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Therapeutics 43 THERAPEUTICS 43 THERAPEUTICS University, Tirupati-517502, AP, India), Pathophysiology, 2011, 18(2), 159-164]. NPARR 3(1), 2012-082, Antihyperglycemic and NPARR 3(1), 2012-083, Coconut (Cocos nucifera L.: hypolipidemic activities of Setaria italica seeds in Arecaceae): In health promotion and disease STZ diabetic rats prevention Setaria italica is commonly known as Foxtail Coconut, Cocos nucifera L., is a tree that is millet. In India it is chiefly cultivated in Andhra cultivated for its multiple utilities, mainly for its Pradesh and Tamilnadu. It can be eaten as a sweet or nutritional and medicinal values. The various products savory food in all ways that rice is used. Due to the of coconut include tender coconut water, copra, presence of high fiber content, it is suggested as a coconut oil, raw kernel, coconut cake, coconut toddy, food for diabetic patients in India. To evaluate the coconut shell and wood based products, coconut antihyperglycemic and hypolipidemic potential of S. leaves, coir pith etc. Its all parts are used in someway italica seeds in streptozotocin induced diabetic rats. or another in the daily life of the people in the Anti hyperglycemic activity of different doses of S. traditional coconut growing areas. It is the unique italica seed aqueous extract (SISAE) was evaluated by source of various natural products for the oral administration of SISAE in streptozotocin development of medicines against various diseases induced diabetic rats and it was compared with that of and also for the development of industrial products. Glibeclamide, a standard oral hypoglycemic agent. The parts of its fruit like coconut kernel and tender The effect of long-term treatment with 300 mg of coconut water have numerous medicinal properties SISAE/kg. b.w./day on blood glucose, glycemic such as antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, control and serum lipids was evaluated in normal and antiparasitic, antidermatophytic, antioxidant, diabetic rats. Results: The dose of 300 mg of hypoglycemic, hepatoprotective, immunostimulant. SISAE/kg b.w. produced a significant fall (70%) in Coconut water and coconut kernel contain blood glucose in diabetic rats after 6 h of microminerals and nutrients, which are essential to administration of the extract. None of the doses of the human health, and hence coconut is used as food by SISAE could produce any change in blood glucose the peoples in the globe, mainly in the tropical levels of normal rats. After 30 days of treatment with countries. The coconut palm is, therefore, eulogised 300 mg of. SISAE/kg b.w./day there was a significant as 'Kalpavriksha' (the all giving tree) in Indian decrease in fasting blood glucose associated with a classics, and thus the current review describes the significant improvement in glycemic control as facts and phenomena related to its use in health and evidenced by lower levels of HbA1c in diabetic disease prevention [Deb Mandal, M.and Mandal, treated rats when compared to those in untreated S.*(Department of Physiology and Biophysics, KPC diabetic rats The aqueous extract also exhibited Medical College and Hospital, 1F Raja S C Mallick significant hypolipidemic effect which is evident from Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata-700 032, India), Asian lower levels of triglycerides, total, LDL and VLDL Pacific Journal of Tropical Medicine, 2011, 4(3), cholesterol and increase in the levels of HDL 241-247] cholesterol in diabetic treated rats compared to those in diabetic untreated rats. The antihyperglycemic and hypolipidemic activities of the aqueous extract could NPARR 3(1), 2012-084, An ethnomedicinal, be due to the presence of alkaloids or glycosides as phytochemical and pharmacological profile of active principles. Conclusion: These findings Desmodium gangeticum (Linn.) DC. and demonstrate that the aqueous extract of S. italica Desmodium adscendens (Sw.) DC seeds have excellent antihyperglycemic and Desmodium gangeticum (L.) DC. and hypolipidemic activities and thus have great potential Desmodium adscendens (Sw.) DC. are two important as a source for natural health products [Sireesha, Y., and well explored species of genus Desmodium Kasetti, R.B., Nabi, S.A., Swapna, S. and Apparao, (Fabaceae (alt. Leguminosae) subfamily: Faboideae). C.* (Department of Biochemistry, Sri Venkateswara Desmodium gangeticum is used as a tonic, febrifuge, digestive, anticatarrhal, antiemitic, in inflammatory 44 NAT PROD RESOUR REPOS, VOL. 3, NO. 1, 2012 conditions of chest and in various other inflammatory Ethnopharmacology Division, National Botanical conditions in the Ayurvedic System of Medicine Research Institute, Rana Pratap Marg, Lucknow 226 while Desmodium adscendens is widely used for the 001, India), Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 2011, treatment of asthma in Ghana, Africa. Aim of the 136(2), 283-296]. review: The aim of this review is to provide comprehensive information on the botany, traditional NPARR 3(1), 2012-085, Cynodon dactylon (L.) uses, phytochemistry, pharmacological research and Pers.: A valuable medicinal plant toxicology of Desmodium gangeticum and Desmodium adscendens to explore their therapeutic Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. is a perennial grass. potential and future research opportunities. All the The plant is a rich source of metabolites such as available information on Desmodium gangeticum and proteins, carbohydrates, mineral constituents, P- Desmodium adscendens was collected via electronic sitosterol, flavanoids, alkaloids, glycosides and search (using Pubmed, SciFinder, Scirus, Google triterpenoides. The plant has been long used in the Scholar, JCCC@INSTIRC and Web of Science) and a traditional medicines to treat various ailments such as library search for articles published in peer-reviewed anasarca, cancer, convulsions, cough, cramps, journals. About 25 different species of Desmodium diarrhea, dropsy, dysentery, epilepsy, headache, including Desmodium gangeticum and Desmodium hemorrhage, hypertension, hysteria, measles, rubella, adscendens are used ethnomedicinally all over the snakebite, sores, stones, tumors, urogenital disorders, world. Phytochemical research on Desmodium warts and wounds. The plant shows biological gangeticum and Desmodium adscendens has led to the activities such as antiviral and antimicrobial isolation of alkaloids, pterocarpans, phospholipids, properties. This study provides a comprehensive sterols, flavones and flavonoid glycosides from detail of the pharmacognostical characteristics, Desmodium gangeticum and triterpenoid saponins, biological effects and medicinal uses of Cynodon phenylethylamines and indole-3-alkyl amines from dactylon. A review of some important patents on Desmodium adscendens. Crude extracts, fractions and Cynodon dactylon is presented [Nagori, B.P. and isolated components of Desmodium gangeticum and Solanki, R.* (Lachoo Memorial College of Sciences Desmodium adscendens showed a wide spectrum of and Technology, Pharmacy Wing, Shastri Nagar, in vitro and in vivo pharmacological activities like Jodhpur-342003, Rajasthan, India), Research Journal antileishmanial, immunomodulatory, antiasthmatic, of Medicinal Plant, 2011, 5(5), 508-514]. smooth muscle relaxant, anti-inflammatory, anti- ulcer, cardio-protective, antidiabetic, antiamnesic, NPARR 3(1), 2012-086, Evaluation of antiviral, antioxidant and hepatoprotective activities. phytochemical, antimicrobial and GC-MS analysis Desmodium gangeticum and Desmodium adscendens of extracts of Indigofera trita L.f. spp. subulata have emerged as a good source of traditional (Vahl ex Poir) medicine. Desmodium gangeticum possesses the ability to scavenge the free radicals generated during Indigofera trita L.f. spp. subulata (Vahl ex Poir) ischaemia and ischaemia reperfusion thereby distributed in the southern part of India particularly in preserving the mitochondrial respiratory enzymes that Tamilnadu and it has potential medicinal properties eventually lead to cardio-protection and has potential and used in the treatment of tumours and liver prophylactic and therapeutic efficacy against disorders. The work carried out in the plant is much Leishmania infection. Desmodium adscendens is less, the present work was designed to investigate the useful against chronic bronchitis and asthma. prekminary phytochemical, antibacterial and GCMS However, there is a need to search for individual analysis of various parts of the plant. The medicinally secondary metabolites responsible for these actions compounds from crude extracts of leaf, stem and root and study their mode of actions, bioavailability, portions were fractionated in different solvents pharmacokinetics and physiological pathways in (aqueous, chloroform, petroleum ether and ethanol) sufficient detail. The promising results should be subjected to preliminary phytochemical and further substantiated by clinical trials [Rastogi, S. *, antibacterial activities. The potential extracts were Pandey, M.M., Rawat, A.K.S (Pharmacognosy and analysed through FTIR and GCMS. Phytochemical screening of leaves, stem and root extracts of THERAPEUTICS 45 Indigofera subulata revealed the presence of alkaloids, negative bacteria. Antioxidant property was Quinones, reducing sugars, saponins, terpenoids and determined both quantitatively and qualitatively. tannins. The ethanol extract of leaves and stem was Determination of cytotoxic activity of leaf extract was found to exhibit activity against Pseudomonas carried out on lung cancer cell line. The compound aeruginosa Fourteen compounds were identified by present in the extract were identified by GC-MS GC-MS
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