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THE NEGRO PRESS in the UNITED STATES the UNIVERSITY of Ohioagio PREDB OIIIOAGO, ILLINOIS

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THE NEGRO PRESS in the UNITED STATES the UNIVERSITY of Ohioagio PREDB OIIIOAGO, ILLINOIS THE NEGRO PRESS IN THE UNITED STATES THE UNIVERSITY OF OHIOAGiO PREDB OIIIOAGO, ILLINOIS THE BAKER & TAYLOR COMPL' NEW TORR TIIE CAlBRIDGL LO TAX MARUZEN-M. 'IUiilO) 09AE*, YYO20, ! THE MISSION BOO, L..~JI'ANY SHANltnAI NEGRO PRESS IN TH TED STAT BY F rrLKICK G. DET THE IJNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO PRESS CHICAGO, ILLINOIS - COPYRIGHT 1922 BY Tm UNIVERSITY-OF CHICAGO All Rights Reserved Published August 1922 Composed and Printed By Tile University of Chicago Press Chicago, Illinois. U.S.A. TO MY WIFE PREFACE When Colonel Robert T. Kerlin's book, The Voice oj the Negro, appeared, it startled a great many ~eople into serious thought about the Negro press. Professor Robert E. Park's The Immigrant Press am? Its Gorztrol was then almost ready for the public, and the idea of makini that public better acquainted with another of its great minority groups had for me a strong appeal. Colonel Kerlin, too-who has been consistently helpful- held that his study of Negro newspapers as they ap- peared during a certain four-month period should call out an extended inquiry into the actual numbers, circula- tion, history, economic connections, and social implica- tions of such papers. It is impossible to name here all those who have helped in the production of the present book. Negro editors have responded courteously to many letters of inquiry. The newspaper men in Chicago, where the study was carried on during the greater part of two years, have especially deserved mention. The gentlemen of the Associated Negro Press have been very generous in offering the use of their exchanges and in countless other favors. To Professor Park a debt of gratitude is due which these rather fonnal phrases cannot be expected to dis- charge. His wide knowledge of the field of Negro life, his kindly interest in this undertaking, and his unique way of offering criticism and suggestion have been indis- pensable. vii viii PREFACE I11 presenting the results that follow, the author has probably failed oi that degree of objectivity he desired to attain. The purpose has been to describe rather than interpret, to set forth facts in as straightforward a way as possible, and to let the Negro press speak for itself. If there is any contribution here which might help the races to understand each other better, well and good. It may be, however, that these pages will be to many readers what they have become in the author's thought-an oflering of materials for the further study of human nature. DENISONUNIVERSITY GRANVILLE,OBIO August, 1922 TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER I. \'OLUME .4 KD INFLUEXCEOF THE NEGROPRESS. Yumber and Distribution of Perioclicals . Why iVo Negro Dailies .. .. Inhencc in Terms ol Circulation .... Attitude of Negroes toward Their Papers 12iteracyamongNegroes ...... The Kewspapers and the Cities . Geographical Area of Circuiation .. White People and the n'egro Press . Comparison with Foreign-Language Press Newspaper Mortality and Economic Success Press Organizations . .. .. II. THE NEGROPRESS IN SLAVERYDAYS. Early Background . The Negro Abolition Preys ~rederi&Do%glass'Paper ...... The Christian Recorder . The Negro in the South .. .. A Partisan Press after the i~ar . Religious adFraternai Organs . The Press and Growing Literacy . III. THE NEGROPRESS IN FREEDOM . Early Papers Now Surviving . Lives of Representative Editors .... Attempted Dailies . Growth. 157~90. The New Militant Note ...... Gzmrdian . Crisis . Eefender ...... The Press and the drent War 2%; Press and the %&ation .. Three Papers of Today: Why They Began . The Keynote . Distributior, of Space in the Paper . Leading Themes.. .. .. Race Wron~sand clashes ..... Race ~ro~ress. Race Moveinen ts . Crime . Politics . Africa ............ V. WHATIS IN A h7IX~0PAPER . .. Makeup ........... Local News .......... X TABLE OF CONTENTS CEAPTER Editorials . Special Features . Poetry .. .. Advertising . Cosmetics; ~edicine;and ?v~agic;brganizcd Activi- ties; Advertising as a Business Negro Magazines ........... VI. THEDEMAIJDFOR RIGHTS . Protest in Xegro Newspapers . Interpretation of Race Riots . .. .. Negro Demands Defined . .. .. Demands Stated by the crisis ........ Policy of the Gwrdio.n . .. Distrust of the White Press . ...... Hostility of Whites toward Negro 'Press . Patriotism of Piegro Press ......... Attitude toward Other Issues . .. VII. OTHERSOLUTIONS OF THE RACEPROBLEM ..... Radical Magazines . Program of Mcssengcr . ....... Labor Orgauizations and tie Negro . .. The "Economic Way Out ... .... Garvey and Nationalism . Inter-Racial Committees ......... Avoidance of Conflict .......... Reconciliation ............ Disagreement among Kegroes ........ Significance of Negro Poetry ........ VIII. NEGROLIFE .............. The Press Reflecting xegro Life Thecity .., ~ ..... The Country ...., . The Church .... TheLodge ...... The School ...... Politics ....... Society ....... Music ........ Theater . .... Sport ........ IX. NEGROCRITICISM OF NEGROLIFE . Why Criticism Exists . Moral and Aesthetic ~ttitudes: Attitudes toward Racial Values Interesting People ...........25; Race Friction .... ......263 Place of the Press in Negro ~iie....... 267 CHAPTER I VOLUME AND INFLUENCE OF THE NEGRO PRESS SOMERVILLE,TENN.,Feb, 7-White people of this city have issued an order that no ('colored newspapers" must be circulated in this town, but that every ((darkey," the petition reads, must read the Falcon, a local white paper edited by a Confederate veteran. The whites stated this step was being done in order to keep the "nigger from getting besides himself, and to keep him in his place." Since the invasion made in this city by newspapers of our race, people have been leaving by the wholesale, seeking better oppor- tunity and development in northern cities. The edict was issued against the newspaper when white men were forced, because of the lack of help, to plow the fields. Somerville is the county seat of Fayette county. There are 20~000of our people residing in this section and only 7,000 white. Our people furnished five soldiers to one white soldier from this district to the National Army in the fight for democracy. Items like the above, which appeared early in 1919, lead the inquiring reader to ask what is meant by the "colored newspaper." This particular piece of news could be traced to the weekly edited in a northern city by a black man from the South. Within a stone's throw of his desk other similar papers have offices, which contain exchanges from cities and towns all over the country. What are the facts about the entire situation? There are nearly 500 periodicals published by Negroes in the United States. While accuracy in the statistics is not possible, it is true that there is evidence for the existence, in the summer of 1921, of 492 papers. 2 THE NEGRO PRESS IN THE UNITED STATES Only ten states in the Union are not represented by these publications, and these are the three northernmost in New England and seven in the sparsely settled West. The state of New York has twenty-one titles; Alabama, thirty-five; Arizona, two; Michigan, six; and Virginia, twenty-six. Naturally the greater number belongs to the South, but of the 149 north of Mason and Dixon's line many have a large circulation and wide reach of influence. Of the twelve great urban areas in the United States containing over half a million of people each, only Baltimore and St. Louis could be called southern; and all of these are centers of Negro journalism, producing a total of seventy-six papers. In the 310 that are pub- lished in cities with population ranging down to ~o,ooo, the South is better represented. It may be said that smaller towns and rural villages publish altogether only 106 papers that have come to general notice.' Until recently the existence of such a press has been virtually unknown to the white group. To Ray Stan- nard Baker, writing in the World's Work, this fact is alarming. "Few white people realize that there are These statistics result from an extensive correspondence with pub- lishers on the basis of the list in the Negro Year Bookfor 1918-19, Tuskegee Institute, Alabama, Monroe N.Work, Editor, pp. 460 if., and Ayer and Son's American .Vezvspaper Annual! and Directory for rpar, Philadelphia, 1921, pp. 171. and 1z71f. The Tuskegee Institute Department of Records and Research, the National Negro Press Association, Nashville, and the Associated Negro Press, Chicago, have also been consulted. The Year Book gives a total of 450 periodicals, but, if one counts the titles listed, the sum amounts to only 391 (for the United States). The larger total assumed is justified by the extreme difficulty in securing complete returns. The results embodied in the text are to be thought of as holding good for midsummer, 1921. During the two years in which this study has been in progress many periodicals have begun and many ended their careers, not to speak of consolidations and changes of title. VOLUME AND INFLUENCE 3 more than, four hundred and fifty newspapers an publications in America devoted exclusively to the interests of colored people, nearly all edited by Negroes. The utter ignorance of the great mass of white Americans as to what is really going on among the colored people of the country is appalling-and dangero~s."~ Warren G. Harding, however, when still a member of the Senate, was typical of an awakening interest. He wrote in 1920: It would be a very sorry contradiction to the policy of the developing of democracy if the Colored people of the country should not find marked advancement in this fluid state oi world civilization, and it is very pleasing to note the growth of Colored publicity service, which means that educational advancement and intelligent enlightenmellt which always speaks of the progress oi any people. Publicity is going to be the greatest weapon oi all in furthering the cause of the Colored people of the United States." There is still a great deal of the "ignorance" Baker refers to. Out of fifteen individuals interviewed for the Chicago Commission on Race Relations as representing the more intelligent members of the white community, no knowledge of the Negro press even in Chicago.
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