing urbanization are the principal factor that lead to rapid growth in vehicle population. The road density in Tamilnadu ranks sixth in all India with 1581 Kms of road per 1000 Sq. Kms in 2010-11. The State excels in respect of road density parameter which is higher than the all-India average of 778 Kms of road per 1000 Sq.Kms

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Table – 8.10: Vehicle Population and Road Infrastructure – Tamil Nadu Year No. of Registered Road Density per 1000 Number of Motor Motor Vehicles per Sq.Kms Vehicles per Lakh population (in Kms) Sq.Km. 1960-61 132 338 0.34 1970-71 333 526 1 1980-81 663 935 2 1990-91 2755 1312 12 2000-01 8301 1353 40 2006-07 13917 1491 63 2007-08 15275 1489 70 2008-09 16748 1494 77 2009-10 16852 1562 85 2010-11 18937 1581 94 Source: Computed by DEAR.

8.6.2. Vehicle population and Road Accidents in Tamil Nadu:

Road Safety Policy was formulated and approved in April 2007 with a vision to stop and reverse the increasing trend in the number of accidents, number of deaths and injuries through comprehensive measures covering engineering, enforcement, education and emergency care to the victims. The medium term objective aims to achieve a 20 per cent reduction in fatalities and injuries by 2013, taking 2006 as the base year.

Table -8.11: Vehicle Population and Road Accidents in Tamil Nadu Year Vehicle Growth Total Persons Fatal Population Rate (%) Accidents Killed (%) 2006-07 91,03,620 10.73 55145 11009 12.8 2007-08 1,00,69,010 10.60 59140 12036 9.3 2008-09 1,10,40,369 09.65 60409 12,784 6.2 2009-10 1,21,56,961 10.11 60,794 13,746 7.5 2010-11 1,36,60,713 12.37 64996 15,409 12.1 Source: Transport Department, Chennai – 5

The vehicle population shows an increasing trend, except in 2008-09 where in the impact of recession has made a dent. Fatalaties in the vechicle accidents showed a dip in 2008-09, but have again picked up 2009-10 and reached its peak in 2010-11.

8.7. State Transport Undertakings: Box-8.2 Inadequate public transport Tamil Nadu State Transport system has strained the growing Corporation Ltd, Villupuram achieved population especially in the urban a fuel efficiency of 5.54 kmss/litre areas. This trend has made the which is the highest among 33 STUs, transport economist to explore through out the country, which were various other transport systems like taken up for a study by Ministry of Road Transport and High ways. Metro rail, Mono rail and Bus Rapid Sourc: A review of the performance of State Road Transport Systems (BRTS). The Transport Undertakings (SRTU’s) by GOI Metropolitan Cities like Calcutta, New Delhi, Mumbai, and Bangalore

123 has started implementing such transport systems. Chennai has started the Rail System works and the works are in progress. Mono Rail System is in the bidding stage.

8.7.1. Fleet Strength:

The transport needs of the general public are being catered by 7 State Transport Corporations with a total fleet strength of 21169 as on June 2011 and showed an increase of 5.3 % over 2010. During the financial year 2010-11, the loss incurred was `1453.43 crore (pre-audit). The reasons attributed for the dismal performance were the increase in the operational costs owing to wage revisions, diesel price increase and the non-revision of fare for the last ten years which is the lowest in the country. However, recently fares have been revised and improved performance is expected from the State Run Transport Undertakings in the coming years.

The State Transport Undertaking had introduced the on line ticketing system emulating the Indian Railways This facility enables the general public during festive seasons to overcome the problem of paying extra amount charged by private operators.

8.7.2. Operational Efficiency of State Transport Undertakings:

The State Transport Undertakings (STUs) are running under public services which have to function as model employer. The technical parameters such as fleet efficiency, occupancy ratio, fuel efficiency etc. are to be assessed to find out their operational efficiency.

Table – 8.12 : Fleet Strength of State Transport Corporation Service Category March’10 June’11 Growth % Chennai Metro – City Service 3000 3140 4.67 Town Services (Districts) 6257 6595 5.40 Mofussil Services 7487 8007 6.95 Express & Ghat Services 1402 1425 1.64 Spare Buses 1958 2002 2.25 Total Fleet strength 20104 21169 5.30 Source: Policy Note on Transport Department 2010-11, GoTN.

The STUs transverse a total distance of 85.20 lakh kms per day in 2009-10 which increased to 89.10 lakh kms per day in 2010-11. The total number of passengers carried by STU’s increased to 210 lakhs per day in 2010-11 from 208.36 lakhs per day in 2009-10. The fleet efficiency marginally increased from 94.39 per cent to 94.51 per cent. However, the overall occupancy ratio of STUs has marginally declined to 89.87 per cent from 89.69 per cent due to competitive adge from private operators. The operating average kilometre per litre of diesel declined marginally from 5.25 kms in 2009-10 to 5.20 kms in 2010-11.

8.8. Railways:

Railways play a major role in catapulating the growth of the economy in facilitating transport of export cargo through their strong net work within the country

124 connecting the major ports as well as providing a reliable transport system to the common people. The broad gauge conversion of routes by Railways has enabled higher as well as (79 %) faster movement of people and materials in the State which is presently 3054.73 kms.Out of the total, 3880.90 kms of routes and the conversion of balance of 826.17 kms (21%) in progress. As far as electrification of lines is concerned, a length of 1496.91 kms out of 3880.99 kms route length is electrified accounting for 39 per cent.

8.8.1. Railway Projects in the State:

The Gauge conversion works for Mayiladuturai - Tiruvarur, Dindigul – Palani, Tirunelveli-Tenkasi are progressing in a fast pace. Doubling works of the existing rail net works for Ennore – Attipattu are also under progress. New line sections such as Namakkal-Karur and Walajah Road-Ranipet are expected to be completed and a target of 1,017 Kms has been fixed for Gauge Conversion for the following sections namely Palghat-Pollachi, Palani-Pollachi and Manamadurai-Virudhunagar as per the Railway Budget proposal of 2011-12. The -Villupuram and Villupuram - Dindigul doubling projects and doubling the Tiruchi – Thanjavur broad gauge section are progressing in a snail pace due to paucity of funds and such doubling projects are essential for the development of Tamil Nadu.

8.8.2. Chennai Metro Rail Limited:

Chennai Metropolis has been growing rapidly and the traffic volumes on the roads have also been increasing enormously. Hence the need for a new rapid transport system has been felt and towards this objective, the Government of Tamil Nadu have decided to implement the Chennai Metro Rail Project to ease the congestion. The Chennai Metro Rail Limited, was formed initially as a Special Purpose Vehicle (SPV) and then transformed into a Joint Venture of Government of India and Government of Tamil Nadu with equal equity holding. The Project envisages the creation of 2 initial corridors under the proposed Phase-1, running from Washermenpet to Airport (23.1 Kms) and Chennai Central to St.Thomas Mount (45.1 Kms) with a completion target of 2014-2015. The estimated base cost of this project is about `14000.00 crore. Of this, the Central and State Governments together are expected to contribute about 41 per cent. The balance is met by a loan granted by the Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA). The Chennai Metro Rail Limited has appointed a five-member consortium led by Egis Rail S.A., France as General Consultants and Delhi Metro Rail Corporation (DMRC) as the Prime Consultant (PC) for the project. The contracts have been awarded and the work is in progress.

8.8.3. Chennai Mono Rail Project:

The Chennai Mono Rail Project envisaged a crisscrossing network of four monorail corridors, running to a total length of 111 kms. Later, the length of the network was limited to 57 kms and the cost was pruned from `16,000.00 crore to `8,500.00 crore owing to lack of economic feasibility. It is proposed to constitute initially a network of three elevated corridors – to via East (23 kms); to Kathipara via (18 kms); Poonamallee to via Valasarawakkam (16 kms). and at a later stage for Vandalur to (54 kms).The corridors have been identified based on a feasibility study

125 prepared by the Pallavan Transport Consultancy Services Ltd. Bids have been invited to build a monorail network along the said three corridors.The proposed monorail corridors would integrate with the metro rail network at Vadapalani and the . Inter-modal hubs would come up at Velachery, where satellite mofussil bus terminus are to be built. A link would also be established between monorail and the MRTS at Velachery.

8.9. Sea Port:

Sea Ports serve as the vital link for the export and import of cargo from the foreign countries and contribute to the earning of the precious foreign exchange to the nation. Tamil nadu has three major ports, namely, Chennai, Tuticorin and Ennore port and they contribute to the industrial growth of the State. The Government of Tamil Nadu has formulated and successfully implementing the Minor Port Development policy from August, 2007. The Ennore port which comes under Minor ports has shown a significant growth and set as an example for the State initiatives in developing the minor ports.

The salient features of the Minor Port Development policy are as followes:

To facilitate establishment of Port based Thermal Power Plants by providing exclusive port facilities to Import Coal, Naphtha, Oil and Natural Gas.

To provide port facilities to promote export oriented Industries and Port based industries along the coastal districts of Tamil Nadu.

To decongest Highways and Railways by providing facilities for Coastal Traffic along the East Coast as well as to promote Tourism, Cruises, Coastal trade and to encourage ship repairing.

The analysis is on commodity wise cargo movements through 3 major ports of Tamil Nadu exhibit an over all growth rate of 2.76 %. The status of commodity wise traffic is shown in the Table-14. Fertiliser-Raw, Iron Ore and Coal dipped by (-) 25.09 %, (-) 70.67 % and (-) 40.08 % respectively.

With regard to the performance of the individual ports during the years 2009- 10 and 2010-11, Tuticorin port has an over all growth of 8.16 per cent followed by Ennore port with 2.76 per cent and Chennai port with 0.66 per cent.

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Table-8.13: Commodity-wise Traffic in the Major Ports 2008-09 (000 tonnes) Commodity Chennai Port Tuticorin Port Ennore Port Total / Year Qty Growth Qty Growth Qty Growth Qty Growth % % % % POL 2009-10 13321 514 395 14230 2010-11 13882 4.21 742 44.36 509 28.86 15133 6.35 Fertiliser – Finished 2009-10 357 1221 - - 1578 2010-11 434 21.57 1159 -5.08 - - 1593 0.95 Fertiliser – Raw 2009-10 265 1166 - 1431 2010-11 342 29.06 730 -37.39 - 1072 -25.09 Foodgrains 2009-10 0 150 - - 150 2010-11 72 80 -46.67 - - 152 1.33 Iron ore 2009-10 8027 41 - 936 - 9004 2010-11 2176 -72.89 64 56.10 401 -57.16 2641 -70.67 Coal 2009-10 9758 8823 9279 27860 2010-11 1977 -79.74 5349 -39.37 9368 0.96 16694 -40.08 Other 93 2009-10 29329 11872 - 103 41304 2010-11 42577 45.17 17603 48.27 731 609.71 60911 47.47 Total 2009-10 61057 23787 - 10713 95557 2010-11 61460 0.66 25727 8.16 11009 2.76 98196 2.76 Source: Infrastructure, March 2011, CMIE & Regional Monitoring Service,May,2011.

As far as Tuticorin port, Iron ore category has contributed most in its growth with 56.10 per cent, followed by Other Goods Category with 48.27 per cent and finally by POL with 44.36 per cent. As far as commodities, the highest negative growth was noticed in Food grains showing (-) 46.67 per cent, Coal with (-) 39.37 per cent, Fertilizer - Raw (-) 37.39 per cent and lastly by Fertilizer-Finished by ( -) 5.08 per cent.

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Box-8.3 CII –Deloitte Study on Port Sector

A CII-Deloitte study on ‘Port sector in Tamil Nadu’ released by the Confederation of Indian Industry states that the ports (major and minor) may develop capacities, but the problem of inadequate infrastructure such as road and rail connectivity has to be addressed well in advance by coming out with short-term and long-term measures and policy and budgetary interventions.

The important short-term recommendations given are to increase the number of gates at the Chennai Port to move containers to Inand Container Depots (ICDs) by train to expedite the Sriperumdur dry port project and to widen the Ennore-Manali highway and the elevated road corridor from Chennai port to Madhuravoyal.

The long-term measures recommended in the study are to create more dry ports outside Chennai, similar to the one proposed in to increase the operations through ICDs by providing better rail connectivity to expedite the proposed container related developments (new terminals and infrastructure) in the region with adequate Customs support; and to explore the possibility of moving export/import containers in batches using barges from non-major ports to the terminals at Chennai port.

The State-level policy interventions include identifying measures to promote coastal shipping, laying down claear guidelines for converting captive port facilties in to commercial ones and suitably refining the current Tamil Nadu Minor Port Policy to make it more attractive from the private sector’s perspective.

It is also recommended that other industrial development policies should be synergized and aligned with the port-sector policy.

Source: Excerpts from the news clip”Port sector in need of holistic developmet, says CII study” published in dated 28.02.2012

Ennore Port had exhibited a high growth of 609.71 per cent in the case of Other Goods Category and recorded a negative support from Iron Ore (-57.16 %) Coal has shown a marginal growth of 0.96 per cent in 2010-11 as compared to 2009- 10.

Chennai Port gets its major share towards its growth from Other Goods category which has catpulated a growth of 45.17 per cent. POL, Fertiliser-Finished and Fertilisr-Raw exhibited of 4.21, 21.57 and 29.06 percent respectively and Iron ore (-72.89 %), Coal (-79.74%), and followed by Fertiliser-Raw (-24.53%) are the two major commodities which has shown a negative growth when 2010-11 growth performance is compared with 2009-10 performance.

8.9.1. Major Investment in Port Projects:

The investment for 10 port projects to the tune of `26060.00 crore are outstanding in the State at the end of March 2011 and when compared to 2010, the over all growth rate is 10.26 per cent. However, under implementation category, the growth rate is 12.35 per cent in the year ending March, 2011 as compared to the year ending March, 2010. However, the number of projects in both the years shows no

128 change. In the year ending March, 2011, Table-8.14: Status of Major Port Projects, ` in crores March, 2010 March, 2011 Integrated Shipyard and Port Growth Status No. Value No. Value (%) which is under (`Crore) (`Crore) implementation under the Under 4 11135 4 12510 12.35 contract of construction by implementation Larsen & Toubro Limited for a Announced 6 12500 6 13550 8.40 tune of `4675 crores takes the Total 10 23635 10 26060 10.26 Source: Monthly Economic Review of Tamil Nadu , March 2010 & largest share of 4 projects March 2011 CMIE. (`12501 crores) seen under implementation category. Under announcement stage projects in the year ending March, 2011, the Outer Harbour Development Project to be implemented by Tuticorin Port Trust takes the major share of `4350 crore in the total amount of `13550 crore.

8.10. Airports:

Airports being nuclei of economic activity assume a significant role in the national economy. The quality of airport infrastructure, which is a vital component of the overall transportation network, contributes directly to the country's international competitiveness and the flow of foreign investment. The total count of airports/air strips is 449 in the country. Among these, the Airport Authority of India (AAI) owns and manages 92 airports and 28 civil enclaves at defence airfields and provides air traffic services over the entire Indian airspace and adjoining oceanic areas. While cargo carried by air in India weighs less than 1 per cent of the total cargo exported, it accounts for 35 per cent of the total value of exports. Better cargo handling facilities lead to enhanced levels of importation, especially of capital goods and high-value items. Likewise, 97 per cent of the country's foreign tourists arrive by air and tourism is the nation's second largest foreign exchange earner.

The entry of private airlines in the airlines sector heated up the competition. At the same time, private airlines have also burnt their fingers due to recessionary trends and the government owned Air India has run into red. The grim situation has reflected in the State scenario also where in the total number of passenger traffic had declined from 172 lakhs in 2009-10 to 144 lakhs in 2010-11 registering a negative growth of 16.30 per cent.

Table-8.15: Air Passengers and Cargo Traffic Performance in Tamil Nadu

Category Passenger Traffic (000 Numbers) Cargo Traffic (Tonnes) 2009-10 2010-11 2009-10 2010-11 Pass- Growth Pass- Growth Quantity Growth Quantity Growth enger % enger % % % Domestic 12699 68.38 9422 -25.81 80037 37.96 94526 18.10 International 4549 10.12 5015 10.24 251573 13.64 303474 20.63 Total 17248 47.76 14437 -16.30 331610 18.69 398000 20.02 Source: Infrastructure, March 2011, CMIE.

In the area of cargo traffic in the State, 2010-11 showed a marginal growth of 1.33 per cent, where in cargo traffic rose from 3.31 lakh tonnes in 2009-10 to 3.98 lakh tonnes in 2010-11.

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8.10.1. Modernisation and Expansion of Chennai Airport:

In the recent past, Chennai has grown as a hub for foreign direct investment in sectors like Manufacturing, Automobiles, Electronic Hardware, Information Technology, Services, etc. Apart from this, a large number of foreign investors like Ford, Hyundai, Nissan – Renault, BMW, Saint Gobain, Motorola, Nokia and Foxconn have made Chennai their production base. Tamil Nadu is also an important destination for foreign tourists. In recent years, the Chennai airport has recorded significant growth in both passenger traffic and cargo movement. Keeping all these in mind the Government decided to go in for Modernisation and Expansion of Chennai Airport in co-ordination with the Government of India. The Airports Authority of India, which is undertaking the modernization programme has proposed to spend about `1808 crore with the target of 2011 on this project. The modernization of Chennai Airport is in progress. Already an extent of 126 acres of lands was acquired by the State Government at a cost of `127.06 crore have been handed over to Airports Authority of India and the expansion works are going on. The State Government is also taking necessary action for establishing a Greenfield airport at Sriperumpudur.

8.10.2. Non Metro Airports:

The State Government is taking necessary action to acquire 614.33 acres of lands for the expansion and modernisation of at a cost of `110.68 crore. Further, 613 acres of lands is proposed to be acquired for the expansion and modernisation of Coimbatore airport at a cost of `355 crore. In addition, the State Government is taking necessary action to acquire lands for expansion and modernisation of Non Metro Airports at Trichy, Tuticorin and Salem as per the Master Plans submitted by Airports Authority of India.

8.10.3. Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Aeronautical Science and Training of Pilots Academy:

The Government have decided to set up Shri Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Aeronautical Science and Training of Pilots Academy at Vellore as part of expansion of Vellore Airport. This would be taken up by the TIDCO in collaboration with Airports Authority of India.

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Box-8.4 The Role for Transport and Communication under Vision 2023 Government of Tamil Nadu with the support of Asian Development Bank has undertaken the preparation of the ‘Tamil Nadu Vision’ document addressing the following areas: 1. Formulating a vision and growth strategy for the state of Tamil Nadu, with sector specific sub-strategies. 2. Identifying thrust areas for growth and the bottlenecks in such areas. 3. Identifying critical projects in important sectors including power, roads, port development, agriculture, irrigation, housing, health, higher education, urban development, public transport, industry and tourism. 4. Formulating institutional mechanisms for removing administrative delays in implementation of projects. A total budget of `15,00,000 crore has been envisaged for this mammoth plan, wherein the transport and communication sector gets a major share of `3,80,000 crore (25.33%). The said earmarked fund has been further apportioned for the following tasks:

Sl. No. Task ` in crores i) Greenfield airport near Chennai 20,000 ii) Upgrading other airports 5,000 iii) Expressway 40,000 iv) State Highway improvement 50,000 v) Other roads 40,000 vi) Port development - Existing ports 12,000 vii) Port development-New ports 3,000 vii) High speed passenger rail link 120,000 viii) Dedicated freight corridor 15,000 ix) Metro/Mono rail 65,000 Total 3,70,000 Rounded of to 3,80,000 Source: Strategic plan for infrastructure development in Tamil Nadu: Vision 2023 dated 17.3.2012

8.11. Tele-communication Network:

The advent of 3 G and the Table-8.16: Tele-Communication Network in forthcoming 4G technology in the Tamil Nadu (as on March 2011) communication system has completely Sl. Particulars in changed the scenario in Indian Tele- No. Lakh communications. The extinction of 1 a. Number of Land Lines (Lakh) 34.60 monopoly of public sector companies b. Cellular Subscribers (Lakh) 696.30 Total 730.90 like Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited 2 Number of PCOs (Lakh) 43.90 (BSNL), Maha Nagar Telecom 3 Number of Villages Covered by 15492 Limited (MTNL) and entry of private VPTs Source: Telecom Regulatory Authority of India, Report players resulted in stiff competition in th the tele-communication sector. The dated 28 July, 2011 government companies failing to keep up with the competition due to their internal

131 constraints are entering into red and the government is pondering on the next steps such as disinvestment.

8.11.1. Increasing Cellular Subscriber Base:

The number of cellular Table-8.17: Cellular Subscribers (000 Nos.) subscribers is on a constant rise Tamil Nadu All India in Tamilnadu with 2010-11 Year Number Growth Number Growth having a base of 696.33 lakhs as (%) (%) compared to 536.83 lakhs in 2007-08 20160 58.01 121431 59.68 (9.63) 2009-10 and has recorded a 2008-09 37008 83.57 391760 22.62 growth of 29.71 per cent. As far as (10.46) the share of Tamilnadu cellular 2009-10 53683 45.03 584323 49.15 subscribers in the State in the All ( 9.20 ) India Cellular Subscriber base is 2010-11 69633 29.71 811589 38.89 (8.60) 8.60 per cent in 2010-11 and is Source: Infrastructure, March 2011, Telecom Regulatory hovering within 8 – 10 per cent Authority of India, Report dated 28th July, 2011. from 2007-08 to 2010-11 periods. Note: Figures in bracket indicate the per centage share to all India.

8.11.2. Tele-density-Major States:

The number of wireline (WL) and wireless landline (WLL) telephones in use for every 100 individuals living within an area gives the teledensity figures.When the teledensity is greater than 100, it means that there are more telephones than people. The total wireless subscribers in the State (GSM, CDMA & WLL (F)) base reaching 73.09 million at the end of March, 2011, with the total tele-density reaching 106.12 with the rural teledensity is at 48.92 and urban teledensity with 153.29.

Table – 8.18: Statewise Tele-Density -31’st March, 2011

States Rural Teledensity Urban Teledensity Total Teledensity Andhra Pradesh 33.70 180.32 74.35 Assam 23.93 124.45 38.98 Bihar 21.86 171.96 42.32 Delhi - - 225.23 Gujarat 46.68 134.00 81.90 Haryana 51.33 144.17 82.59 Himachal Pradesh 70.23 440.12 111.11 J&K 30.01 107.84 50.90 35.10 176.59 87.76 53.25 236.25 100.01 Madhya Pradesh 22.92 120.73 48.88 Maharashtra 46.07 139.22 89.35 North East 32.36 132.57 56.50 Orissa 28.42 194.98 56.37 Punjab 56.92 171.48 104.08 Rajasthan 38.79 149.88 65.35 Tamil Nadu 48.92 153.29 106.12 Uttar Pradesh 26.57 145.15 52.97 West Bengal 38.29* 155.83* 71.72 All India 33.79 157.32 70.89 Source: Telecom Regulatory Authority of India, Report dated 28th July, 2011

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Himachal Pradesh has the highest Rural Teledensity of 70.23, followed by Punjab (56.92), Kerala (53.25), Haryana (51.23) and Tamil Nadu (48.92). Bihar continues to have the lowest Rural Teledensity of 21.86, followed by Madhya Pradesh (22.92).

8.11.3. Internet / Broad Band:

In the all India scenario, BSNL holds 57.52 per cent of the market share with reported subscriber base of 11.32 million Internet subscribers at the end of Mar-11, MTNL is at the second position (2.42 million) followed by Reliance (2.17 million). When taking the subscriber base Statewise, Maharashtra is having largest Internet (<256 Kbps) and Broadband (>=256 Kbps) subscriber base of 38.02 lakh followed by Tamil Nadu which is at second place in internet and broadband subscriber base with 21.62 lakh.

8.12. Postal Communication:

Tamilnadu Postal Circle comprises of the State of Tamilnadu and Union Territiry of Pondicherry. The Circle is divided into four Regions, namely Chennai City Region, Western Region, Central Region and Southern Region.Each Region is further sub-divided into Postal Divisions and also comprises of Railway Mail Service (RMS) Divisions. There are 42 Postal Divisions and 6 RMS in the Circle. The Tamilnadu Postal Circle Circle has currently 12185 post offices and 141 RMS offices/sections as compared to an All-India figure of 1,55,015 Post Offices with the Department of Postal Services.

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