THERAPEUTICS 43

THERAPEUTICS University, Tirupati-517502, AP, India), Pathophysiology, 2011, 18(2), 159-164]. NPARR 3(1), 2012-082, Antihyperglycemic and NPARR 3(1), 2012-083, Coconut (Cocos nucifera L.: hypolipidemic activities of Setaria italica seeds in Arecaceae): In health promotion and disease STZ diabetic rats prevention Setaria italica is commonly known as Foxtail Coconut, Cocos nucifera L., is a tree that is millet. In India it is chiefly cultivated in Andhra cultivated for its multiple utilities, mainly for its Pradesh and Tamilnadu. It can be eaten as a sweet or nutritional and medicinal values. The various products savory food in all ways that rice is used. Due to the of coconut include tender coconut water, copra, presence of high fiber content, it is suggested as a coconut oil, raw kernel, coconut cake, coconut toddy, food for diabetic patients in India. To evaluate the coconut shell and wood based products, coconut antihyperglycemic and hypolipidemic potential of S. leaves, coir pith etc. Its all parts are used in someway italica seeds in streptozotocin induced diabetic rats. or another in the daily life of the people in the Anti hyperglycemic activity of different doses of S. traditional coconut growing areas. It is the unique italica seed aqueous extract (SISAE) was evaluated by source of various natural products for the oral administration of SISAE in streptozotocin development of medicines against various diseases induced diabetic rats and it was compared with that of and also for the development of industrial products. Glibeclamide, a standard oral hypoglycemic agent. The parts of its fruit like coconut kernel and tender The effect of long-term treatment with 300 mg of coconut water have numerous medicinal properties SISAE/kg. b.w./day on blood glucose, glycemic such as antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, control and serum lipids was evaluated in normal and antiparasitic, antidermatophytic, antioxidant, diabetic rats. Results: The dose of 300 mg of hypoglycemic, hepatoprotective, immunostimulant. SISAE/kg b.w. produced a significant fall (70%) in Coconut water and coconut kernel contain blood glucose in diabetic rats after 6 h of microminerals and nutrients, which are essential to administration of the extract. None of the doses of the human health, and hence coconut is used as food by SISAE could produce any change in blood glucose the peoples in the globe, mainly in the tropical levels of normal rats. After 30 days of treatment with countries. The coconut palm is, therefore, eulogised 300 mg of. SISAE/kg b.w./day there was a significant as 'Kalpavriksha' (the all giving tree) in Indian decrease in fasting blood glucose associated with a classics, and thus the current review describes the significant improvement in glycemic control as facts and phenomena related to its use in health and evidenced by lower levels of HbA1c in diabetic disease prevention [Deb Mandal, M.and Mandal, treated rats when compared to those in untreated S.*(Department of Physiology and Biophysics, KPC diabetic rats The aqueous extract also exhibited Medical College and Hospital, 1F Raja S C Mallick significant hypolipidemic effect which is evident from Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata-700 032, India), Asian lower levels of triglycerides, total, LDL and VLDL Pacific Journal of Tropical Medicine, 2011, 4(3), cholesterol and increase in the levels of HDL 241-247] cholesterol in diabetic treated rats compared to those in diabetic untreated rats. The antihyperglycemic and hypolipidemic activities of the aqueous extract could NPARR 3(1), 2012-084, An ethnomedicinal, be due to the presence of alkaloids or glycosides as phytochemical and pharmacological profile of active principles. Conclusion: These findings gangeticum (Linn.) DC. and demonstrate that the aqueous extract of S. italica Desmodium adscendens (Sw.) DC seeds have excellent antihyperglycemic and Desmodium gangeticum (L.) DC. and hypolipidemic activities and thus have great potential Desmodium adscendens (Sw.) DC. are two important as a source for natural health products [Sireesha, Y., and well explored species of genus Desmodium Kasetti, R.B., Nabi, S.A., Swapna, S. and Apparao, ( (alt. Leguminosae) subfamily: ). C.* (Department of Biochemistry, Sri Venkateswara Desmodium gangeticum is used as a tonic, febrifuge, digestive, anticatarrhal, antiemitic, in inflammatory 44 NAT PROD RESOUR REPOS, VOL. 3, NO. 1, 2012

conditions of chest and in various other inflammatory Ethnopharmacology Division, National Botanical conditions in the Ayurvedic System of Medicine Research Institute, Rana Pratap Marg, Lucknow 226 while Desmodium adscendens is widely used for the 001, India), Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 2011, treatment of asthma in Ghana, Africa. Aim of the 136(2), 283-296]. review: The aim of this review is to provide comprehensive information on the botany, traditional NPARR 3(1), 2012-085, Cynodon dactylon (L.) uses, phytochemistry, pharmacological research and Pers.: A valuable medicinal toxicology of Desmodium gangeticum and Desmodium adscendens to explore their therapeutic Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. is a perennial grass. potential and future research opportunities. All the The plant is a rich source of metabolites such as available information on Desmodium gangeticum and proteins, carbohydrates, mineral constituents, P- Desmodium adscendens was collected via electronic sitosterol, flavanoids, alkaloids, glycosides and search (using Pubmed, SciFinder, Scirus, Google triterpenoides. The plant has been long used in the Scholar, JCCC@INSTIRC and Web of Science) and a traditional medicines to treat various ailments such as library search for articles published in peer-reviewed anasarca, cancer, convulsions, cough, cramps, journals. About 25 different species of Desmodium diarrhea, dropsy, dysentery, epilepsy, headache, including Desmodium gangeticum and Desmodium hemorrhage, hypertension, hysteria, measles, rubella, adscendens are used ethnomedicinally all over the snakebite, sores, stones, tumors, urogenital disorders, world. Phytochemical research on Desmodium warts and wounds. The plant shows biological gangeticum and Desmodium adscendens has led to the activities such as antiviral and antimicrobial isolation of alkaloids, pterocarpans, phospholipids, properties. This study provides a comprehensive sterols, flavones and flavonoid glycosides from detail of the pharmacognostical characteristics, Desmodium gangeticum and triterpenoid saponins, biological effects and medicinal uses of Cynodon phenylethylamines and indole-3-alkyl amines from dactylon. A review of some important patents on Desmodium adscendens. Crude extracts, fractions and Cynodon dactylon is presented [Nagori, B.P. and isolated components of Desmodium gangeticum and Solanki, R.* (Lachoo Memorial College of Sciences Desmodium adscendens showed a wide spectrum of and Technology, Pharmacy Wing, Shastri Nagar, in vitro and in vivo pharmacological activities like Jodhpur-342003, Rajasthan, India), Research Journal antileishmanial, immunomodulatory, antiasthmatic, of Medicinal Plant, 2011, 5(5), 508-514]. smooth muscle relaxant, anti-inflammatory, anti- ulcer, cardio-protective, antidiabetic, antiamnesic, NPARR 3(1), 2012-086, Evaluation of antiviral, antioxidant and hepatoprotective activities. phytochemical, antimicrobial and GC-MS analysis Desmodium gangeticum and Desmodium adscendens of extracts of Indigofera trita L.f. spp. subulata have emerged as a good source of traditional (Vahl ex Poir) medicine. Desmodium gangeticum possesses the ability to scavenge the free radicals generated during Indigofera trita L.f. spp. subulata (Vahl ex Poir) ischaemia and ischaemia reperfusion thereby distributed in the southern part of India particularly in preserving the mitochondrial respiratory enzymes that Tamilnadu and it has potential medicinal properties eventually lead to cardio-protection and has potential and used in the treatment of tumours and liver prophylactic and therapeutic efficacy against disorders. The work carried out in the plant is much Leishmania infection. Desmodium adscendens is less, the present work was designed to investigate the useful against chronic bronchitis and asthma. prekminary phytochemical, antibacterial and GCMS However, there is a need to search for individual analysis of various parts of the plant. The medicinally secondary metabolites responsible for these actions compounds from crude extracts of leaf, stem and root and study their mode of actions, bioavailability, portions were fractionated in different solvents pharmacokinetics and physiological pathways in (aqueous, chloroform, petroleum ether and ethanol) sufficient detail. The promising results should be subjected to preliminary phytochemical and further substantiated by clinical trials [Rastogi, S. *, antibacterial activities. The potential extracts were Pandey, M.M., Rawat, A.K.S (Pharmacognosy and analysed through FTIR and GCMS. Phytochemical screening of leaves, stem and root extracts of THERAPEUTICS 45

Indigofera subulata revealed the presence of alkaloids, negative bacteria. Antioxidant property was Quinones, reducing sugars, saponins, terpenoids and determined both quantitatively and qualitatively. tannins. The ethanol extract of leaves and stem was Determination of cytotoxic activity of leaf extract was found to exhibit activity against Pseudomonas carried out on lung cancer cell line. The compound aeruginosa Fourteen compounds were identified by present in the extract were identified by GC-MS GC-MS analysis. Phytomedicines avenues for the analysis. The extract screened for photochemical identifications of medicinally significant compounds analysis was found to contain bioactive compounds with potential activity [Vinoth, S., Rajesh Kanna, P., like flavonoids, saponins, tannins, steroidal terpens, Gurusaravanan, P., Jayabalan, N.*(Department of phenols and anthroquinone. The leaf extract had Plant Biotechnology, Bharathidasan University, shown the ability to inhibit the growth of gram Tiruchirappalli-620 024, Tamilnadu, India), positive bacteria namely Bacillus pumilus, International Journal of Agricultural Research, 2011, Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pyogenes 6(4), 358-367]. and zone of inhibition of 16 and 17 mm, respectively but not shown growth of inhibition on gram negative NPARR 3(1), 2012-087, In vivo hepatoprotective bacteria Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas effect of Trianthema decandra extracts on carbon aeruginosa. Strong antioxidant activity was observed tetrachloride induced rats both qualitatively and quantitatively. The strong -1 antioxidant was observed at 250 g mL withanIC50 In the present investigation, an attempt has been value of 51.66 which is higher than that of standard made to test the hepatoprotective efficacy of the ascorbic acid. The cytotoxic effect of leaf extract on herbal plant, Trianthema decandra on carbon lung cancer cell line NCI-H69 was studied. The tetrachloride induced toxic hepatitis. The carbon percentage cell viability of cells was found to tetrachloride induced rats showed higher level of total decrease at increasing concentration. GC-MS analysis protein (TP), total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides of the leaf extract shows 6 compounds. This study (TG), Alkalin Phosphotase (ALP), suggests that ethanol extract of Indigofera tinctoria Aspertatetransaminase (AST), Alananitransaminase have profound antibacterial, antioxidant and cytotoxic (ALT) and bilirubin in serum. The leaf extract of T. effect [Renukadevi, K.P., Suhani Sultana, S* (School decandra was treated with hepatitis rats showed of Biotechnology, Dr. G.R. Damodaran College of remarkable reduction in the activity of TP, TC, TG, Science, Coimbatore-641014, India), International ALP, AST, ALT and bilirubin when compared to the Journal of Pharmacology, 2011, 7(3), 356-362]. normal rats. This research is suggests that the crude extract of T. decandra could be control the carbon NPARR 3(1), 2012-089, Anti-diabetic effects of tetrachloride induce hepatitis [Priya, G. and C. aqueous ethanolic extract of Hibiscus rosasinensis Chellaram, C. (Department of Biomedical L. on streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats and the Engineering, Vel Tech Multi Tech Dr. Rangarajan Dr. possible morphologic changes in the liver and Sakunthala Engineering College, Chennai, kidney Tamilnadu, India), Journal of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Research, 2011, 3(3), 154-158]. Medicinal play a major role in the management of Diabetes mellitus especially in NPARR 3(1), 2012-088, Determination of developing countries. The present study investigated antibacterial, antioxidant and cytotoxicity effect of the possible therapeutic effects of Hibiscus Indigofera tinctoria on lung cancer cell line NCI- rosasinensis (H. rosasinensis) extract on certain H69 biochemical markers in Streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetes mellitus in rats. The effects of an aqueous The present study has been under taken with an ethanolic extract of H. rosasinensis Aerial part on objective to determine the antibacterial, antioxidant blood glucose, albumin, albumin/globulin ratio, urea, and cytotoxic activity of the leaf extract Indigofera insulin, C-peptide, uric acid and creatinine and the tinctoria. The selected medicinal plant was collected activities of diagnostic marker enzymes aspartate from near by region of Coimbatore. Antibacterial, aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, alkaline activity was carried against gram positive and gram phosphatase and gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase 46 NAT PROD RESOUR REPOS, VOL. 3, NO. 1, 2012

were examined in the plasma, liver and kidney tissues extracts obtained from leaves of Butea monosprema. of control and experimental groups. Oral The active substances were isolated by Soxhlet administration of H. rosasinensis (500 mg kg-1) extractor and identified by phytochemical test. The aqueous extract to diabetic rats for 4 weeks Soxhlet extraction of leaves, in powdered form, was significantly reduced blood glucose, urea, uric acid performed using petroleum ether and followed by and creatinine but increased the activities of insulin, chloroform and methanol. The results of analyses of C-peptide, albumin, albumin/globulin ratio and each extract confirm the active substance were sterols, restored all marker enzymes to near control levels. triterpenes, glycosides flavonoids and proteins. The The present results shown that H. rosasinensis extract evaluation of leaves powder was supported by has an antihyperglycaemic effect and consequently physico-chemical analysis. The microbial tests of may alleviate liver and renal damage associated with isolated substances were performed with STZ-induced diabetes mellitus in rats [Mandade, microorganisms like Escherichia coli, Pseudomons R.and Sreenivas, S.A.* (Guru Nanak Institute of aeruginosa, Bacillus subailis, Staphylococcus aureus, Pharmacy, Ibrahimpattnam, Hyderabad, India), Proteus vulgaris and Klebshiella pneumonia. The International Journal of Pharmacology, 2011, 7(3), observation of microbial test of methanol-extract 363-369]. supports to antibacterial activity to the greater extent than petroleum ether and chloroform-extract [Rajput, NPARR 3(1), 2012-090, Antidiarrhoeal activity of A., Pal, S.C. and Patil, B.* (G.M.C.Polytechnic, Dichrostachys cinerea (L.) Wight & Arn Shahada, Dist Nandurbar, Maharashtra-425409, India), International Journal of Pharmacy and Dichrostachys cinerea (L.) Wight & Arn Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2011, 3(3), 189-191]. belongs to Mimosaceae, is commonly known as 'Vidathalai' in Tamil. Earlier folklore claims reveals NPARR 3(1), 2012-092, Antimicrobial activity of that the plant is used in diarrhoea and dysentery. The Coccinia grandis against biofilm and ESBL whole plant has been used for antidiarrhoeal activity producing uropathogenic E. coli in Indian traditional medicine. So the leaf, stem bark and root of the plant were screened separately for Uropathogenic organisms have evolved their antidiarrhoeal activity by castor oil induced numerous defense mechanisms against antimicrobial model and small intestinal transit model. In the agents, hence resistance to old and newly available present study vaccum dried ethanolic extract of leaf, drugs are increasing at an unprecedented level. The bark and root of the plant were used at two dose level events of antibiotic resistance have lead for screening (200 mg / kg and 400 mg / kg p.o). All the extracts of several medicinal plants for their potential showed significant antidiarrhoeal activity by both the antimicrobial activity. The aim of this study was to tested models. Hence the present study supports the evaluate the antimicrobial efficacy of Coccinia traditional claim of Dichrostachys cinerea (L.) Wight grandis against biofilm and Extended Spectrum of & Arn as an antidiarrhoeal drug in the Indian System Beta Lactamase (ESBL) producing Uropathogenic of Medicine [Jayakumari, S. *, Srinivasa Rao, G.H., Escherichia coli (UPEC). C. grandis is a widespread Anbu, J., Ravichandiran, V. (Department of medicinal plant traditionally used in India to treat Pharmacognosy, Old Pallavaram, School of infectious diseases. Aqueous, acetone and ethanol Pharmaceutical Sciences, Vels University, Old extracts of leaves of C. grandis were tested for Pallavaram, Chennai, Tamilnadu, India), antimicrobial activity in vitro by the agar well International Journal of Pharmacy and diffusion method. Ethanol extract of leaves exhibited Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2011, 3(3), 61-63] antimicrobial activity against biofilm producing strains UPEC 17 and 82, whereas the aqueous and NPARR 3(1), 2012-091, Phytochemical screening, acetone extracts showed antibacterial activity only antibacterial activity and physicochemical against UPEC 57. Ethanol extract of leaves exhibited evaluation of leaves of Butea monosperma inhibitory action against ESBL producing UPEC 87 and 96, whereas the aqueous extract inhibited the The purpose of present work is to study growth of only UPEC 85. Similarly, the acetone medicinally active substances present in solvent- extract inhibited the growth of UPEC 42 and 96. THERAPEUTICS 47

These antimicrobial properties seem to be related to Fabaceae), also known as Indian Rosewood. The the presence of tannin, alkaloids and tri-terpenoids in antioxidant activity of the extracts was measured by C. grandis. It can be concluded that C. grandis can be in vitro chemical analyses involving the assays of (1) used to discover natural products that may serve as 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical lead for the development of new pharmaceuticals, scavenging activity (2) ferric ion reducing power (3) addressing the major therapeutic needs especially for ferrous ion chelating activity and (4) Au nanoparticle biofilm and ESBL producing uropathogenic strains formation potential. A simplified method was [Poovendran, P., Vidhya, N., Murugan, S * developed based on Au nanoparticles formation to Department of Microbiology, Dr. N. G.P Arts and assess the antioxidant activity of any plant extract, Science College, Coimbatore-641 048, Tamil Nadu, and was used for the first time to assay the antioxidant India), Global Journal of Pharmacology, 2011, 5(1), activity of AED and MED. In all the assays, AED 23-26]. showed significantly greater activity over MED. This work provides a scientific support for the high NPARR 3(1), 2012-093, A detailed study on the antioxidant activity of this plant and thus it may find antioxidant activity of the stem bark of Dalbergia potential applications in the treatment of the diseases sissoo Roxb., an Indian medicinal plant caused by ROS [Roy, N., Laskar, R.A., SK, I., Kumari, D., Ghosh, T., Begum, N.A*(Bio-Organic A detailed study was performed on the Chemistry Lab, Department of Chemistry, Visva- antioxidant activity of the aqueous and methanol Bharati University, Santiniketan 731 235, India), extracts (AED and MED respectively) of the stem Food Chemistry, 2011, 126(3), 1115-1121]. bark of the plant, Dalbergia sissoo Roxb. (Fam.