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Salmon-Neskowin Watershed Analysis

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SALMON-NESKOWIN WATERSHED ANALYSIS Prepared for: Hebo Ranger District 31525 Hwy 22 Hebo, OR 97122 and Salem District BLM 1717 Fabry Rd. S.E. Salem, OR 97306 Prepared by: BOATENG & Associates, Inc. 8005 S.E. 28th Street Mercer Island, WA 98040 June 1999 TABLE OF CONTENTS Page CHAPTER 1: CHARACTERIZATION ............................................. 1 1.1 Introduction ........................................................... 1 1.2 Location and Ownership ................................................. 2 1.3 Geology ............................................................. 4 1.4 Soils and Climate ....................................................... 5 1.4.1 Coastal Fog Zone .................................................. 5 1.4.2 Central Interior Zone ............................................... 5 1.4.3 Northern Interior Zone .............................................. 5 1.4.4 Valley Margin Zone ................................................ 6 1.5 Terrestrial Environment .................................................. 6 1.6 Aquatic Environment .................................................... 7 1.6.1 Salmon River ..................................................... 7 1.6.2 Neskowin Creek ................................................... 8 1.7 Human Environment .................................................... 8 CHAPTER 2: ISSUES AND KEY QUESTIONS ..................................... 10 2.1 Issue 1: Condition of National Forest and Bureau of Land Management Late-Succes­ sional Reserve Lands as Functioning Late-Successional Ecosystems ...... 10 2.2 Issue 2: Condition of Aquatic and Riparian Resources ........................ 10 2.3 Issue 3: Estuary ...................................................... 11 2.4 Issue 4: Roads ....................................................... 12 CHAPTER 3: CURRENT AND REFERENCE CONDITIONS ......................... 13 3.1 Human Uses .......................................................... 13 3.1.1 Settlement by Native Americans ..................................... 13 3.1.2 Settlement by European Pioneers .................................... 14 3.1.3 Development of Towns ............................................ 15 3.1.3.1 Neskowin .................................................... 15 3.1.3.2 3 Rocks (3 Rox) ............................................... 15 3.1.3.3 Otis ......................................................... 16 3.1.3.4 Rose Lodge .................................................. 16 i 3.1.4 Roads and Trails .................................................. 16 3.1.5 Agriculture and Harvest of Natural Products ............................ 18 3.1.6 Fishing ......................................................... 19 3.1.7 Logging ......................................................... 20 3.1.8 Recreation ...................................................... 21 3.1.9 Special Designation Areas .......................................... 22 3.1.9.1 Cascade Head Experimental Forest ................................ 22 3.1.9.2 Cascade Head Scenic Research Area .............................. 22 3.1.9.3 Cascade Head Natural Area ...................................... 23 3.1.9.4 Neskowin Crest Research Natural Area ............................ 23 3.1.9.5 Saddleback Mountain Area of Critical Environmental Concern and Re­ search Natural Area ............................................ 23 3.1.9.6 Lost Prairie Area of Critical Environmental Concern .................. 23 3.2 Terrestrial Ecosystem .................................................. 24 3.2.1 Vegetation ...................................................... 24 3.2.1.1 Soil Climate Zones ............................................. 24 3.2.1.2 Plant Association Groups ........................................ 26 3.2.1.3 Disturbance Processes .......................................... 28 3.2.1.4 Seral Stage Distribution ......................................... 34 3.2.2 Wildlife and Plants ................................................ 41 3.2.2.1 Late-seral Habitat .............................................. 41 3.2.2.2 Other Habitat Components and Considerations ....................... 42 3.2.2.3 Threatened and Endangered Species ............................... 44 3.2.2.4 Other Species ................................................. 45 3.2.2.5 Plants ....................................................... 46 3.2.3 Hillslope Processes ................................................ 47 3.2.3.1 Process Types ................................................. 47 3.2.3.2 Impacts ...................................................... 48 3.2.3.3 Effects of the 1996 Flood ........................................ 49 3.3 Aquatic Ecosystem .................................................... 49 3.3.1 Instream Habitat .................................................. 49 3.3.1.1 Channel Complexity ............................................ 51 3.3.1.2 Water Quality ................................................. 53 3.3.1.3 Water Quantity ................................................ 54 3.3.2 Riparian Habitat .................................................. 55 3.3.3 Fish Populations .................................................. 56 ii 3.3.4 Estuary ......................................................... 58 3.4 Roads ............................................................ 60 3.4.1 Access Requirements and Considerations .............................. 60 3.4.1.1 Highways and Main Access Routes ................................ 60 3.4.1.2 Roads on Federal Lands ......................................... 61 3.4.2 Location of Roads with Highest Probability of Failure .................... 61 3.4.3 Roads with Undersized Culverts ..................................... 62 CHAPTER 4: RECOMMENDATIONS ........................................... 64 4.1 Issue 1: Condition of National Forest and Bureau of Land Management Late-Succes­ sional Reserve Lands as Functioning Late-Successional Ecosystems ...... 64 4.2 Issue 2: Condition of Aquatic and Riparian Resources ........................ 71 4.3 Issue 3: Estuary ...................................................... 73 4.4 Issue 4: Roads ....................................................... 74 Literature Cited ............................................................ 80 iii TABLES Page Table 1-1: Land Ownership within Salmon and Neskowin Watersheds ................ 4 Table 3-1: Distribution of Subseries Environments and PAGs in the Watersheds ....... 27 Table 3-2: Stand Stages of Development (Current and Historic Conditions) ........... 35 Table 3-3: Distribution of Current Seral Stages within the Watershed ................ 35 Table 3-4: Distribution of Current Seral Stages within the Watershed by Subwatershed (acres/percent) ................................................... 36 Table 3-5: Federal and Non-federal Ownership by Subwatershed (square miles) ....... 38 Table 3-6: Distribution of Historic Seral Stages within the Watershed ................ 40 Table 3-7a: Open Road Densities by Fifth-field Watershed .......................... 43 Table 3-7b: Open Road Density Distribution within the Watersheds .................. 44 Table 3-8a: Summary of USFS Habitat Survey Data ................................ 52 Table 3-8b: Summary of ODFW Habitat Survey Data .............................. 53 Table 3-9: Miles of Stream on Federal and Non-federal Lands with Potential for LWD Re­ cruitment Greater than 18 inches Based on Seral Stage of Riparian Vegeta­ tion ......................................................... 55 Table 3-10: Miles of Stream on Federal Lands Only with Potential for LWD Recruitment Greater than 18 inches Based on Seral Stage of Riparian Vegetation ........ 56 Table 3-11: High Risk Roads on Federal Lands Listed by Subwatershed ............... 62 Table 3-12: Roads with Undersized Culverts ..................................... 63 FIGURES Figure 1-1: Watershed Location ................................................ 3 Figure 3-1: Fire History ..................................................... 29 Figure 3-2: Seral Stage Distribution ............................................ 40 iv APPENDIX A Additional Vegetation Information Table 3-13: Distribution of Historic Seral Stages within the Watershed by Subwatershed (acres/percent) Table 3-14: Seral Classes on Federal Lands and Non-federal Lands Based upon the VEGE GIS Data Layer (acres) Table 3-15: Seral Classes Based upon the VEGE GIS Data Layer (percent) APPENDIX B Roads Database Table B-1: Roads on Federal Lands LIST OF MAPS Map 1: Base Map and Human Features Map 2: Ownership and Management Map 3: Soil Climate Zones and Plant Association Groups Map 4: Swiss Needle Cast Infestation Map 5: Vegetation Showing Seral Stage Classes Map 6: Historic Vegetation Showing Seral Stage Classes Map 7: Current Interior Forest Map 8: Historic Interior Forest Map 9: Spotted Owl Habitat and Reserve Pair Areas Map 10: Potential Key Fish Habitat Map 11: Known Fish Distribution Map 12: Road Failure Risk Map 13: Geology Map 14: Potentially Treatable Areas v CHAPTER 1 CHARACTERIZATION 1.1 INTRODUCTION This watershed analysis was conducted under direction of the April 1994 Record of Decision for Amendments to Forest Service and Bureau of Land Management Planning Documents within the Range of the Northern Spotted Owl (USDA and USDI 1994), also known as the Northwest Forest Plan (NFP). Watershed analysis is one of four major components of the Aquatic Conservation Strategy (ACS) within the NFP. The other
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