DOCSLIB.ORG

Study of Nilgiri Hills - a Landslide Prone Area and Its Seepage Analysis Mohit Chugh *, Shraddha Satish Thumsi ** , Vivek Keshri ***

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Study of Nilgiri Hills - a Landslide Prone Area and Its Seepage Analysis Mohit Chugh *, Shraddha Satish Thumsi ** , Vivek Keshri *** International Journal of Research p-ISSN: 2348-6848 e-ISSN: 2348-795X Available at http://internationaljournalofresearch.org/ Volume 02 Issue 02 February 2015 Study of Nilgiri Hills - A Landslide Prone Area and Its Seepage Analysis Mohit Chugh *, Shraddha Satish Thumsi ** , Vivek Keshri *** & Dr. Chandrasekaran S.S *** * *School of Mechanical and Building Sciences, VIT University, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India [email protected] ** School of Computer science and engineering, VIT University, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India *** School of Mechanical and Building Sciences,VIT University, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India **** Associate Professor, School School of Mechanical and Building Sciences, VIT University, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India Email Id [email protected] ABSTRACT analyses of all the three case histories were carried out using PLAXFLOW India is among the top ten countries with software to understand the failure the highest percentage of landslide mechanism and contributing factors to fatalities for the past few years. Intense determine the critical slip surface and rainfall during the monsoon in 2009 in the factor of safety. Safety analysis using flow hilly district of Nilgiris, in the state of field technique is carried out for the slope Tamilnadu in India, triggered landslides at at Aravankadu..Degree of saturation and more than three hundred locations which pore pressure of Coonoor site revealed affected road and rail traffic and that the zone of intense shearing behind destroyed number of buildings that left the retaining walls due to combined effect more than forty people dead and hundreds of surcharge loading of building and homeless. In this report three case generated pore pressure. histories are investigated: failure of slope in a railway track at Aravankadu , failure Keywords : Landslide; rainfall; slope; of retaining walls supporting buildings at retaining wall; finite element Coonoor, failure of slope and retaining INTRODUCTION wall along national highway at Chinnabikatty. Laboratory investigations Landslides are one of the natural hazards are carried out on soil samples collected that affect fifteen per cent of the land area at the sites. Soils at all the three locations of India. India is among the top ten countries with the highest percentage of have high fine content and low values of landslide fatalities for the years 2003, 2007 coefficient of permeability. Finite element and 2008 (Kirschbaum et al. 2010). Available online: http://internationaljournalofresearch.org/ P a g e | 139 International Journal of Research p-ISSN: 2348-6848 e-ISSN: 2348-795X Available at http://internationaljournalofresearch.org/ Volume 02 Issue 02 February 2015 Landslides of different types are frequent in geodynamically active regions in the Slope stability is analyzed by the limit Himalayan and the north eastern parts as equilibrium methods, boundary element well as in the relatively stable regions of methods (Jiang 1990), finite element the Meghalaya Plateau, Western Ghats and methods (Matsui and San 1992, Kellezi et Nilgiri Hills of the country (NDMG 2009). al. 2005), neural network methods (Cho The phenomenon of landslides is 2009), reliability methods (Dodagoudar pronounced during the monsoon period and Venkatachalam 2000, Zhang et al. (NDMG 2009). Rainfall induced 2011), distinct element method (Bobet et landslides in India in the recent past al. 2009) and hybrid continuum- include slides in Sikkim, Uttrakhand and discontinuous methods (Stead et al. 2006). Western ghats (Anbarasu et al. Limit equilibrium methods of slices are the 2010;Sengupta et al. 2010; Venkatachalam most commonly used methods among et al. 2002). Landslide disasters have both others since simplicity and ease of use are short-term and long-term impact on the main advantages (Alkasawneh et al. society and the environment. In the year 2008, Cheng et al. 2007). 2005 alone, more than five hundred human lives were lost due to landslides in India (NDMG 2009). In the recent past, many The finite element method offers an studies have been reported on shallow alternative that is more rigorous, free of landslides, debris flow and rainfall- excessively unrealistic assumptions, and induced landslides (e.g. Ozdemir and able to provide stress and deformation Delikanli 2009, Teoman et al. 2004, information. Among the methods for slope Jotisankasa and Vathananukij 2008). It is stability analysis using finite elements, generally recognized that the rainfall- gravity increase method (Swan and Seo induced landslides are caused by excess 1992) and strength reduction method pore pressures and seepage forces during (Matsui and San 1992) are most widely periods of intense rainfall. It is the excess used methods (Alkasawneh et al. 2008). pore water pressure that decreases the The strength reduction method was used effective stress in the soil and thus, reduces for slope stability analysis by various the shear strength of the soil, consequently researchers (Matsui and San 1992, Dawson resulting in slope failure (Anderson and et al. 1999, Griffiths and Lane 1999). The Sitar 1995, Cascini et al. 2010). Xu and main advantages of strength reduction Zhang (2010) observed that the rainfall methods are: the sliding surface does not infiltration and a failed drainage system need to be defined beforehand and is behind the retaining wall resulted in high automatically found from the shear strain saturation of the clay and finally led to an arising from the application of gravity undrained failure of slope above a railway loads and the reduction of shear strength, line in China. Cascini et al. (2010) therefore, a shear surface closer to the presented geomehanical modeling of natural sliding surface is defined (Berilgen failure and post failure stages of rainfall 2007, Cheng et al. 2007); and can give induced shallow landslides of the flow- information such as stresses, movements type. The effects of positive pore pressure and pore pressures (Cheng et al. 2007). generation in saturated slopes from intense Deformation analysis using two rainfalls have been analyzed by Johnson dimensional finite element plane strain and Sitar 1990. Kirschbaum et al. (2010) model has also been used to study the compiled a landslide catalog for rainfall behavior of slopes (Berilgen 2007), sheet triggered events for several years. pile wall (Tan and Paikowsky 2008, Available online: http://internationaljournalofresearch.org/ P a g e | 140 International Journal of Research p-ISSN: 2348-6848 e-ISSN: 2348-795X Available at http://internationaljournalofresearch.org/ Volume 02 Issue 02 February 2015 Georgiadis and Anagnostopoulos 1998) and retaining wall (Shamsabadi et al. 2010). This report presents three case histories of failures suffered by infrastructural facilities due to rainfall induced landslides in Nilgiris, India in 2009. Soil samples were collected and experimental investigations were carried. Finite element analyses of all the three case histories were carried out using PLAXFLOW. THE NILGIRIS GEOMORPHOLOGY OF The Nilgiris district is located in the southern state of Tamilnadu in India. The NILGIRIS location of Nilgiris is shown in Figure 1. The Nilgiri Hills rise aloft from the upland The Nilgiris is bounded on the north by the of Coimbatore which is a plateau sloping state of Karnataka, on the east by steeply into the Mysore Plateau towards Coimbatore and Erode districts, on the north and merging gradually with the south by Coimbatore district and on the western ghats in the north-west, west and west by the state of Kerala. The Nilgiris is south-west. The drainage is radial at many situated at an elevation of 900 to 2636 points due to dominant high points, and is meters above Mean Sea Level (MSL). The influenced mainly by the joint pattern and topography of the Nilgiris district is rolling foliation trends of the rocks (Rajakumar et and steep. Tea, carrot, potato, pepper, al. 2007). Two types of landforms have cabbage, coffee and spices are important been identified in the Nilgiris region. The agricultural products of the district. The Dodabetta landform has many high peaks Nagapattinam -Gudalur National Highway having steep slope and escarpments with (NH67) passes through the district. The or without soil cover, around which a Nilgiris is an important tourist center in radial drainage pattern occurs. The southern India. Nilgiri Mountain Railway Ootacamund landform has gentle mounds (NMR), Mettupalayam to Ooty line, was with a thick soil cover. The Nilgiris region declared as World Heritage site by falls in the tropical zone of weathering. UNESCO. The Nilgiris is in seismic zone Most part of the Nilgiris is deeply III (IS 1893 -2002). According to landslide weathered and at some places thick soil hazard zonation map prepared by cover of up to 40 m is found (Rajakumar et Geological Survey of India, the Nilgiris al. 2007). Intense precipitations followed has moderate hazard (NDMG 2009). by dry periods have helped in the Available online: http://internationaljournalofresearch.org/ P a g e | 141 International Journal of Research p-ISSN: 2348-6848 e-ISSN: 2348-795X Available at http://internationaljournalofresearch.org/ Volume 02 Issue 02 February 2015 formation of considerable depth of Daily rainfall data for two weeks before weathering (Seshagiri et al. 1982). The the occurrence of slides in the discussed Nilgiris mountain ranges comprise of case histories collected from nearby rain Archaean metamorphic rocks like gauge stations and presented in Table 1. charnockite, biotite gneiss, magnetic quartzite,
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Tamilnadu.Pdf
    TAKING TAMIL NADU AHEAD TAMIL NADU Andhra Pradesh Karnataka TAMIL NADU Kerala The coastal State of Tamil Nadu has seen rapid progress in road infrastructure development since 2014. The length of National Highways in the State has reached 7,482.87 km in 2018. Over 1,284.78 km of National Highways have been awarded in just four years at a cost of over Rs. 20,729.28 Cr. Benchmark projects such as the 115 km Madurai Ramanathapuram Expressway worth Rs. 1,134.35 Cr, are being built with investments to transform the State’s economy in coming years. “When a network of good roads is created, the economy of the country also picks up pace. Roads are veins and arteries of the nation, which help to transform the pace of development and ensure that prosperity reaches the farthest corners of our nation.” NARENDRA MODI Prime Minister “In the past four years, we have expanded the length of Indian National Highways network to 1,26,350 km. The highway sector in the country has seen a 20% growth between 2014 and 2018. Tourist destinations have come closer. Border, tribal and backward areas are being connected seamlessly. Multimodal integration through road, rail and port connectivity is creating socio economic growth and new opportunities for the people. In the coming years, we have planned projects with investments worth over Rs 6 lakh crore, to further expand the world’s second largest road network.” NITIN GADKARI Union Minister, Ministry of Road Transport & Highways, Shipping and Water Resources, River Development & Ganga Rejuvenation Fast tracking National Highway development in Tamil Nadu NH + IN PRINCIPLE NH LENGTH UPTO YEAR 2018 7,482.87 km NH LENGTH UPTO YEAR 2014 5,006 km Adding new National Highways in Tamil Nadu 2,476.87 143.15 km km Yr 2014 - 2018 Yr 2010 - 2014 New NH New NH & In principle NH length 6 Cost of Road Projects awarded in Tamil Nadu Yr 2010 - 2014 Yr 2014 - 2018 Total Cost Total Cost Rs.
    [Show full text]
  • International Journal for Scientific Research & Development
    IJSRD - International Journal for Scientific Research & Development| Vol. 3, Issue 11, 2016 | ISSN (online): 2321-0613 Landslide Susceptibility Zonation in Kallar Halla, Upper Coonoor, Lower Coonoor, Upper Katteri and Lower Katteri Watershed in Part of Nilgiris District, Tami Nadu,India using Remote Sensing and GIL Backiaraj S1 Ram MohanV2 Ramamoorthy P3 1,2,3Department of Geology 1,2University of Madras, Guindy Campus, Chennai - 600 025, Tamil Nadu, India Abstract— Landslides play an important role in the were grown and the death toll was 4 due to a 1 km long evolution of landforms and represent a serious hazard in debris slide in Selas near Ketti. Settlements where less many areas of the World. In places, fatalities and economic damaged as they were in safe zones. Since, 1978-79, the damage caused by landslides are larger than those caused by frequency of landslides has increased and the landslide other natural hazards, including earthquakes, volcanic during October, 1990, buried more than 35 families in a eruptions and floods. The Nilgiris district is located in the place called Geddai and in 1993, the landslide in southern state of Tamilnadu in India, bounded on the north Marappalam killed 12 persons, 15 were reported missing by the state of Karnataka, on the east by Coimbatore and and 21 persons were killed when two busses were washed Erode districts, on the south by Coimbatore district and on away down steep slopes (Ganapathy, Hada, 2012). In 2009, the west by the state of Kerala. Although most parts of heavy rains resulted in the death of 42 persons.
    [Show full text]
  • Census Handbook, Nilgiris
    1.951 CENSUS HANDBOOK THE NILGIRIS DISTRICT PRINTED BY THE SUPERINTENDENT GOVERNMENT PRESS MADRAS 1 953 CONTENTS PAGE PART I----oont· 1 PRE!!'A.qlII Section (ii). 2 IntrodUctory note about the district, with anne:s:ures. 1 S Rural StalistiC8-(fuformation regarding area, number STATISTICS. of occupied houses, literacy; distribution of popula· tion by livilihood classes, c~ltivated area. amaD·scale PART I. industriul establishments a,Dd incidence of leprosy in villages) with appendix giving a list of villages Sec'ion ( i ). with a populatiO'n exceeding 5,00Q but treated as rural. 3' .. A " General Po-pulation Tables- I Section (iii). ; A-I-Area, Houses and Population 8 9 Urban Stati8tics-(lnformation regarding area, numoor A-II-Variation in Population during fifty years 8 of occupied houses, liter~cy. distribution of popula.· tion by livelihood classes, small-sca.le indua¥al estab· A.III-Towns and Villages classified by Population 9 lishments 'and incidence of leprosy in each ward of Talukwar. each census town and city.) A-IV-Cities and Towns classified by population with 11 PAltT II. variati()ns since 1901. 10 •• C ,. HO'U8eh~ld and Age (Sample) Tables­ A-V-Towns arranged talukwise with Population by 12 Livelihood Classes. C·I-Household (size) . M C;II-Livelihood Classes by Age Groups 55 4 "E " Summal'Y figures by taluks 13 C·IV-Age and Literacy 58 [} .. B " Economic Tables- 11 .. D" Social and Cultural Tables- B-I-Livehhood Classes and Sub·classes 15 D·I-La.nguagea- B·Il-Secondary means of livelihood l~ (i) Mother·tongue 00 B·llI-Employers, Employees and Independent 21 (ii) Bil.ingualism 62- Workers in Industries and Services by Divisions and Subdivisions.
    [Show full text]
  • Adivasis of India ASIS of INDIA the ADIV • 98/1 T TIONAL REPOR an MRG INTERNA
    Minority Rights Group International R E P O R T The Adivasis of India ASIS OF INDIA THE ADIV • 98/1 T TIONAL REPOR AN MRG INTERNA BY RATNAKER BHENGRA, C.R. BIJOY and SHIMREICHON LUITHUI THE ADIVASIS OF INDIA © Minority Rights Group 1998. Acknowledgements All rights reserved. Minority Rights Group International gratefully acknowl- Material from this publication may be reproduced for teaching or other non- edges the support of the Danish Ministry of Foreign commercial purposes. No part of it may be reproduced in any form for com- Affairs (Danida), Hivos, the Irish Foreign Ministry (Irish mercial purposes without the prior express permission of the copyright holders. Aid) and of all the organizations and individuals who gave For further information please contact MRG. financial and other assistance for this Report. A CIP catalogue record for this publication is available from the British Library. ISBN 1 897693 32 X This Report has been commissioned and is published by ISSN 0305 6252 MRG as a contribution to public understanding of the Published January 1999 issue which forms its subject. The text and views of the Typeset by Texture. authors do not necessarily represent, in every detail and Printed in the UK on bleach-free paper. in all its aspects, the collective view of MRG. THE AUTHORS RATNAKER BHENGRA M. Phil. is an advocate and SHIMREICHON LUITHUI has been an active member consultant engaged in indigenous struggles, particularly of the Naga Peoples’ Movement for Human Rights in Jharkhand. He is convenor of the Jharkhandis Organi- (NPMHR). She has worked on indigenous peoples’ issues sation for Human Rights (JOHAR), Ranchi unit and co- within The Other Media (an organization of grassroots- founder member of the Delhi Domestic Working based mass movements, academics and media of India), Women Forum.
    [Show full text]
  • Western Ghats
    Western Ghats From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia "Sahyadri" redirects here. For other uses, see Sahyadri (disambiguation). Western Ghats Sahyadri सहहदररद Western Ghats as seen from Gobichettipalayam, Tamil Nadu Highest point Peak Anamudi (Eravikulam National Park) Elevation 2,695 m (8,842 ft) Coordinates 10°10′N 77°04′E Coordinates: 10°10′N 77°04′E Dimensions Length 1,600 km (990 mi) N–S Width 100 km (62 mi) E–W Area 160,000 km2 (62,000 sq mi) Geography The Western Ghats lie roughly parallel to the west coast of India Country India States List[show] Settlements List[show] Biome Tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests Geology Period Cenozoic Type of rock Basalt and Laterite UNESCO World Heritage Site Official name: Natural Properties - Western Ghats (India) Type Natural Criteria ix, x Designated 2012 (36th session) Reference no. 1342 State Party India Region Indian subcontinent The Western Ghats are a mountain range that runs almost parallel to the western coast of the Indian peninsula, located entirely in India. It is a UNESCO World Heritage Site and is one of the eight "hottest hotspots" of biological diversity in the world.[1][2] It is sometimes called the Great Escarpment of India.[3] The range runs north to south along the western edge of the Deccan Plateau, and separates the plateau from a narrow coastal plain, called Konkan, along the Arabian Sea. A total of thirty nine properties including national parks, wildlife sanctuaries and reserve forests were designated as world heritage sites - twenty in Kerala, ten in Karnataka, five in Tamil Nadu and four in Maharashtra.[4][5] The range starts near the border of Gujarat and Maharashtra, south of the Tapti river, and runs approximately 1,600 km (990 mi) through the states of Maharashtra, Goa, Karnataka, Kerala and Tamil Nadu ending at Kanyakumari, at the southern tip of India.
    [Show full text]
  • List of Nodal Officer
    List of Nodal Officer Designa S.No tion of Phone (With Company Name EMAIL_ID_COMPANY FIRST_NAME MIDDLE_NAME LAST_NAME Line I Line II CITY PIN Code EMAIL_ID . Nodal STD/ISD) Officer 1 VIPUL LIMITED [email protected] PUNIT BERIWALA DIRT Vipul TechSquare, Golf Course Road, Sector-43, Gurgaon 122009 01244065500 [email protected] 2 ORIENT PAPER AND INDUSTRIES LTD. [email protected] RAM PRASAD DUTTA CSEC BIRLA BUILDING, 9TH FLOOR, 9/1, R. N. MUKHERJEE ROAD KOLKATA 700001 03340823700 [email protected] COAL INDIA LIMITED, Coal Bhawan, AF-III, 3rd Floor CORE-2,Action Area-1A, 3 COAL INDIA LTD GOVT OF INDIA UNDERTAKING [email protected] MAHADEVAN VISWANATHAN CSEC Rajarhat, Kolkata 700156 03323246526 [email protected] PREMISES NO-04-MAR New Town, MULTI COMMODITY EXCHANGE OF INDIA Exchange Square, Suren Road, 4 [email protected] AJAY PURI CSEC Multi Commodity Exchange of India Limited Mumbai 400093 0226718888 [email protected] LIMITED Chakala, Andheri (East), 5 ECOPLAST LIMITED [email protected] Antony Pius Alapat CSEC Ecoplast Ltd.,4 Magan Mahal 215, Sir M.V. Road, Andheri (E) Mumbai 400069 02226833452 [email protected] 6 ECOPLAST LIMITED [email protected] Antony Pius Alapat CSEC Ecoplast Ltd.,4 Magan Mahal 215, Sir M.V. Road, Andheri (E) Mumbai 400069 02226833452 [email protected] 7 NECTAR LIFE SCIENCES LIMITED [email protected] SUKRITI SAINI CSEC NECTAR LIFESCIENCES LIMITED SCO 38-39, SECTOR 9-D CHANDIGARH 160009 01723047759 [email protected] 8 ECOPLAST LIMITED [email protected] Antony Pius Alapat CSEC Ecoplast Ltd.,4 Magan Mahal 215, Sir M.V. Road, Andheri (E) Mumbai 400069 02226833452 [email protected] 9 SMIFS CAPITAL MARKETS LTD.
    [Show full text]
  • Ethnobotanical Studies on Some Rare and Endemic Floristic Elements of Eastern Ghats-Hill Ranges of South East Asia, India
    Ethnobotanical Leaflets 11: 52-70. 2007. Ethnobotanical Studies on Some Rare and Endemic Floristic Elements of Eastern Ghats-Hill Ranges of South East Asia, India Dowlathabad Muralidhara Rao and Thammineni Pullaiah Department of Botany (SKU Herbarium), Sri Krishnadevara University, Anantapur. 515003 [email protected] WWW.SKUNIVERSITY.ORG Issued 24 May 2007 ABSTRACT The Eastern Ghats, one of the nine Floristic Zones in India. Eastern Ghats are spread over three States of India, namely Orissa, Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu. The hilly areas of Eastern Ghats in Andhra Pradesh are mainly inhabited by 33 aboriginal/tribal communities, who still practice the age old traditional medicines and their application. There are 62 different tribes, inhabited in Orissa. The inhabitants of the aboriginal tribal communities, who still practice the age old traditional medicines and their applications. The author undertook ethno medicobotanical studies in Eastern Ghats along with systematic survey. Many tribal people depending on naturally growing or wild plants for their food and medicine in this region. The study during 1997-2005 brought to light, many unknown uses of plants which are interesting has been collected by the author. The present paper deals with some rare and endemic plant ethnobotanical uses of Eastern Ghats. Key words: Eastern Ghats, Ethnobotany, Rareplants, Endemic plants. INTRODUCTION The Eastern Ghats are located between 11° 31' and 22° N latitude and 76° 50' and 86° 30' E longitude in a North-East to South-West strike. The Ghats cover an area of about 75,000 Sq. Km with an average width of 200 Km in the North and 100 Km in the South.
    [Show full text]
  • Anthropological of Perspective Tribes and Inter Ethnic Relationship in the Nilgiris District *Dr.K.Rajukkannu *Assistant Professor of Commerce A.V.V.M
    IJEMR – May 2015 - Vol 5 Issue 5 - Online - ISSN 2249–2585 Print - ISSN 2249-8672 Anthropological Of Perspective Tribes and Inter Ethnic Relationship in the Nilgiris District *Dr.K.Rajukkannu *Assistant Professor of Commerce A.V.V.M. Sri Pushpam College,Poondi – 613 503. Thanjavur. Tamilnadu. Introduction The term „tribe‟ has been widely used in anthropology, but there is no general consensus as to its precise definition or appropriate application. The Roman word “TRIBUA” meant a political unit, and was used to refer to social groups defined by the territory they6 occupied. institutions but not political ones. MAINE (1861) defined the tribe as a group which possessed social institutions but not political ones. MAINE (1861) characterized it as a group in which legal relations were based on the principle of status rather than that of contract. It is in this sense of a pre-political or pre-contract society, that the term is used by Charlotte Seymour-Smith (1986”281). The term thus “TRIBE” passed into general usages as a synonym for a PRIMITIVE SOCIAL GROUP. Among the social sciences, the „Cultural Anthropology‟ was identified until fairly recently as the study of „PRIMITIVE PEOPLE‟ and was distinguished from other disciplines such as Sociology, Political Science and Economics because of its pre occupation with „primitive societies‟. Gradually due to the broadening of perspectives, terms of condescension like „primitive societies‟ was replaced by the term „simple societies‟. The term savage was widely used in the 19th and early 20the centuries. The term „tribe‟ does not have any derogatory connotation; in the social science, it simply refers to cultures that are technologically less developed.
    [Show full text]
  • Sharma Ethno Ferns
    CASE REPORT ZOOS' PRINT JOURNAL 18(2): 1003-1006 BUTTERFLIES OF SIRUVANI FORESTS OF WESTERN GHATS, WITH NOTES ON THEIR SEASONALITY P.R. Arun Salim Ali Centre for Ornithology and Natural History, Moongilpallam, Anaikatty, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu 641108, India E-mail: [email protected] Abstract Study area The seasonal pattern in the abundance of butterflies The moist deciduous forests of Siruvani falling between 76o41'- belonging to the families, Papilionidae, Pieridae and 45' E and 10o56'-58' N in the Boluvampatti Reserve Forest located Nymphalidae was monitored during the period of in the foothills of Western Ghats about 35km west of Coimbatore, September 1994 to August 1996 in the moist deciduous Tamil Nadu, southern India was the selected study area. The forest of Siruvani, using the transect counting method. area receives good rainfall during both the north-east and south- Seventy-five species of butterflies belonging to 49 genera west monsoons. The mean annual rainfall of the area during the were recorded from the area during the study. Of these study period was 2092mm, much higher than that generally 53 were encountered along the transect. The present received by moist deciduous zones (Champion & Seth, 1968), paper also provides an account of their seasonality owing to the closeness of the study area to one of the core zone pattern. evergreen forests of the Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve. Keywords The transect selected for the study was about four kilometre off Butterflies, Lepidoptera, seasonal pattern, Siruvani, the forest check post at Sadivayal on the road towards the Water Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve, Western Ghats, southern Filtering plant of TWAD (Tamilnadu Water Supply and Drainage) India Board.
    [Show full text]
  • Wsn 115 (2019) 104-116 Eissn 2392-2192
    Available online at www.worldscientificnews.com WSN 115 (2019) 104-116 EISSN 2392-2192 Etnobotanical Studies on Solanum species from Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve of Western Ghats, Tamil Nadu, India Kaliyamoorthy Kumar1, Adaikala Raj2 and Kathiresan Sivakumar1,* 1Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar - 608 002, Tamil Nadu, India 2Department of Botany, St. Joseph University, Dimapur - 797115, Nagaland, India *E-mail address: [email protected] ABSTRCT Ethnobotany leads to drug discovery and its deals with the study of inter relationships between human and plants. However, several medicinal plants possess their own therapeutic properties and every ethnic group of tribal’s having some unique knowledge about local medicinal plants. Owing to documenting the indigenous knowledge through ethno medicinal studies is important for the conservation and utilization of biological resource using questionnaires. In general, egg plants have been used an important vegetable, valuable household crop, ideal traditional ethno medicines, suitable alternative, clinically useful therapeutic compounds, low cost production, high quality, much safer and biologically active. The present investigation were find out, about 1/3 population of Nilgiri biosphere reserve forest area depends on traditional ethno medicine and some reliable source of drugs were obtained from genera of Solanum under the family Solanaceae. Ethnobotanical data were collected from traditional practitioners of study area using questionnaires. A total of 5 Solanum species were recorded for medicinal and household maintenance applications. The most reported uses were for gastrointestinal problems, Cough medicine, pulmonary aliment, and Toothache remedy. The commonly used plant parts were leaves and fruits and they were commonly administered as a paste, decoction, infusion, juice and poultice or taken orally without preparation.
    [Show full text]
  • Chapter – Iii Agro Climatic Zone Profile
    CHAPTER – III AGRO CLIMATIC ZONE PROFILE This chapter portrays the Tamil Nadu economy and its environment. The features of the various Agro-climatic zones are presented in a detailed way to highlight the endowment of natural resources. This setting would help the project to corroborate with the findings and justify the same. Based on soil characteristics, rainfall distribution, irrigation pattern, cropping pattern and other ecological and social characteristics, the State Tamil Nadu has been classified into seven agro-climatic zones. The following are the seven agro-climatic zones of the State of Tamil Nadu. 1. Cauvery Delta zone 2. North Eastern zone 3. Western zone 4. North Western zone 5. High Altitude zone 6. Southern zone and 7. High Rainfall zone 1. Cauvery Delta Zone This zone includes Thanjavur district, Musiri, Tiruchirapalli, Lalgudi, Thuraiyur and Kulithalai taluks of Tiruchirapalli district, Aranthangi taluk of Pudukottai district and Chidambaram and Kattumannarkoil taluks of Cuddalore and Villupuram district. Total area of the zone is 24,943 sq.km. in which 60.2 per cent of the area i.e., 15,00,680 hectares are under cultivation. And 50.1 per cent of total area of cultivation i.e., 7,51,302 19 hectares is the irrigated area. This zone receives an annual normal rainfall of 956.3 mm. It covers the rivers ofCauvery, Vennaru, Kudamuruti, Paminiar, Arasalar and Kollidam. The major dams utilized by this zone are Mettur and Bhavanisagar. Canal irrigation, well irrigation and lake irrigation are under practice. The major crops are paddy, sugarcane, cotton, groundnut, sunflower, banana and ginger. Thanjavur district, which is known as “Rice Bowl” of Tamilnadu, comes under this zone.
    [Show full text]
  • Physical Features, Climate and Drainage of India Hand Outs
    INDIA PHYSIOGRAPHIC DIVISIONS India is the seventh largest and second most populous country in the world. Its area is 2.4% of the total world area but about 16% of the entire human races reside in its fold. In population, only the mainland China exceeds that of India. India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Nepal and Bhutan form the well-defined realm of south Asia often referred to as the Indian sub-continent. Lying entirely in the northern hemisphere (tropical zone), the Indian mainland extends between the latitude -8°4' N to 37°6'N and longitude -68°7' E to 97°25'E. The southernmost point in the Indian territory, the Indira Point, is situated at 6°30' north in the Andaman and Nicobar islands. The tropic of cancer passes through the centre of India. India covers an area of 3.28 million sq km and measures about 3,214 km from north to south and about 2,933 km east to west. The total length of the mainland coastland is nearly 6,400 km and land frontier about 15,200 km. The boundary line between India and China is called the McMahon line. To the north-west, India, shares a boundary mainly with Pakistan and to the east with Myanmar and Bangladesh. The Indian Ocean lies in the south. In the south, on the eastern side, the Gulf of Mannar and the Palk Strait separate India from Sri Lanka. The Andaman and Nicobar Islands in the Bay of Bengal and the Lakshadweep islands in the Arabian Sea are parts of the Indian Territory India's relief is marked by a great variety: India can be divided into five major physiographic units: 1.
    [Show full text]