Molecular Systematics of Indian Alysicarpus (Fabaceae) Based on Analyses of Nuclear Ribosomal DNA Sequences
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International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science and Health Care Issue 4, Vol 1
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science and Health Care Issue 4, Vol 1. February 2014 Available online on http://www.rspublication.com/ijphc/index.html ISSN 2249 – 5738 A Review of Phytochemical Profile of Desmodium gangeticum (L.) DC: A Valued Endangered Medicinal Plant Harshal A. Deshpande and Sanjivani R Bhalsing* Department of Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, North Maharashtra University, Jalgaon. India – 425001 *Corresponding author, Tel: (0257)-2258428-38 R: (0257)-2282975, Mobile: (91) 9422617851 _____________________________________________________________________________ Abstract Phytochemical progress has been aided enormously by the development of rapid and accurate methods of screening the plants for particular chemicals. Plants have potent biochemicals and have components of phytomedicine since time immortal. India holds a goldmine of great deal of well known medicinal plants practiced traditionally for use of herbal medicine. It is generally estimated that over 6000 plants in India are in use in traditional, folk and herbal, medicine representing about 75% of the medicinal needs of the third world countries. One such medicinal herb used in Indian Ayurvedic systems of medicine is Desmodium gangeticum (Shalparni). A review of phytochemical profile of Desmodium gangeticum has been presented considering the fact that there are many species of this genus scattered All around the world, out of which Desmodium gangeticum have been phytochemically explored. Hence, in the present article, an attempt has been made to overview phytochemical studies in Desmodium gangeticum which serves as a potential source for contribution in the modern system of herbal medicine. Key words: Ayurvedic, goldmine, herbal, medicine, phytomedicine _____________________________________________________________________________ Corresponding author: Bhalsing S R Department of Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, North Maharashtra University, Jalgaon. -
20. Tribe DESMODIEAE 116. TRIFIDACANTHUS Merrill, Philipp
20. Tribe DESMODIEAE 山蚂蝗族 shan ma huang zu Huang Puhua (黄普华 Huang Pu-hwa); Hiroyoshi Ohashi, Yu Iokawa, Tomoyuki Nemoto Herbs or shrubs, rarely trees or twining. Leaves pinnately 3(–9)-foliolate or 1-foliolate; stipules mostly striate; stipels present or sometimes absent. Flowers in terminal or axillary racemes or arranged into a panicle, rarely an umbel or fascicle. Calyx 4- or 5- toothed or 2-lipped. Wings equal to or exceeding keel and often adherent to it near base. Vexillary filament free or connate with others, sometimes forming a closed tube; anthers uniform. Legumes transversely jointed, sometimes of only 1 article, or rarely 2- valved. Seeds without a strophiole, rarely arillate. About 30 genera and 520–530 species: distributed in tropical, subtropical, and warm-temperate regions, but extending into the cool-temperate and sub-boreal regions of E Asia and North America; 18 genera and 139 species (42 endemic, four introduced) in China. 1a. Stipels absent, rarely present; legumes 1-jointed, 1-seeded, not glochidiate. 2a. Lateral veins of leaflets strict, extending to margin; stipules large, ovate, strongly ribbed ........................... 133. Kummerowia 2b. Lateral veins of leaflets arcuate, not reaching to margin; stipules small, subulate. 3a. Bracts 1-flowered, usually caducous; pedicels articulate below calyx; keel falcate, acute ................... 131. Campylotropis 3b. Bracts 2-flowered, persistent; pedicels not articulate; keel strict, obtuse ..................................................... 132. Lespedeza 1b. Stipels present; legumes usually glochidiate, 2- to several jointed, rarely 1-jointed, 1-seeded. 4a. Branch nodes with 3-fid, hard spines; leaves 1-foliolate ............................................................................... 116. Trifidacanthus 4b. Branch nodes without 3-fid, hard spines; leaves 3(–9)-foliolate, rarely 1-foliolate. -
Sistema De Clasificación Artificial De Las Magnoliatas Sinántropas De Cuba
Sistema de clasificación artificial de las magnoliatas sinántropas de Cuba. Pedro Pablo Herrera Oliver Tesis doctoral de la Univerisdad de Alicante. Tesi doctoral de la Universitat d'Alacant. 2007 Sistema de clasificación artificial de las magnoliatas sinántropas de Cuba. Pedro Pablo Herrera Oliver PROGRAMA DE DOCTORADO COOPERADO DESARROLLO SOSTENIBLE: MANEJOS FORESTAL Y TURÍSTICO UNIVERSIDAD DE ALICANTE, ESPAÑA UNIVERSIDAD DE PINAR DEL RÍO, CUBA TESIS EN OPCIÓN AL GRADO CIENTÍFICO DE DOCTOR EN CIENCIAS SISTEMA DE CLASIFICACIÓN ARTIFICIAL DE LAS MAGNOLIATAS SINÁNTROPAS DE CUBA Pedro- Pabfc He.r retira Qltver CUBA 2006 Tesis doctoral de la Univerisdad de Alicante. Tesi doctoral de la Universitat d'Alacant. 2007 Sistema de clasificación artificial de las magnoliatas sinántropas de Cuba. Pedro Pablo Herrera Oliver PROGRAMA DE DOCTORADO COOPERADO DESARROLLO SOSTENIBLE: MANEJOS FORESTAL Y TURÍSTICO UNIVERSIDAD DE ALICANTE, ESPAÑA Y UNIVERSIDAD DE PINAR DEL RÍO, CUBA TESIS EN OPCIÓN AL GRADO CIENTÍFICO DE DOCTOR EN CIENCIAS SISTEMA DE CLASIFICACIÓN ARTIFICIAL DE LAS MAGNOLIATAS SINÁNTROPAS DE CUBA ASPIRANTE: Lie. Pedro Pablo Herrera Oliver Investigador Auxiliar Centro Nacional de Biodiversidad Instituto de Ecología y Sistemática Ministerio de Ciencias, Tecnología y Medio Ambiente DIRECTORES: CUBA Dra. Nancy Esther Ricardo Ñapóles Investigador Titular Centro Nacional de Biodiversidad Instituto de Ecología y Sistemática Ministerio de Ciencias, Tecnología y Medio Ambiente ESPAÑA Dr. Andreu Bonet Jornet Piiofesjar Titular Departamento de EGdfegfe Universidad! dte Mearte CUBA 2006 Tesis doctoral de la Univerisdad de Alicante. Tesi doctoral de la Universitat d'Alacant. 2007 Sistema de clasificación artificial de las magnoliatas sinántropas de Cuba. Pedro Pablo Herrera Oliver I. INTRODUCCIÓN 1 II. ANTECEDENTES 6 2.1 Historia de los esquemas de clasificación de las especies sinántropas (1903-2005) 6 2.2 Historia del conocimiento de las plantas sinantrópicas en Cuba 14 III. -
Dendrolobium Triangulare, Desmodium Gangeticum, Desmodium Heterocarpon, and Tadehagi Triquetrum)
Mongabay.com Open Access Journal - Tropical Conservation Science Vol.2(1):52-69, 2009 Research Article Genetic relationships among accessions of four species of Desmodium and allied genera (Dendrolobium triangulare, Desmodium gangeticum, Desmodium heterocarpon, and Tadehagi triquetrum) Bettina Heider1*, Elke Fischer1, Tanja Berndl1, and Rainer Schultze-Kraft1,2 1Institute for Plant Production and Agroecology in the Tropics and Subtropics, University of Hohenheim, Garbenstrasse 13, D-70599 Stuttgart, Germany *E-mail: [email protected] 2 Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical (CIAT), A.A. 6713, Cali, Colombia Abstract Random amplified polymorphic DNA markers (RAPD) were used to assess the genetic relatedness among accessions of four species of Desmodium and allied genera (Dendrolobium triangulare, Desmodium gangeticum, Desmodium heterocarpon ssp. heterocarpon, and Tadehagi triquetrum) originating from Northeast Vietnam. Since information on the genetic diversity of these species is deficient, the creation of baseline data is an important means for the development of more sustainable and cost-efficient conservation approaches which eventually result in more comprehensive ex situ germplasm collections. The species analyzed are native to tropical and subtropical Asia, Australia, and Oceania and possess a potential as forage and/or medicinal plants. Moderate levels of inter-accession diversity represented by 37.5% and 33.3% of polymorphic fragments (P%) and average Jaccard’s similarity coefficients (JSCs) of 0.60 and 0.64 were found in D. heterocarpon and T. triquetrum, respectively, while moderate to high levels were detected in D. triangulare (P% = 52.9 and JSC = 0.61) and D. gangeticum (P% = 34.5 and JSC = 0.49). Mantel tests failed to reveal a correlation between geographic and genetic distances. -
MEMORY ENHANCING ACTIVITY of Desmodium Gangeticum ROOT EXTRACT on SCOPOLAMINE INDUCED SWISS ALBINO MICE a Dissertation Submitted
MEMORY ENHANCING ACTIVITY OF Desmodium gangeticum ROOT EXTRACT ON SCOPOLAMINE INDUCED SWISS ALBINO MICE A dissertation submitted to THE TAMILNADU DR.M.G.R MEDICAL UNIVERSITY CHENNAI-600032 In partial fulfilment of the requirements for the award of the degree of MASTER OF PHARMACY IN PHARMACOLOGY Submitted by Registration number: 261426065 Under the guidance of Mrs. R. Indumathy, M.Pharm., INSTITUTE OF PHARMACOLOGY MADRAS MEDICAL COLLEGE CHENNAI– 600003 APRIL 2016 CERTIFICATE This is to certify that the dissertation entitled “MEMORY ENHANCING ACTIVITY OF Desmodium gangeticum ROOT EXTRACT ON SCOPOLAMINE INDUCED SWISS ALBINO MICE” submitted by the Register number: 261426065in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the award of Degree of Master of Pharmacy in Pharmacology by The Tamil Nadu Dr. M.G.R Medical University, Chennai, is a bonafide work done by during the academic year 2015-2016 under the guidance of Mrs. R. Indumathy, M.Pharm., Asst. Professor in Pharmacy, Madras Medical College, Chennai -03. DATE: THE DEAN PLACE: MADRAS MEDICAL COLLEGE CHENNAI-600003 CERTIFICATE This is to certify that the dissertation entitled “MEMORY ENHANCING ACTIVITY OF Desmodium gangeticum ROOT EXTRACT ON SCOPOLAMINE INDUCED SWISS ALBINO MICE” submitted by the Register number:261426065in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the award of Degree of Master of Pharmacy in Pharmacology by The Tamil Nadu Dr. M.G.R Medical University, Chennai is a bonafide work carried out by during the academic year 2015-2016 under the guidance of Mrs. R. Indumathy, M.Pharm., Asst. Professor in Pharmacy, Madras Medical College, Chennai -03. DATE: Dr. B. VASANTHI M.D., PLACE: The Director & Professor, Institute of Pharmacology, Madras Medical College, Chennai-600003. -
Additions to Paleotropical Bruchidius Associated with Desmodieae (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Bruchinae)
Genus Vol. 25(3): 425-432 Wrocław, 30 IX 2014 Additions to paleotropical Bruchidius associated with Desmodieae (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Bruchinae) ALEX DELOBEL Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle, 45 rue Buffon, 75005 Paris, e-mail: [email protected] ABSTRACT. Three species of Bruchinae are reported for the first time from Vietnam as feeding in seeds of members of leguminous tribe Desmodieae (Fabaceae - Faboideae). Two of them are new to science and described in genus Bruchidius: B. hoangi and B. madaguiensis. A redescription of B. minutissimus (Motschulsky) is also provided. Key words: entomology, taxonomy, Coleoptera, Bruchinae, new species, Desmodieae, Alhagi, Dendrolobium, Desmodium. InTroDuCTIon Desmodieae are a leguminous tribe of Faboideae (or Papilionoideae) with nume- rous members in tropical regions; it is composed of 27 genera, of which Desmodium and Lespedeza are the largest. About 190 Desmodieae species are present in Vietnam according to PHAM-HOÀNG HÔ (2002). recent contributions by DELOBEL (2010a, b) for Asian Desmodieae and CHAN et al. (2011) for world Desmodium have unveiled an unsuspected diversity of Bruchinae associated with this large group of plants. I report here on three Bruchidius species reared from pod samples of Dendrolobium lanceolatum, Desmodium gangeticum and Tadehagi triquetrum that were collected in Vietnam. This brings the number of seed beetles species known to be associated with Desmodieae in Vietnam to sixteen, and to nineteen (or twenty) species for Asia as a whole. Techniques used for sample collection and rearing were similar to those described earlier (DELOBEL & DELOBEL 2003). Leguminous host plants were identified using the Flora of Vietnam (PHAM-HOÀNG HÔ 2002), and botanical names were updated according to ILDIS (2014); I am greatly indebted to Dr. -
Desmodium Cuspidatum (Muhl.) Loudon Large-Bracted Tick-Trefoil
New England Plant Conservation Program Desmodium cuspidatum (Muhl.) Loudon Large-bracted Tick-trefoil Conservation and Research Plan for New England Prepared by: Lynn C. Harper Habitat Protection Specialist Massachusetts Natural Heritage and Endangered Species Program Westborough, Massachusetts For: New England Wild Flower Society 180 Hemenway Road Framingham, MA 01701 508/877-7630 e-mail: [email protected] • website: www.newfs.org Approved, Regional Advisory Council, 2002 SUMMARY Desmodium cuspidatum (Muhl.) Loudon (Fabaceae) is a tall, herbaceous, perennial legume that is regionally rare in New England. Found most often in dry, open, rocky woods over circumneutral to calcareous bedrock, it has been documented from 28 historic and eight current sites in the three states (Vermont, New Hampshire, and Massachusetts) where it is tracked by the Natural Heritage programs. The taxon has not been documented from Maine. In Connecticut and Rhode Island, the species is reported but not tracked by the Heritage programs. Two current sites in Connecticut are known from herbarium specimens. No current sites are known from Rhode Island. Although secure throughout most of its range in eastern and midwestern North America, D. cuspidatum is Endangered in Vermont, considered Historic in New Hampshire, and watch-listed in Massachusetts. It is ranked G5 globally. Very little is understood about the basic biology of this species. From work on congeners, it can be inferred that there are likely to be no problems with pollination, seed set, or germination. As for most legumes, rhizobial bacteria form nitrogen-fixing nodules on the roots of D. cuspidatum. It is unclear whether there have been any changes in the numbers or distribution of rhizobia capable of forming effective mutualisms with D. -
Screening of Medicinal Plant Extracts for Antioxidant Activity
Journal of Medicinal Plants Research Vol. 3(8), pp. 608-612, August, 2009 Available online at http://www.academicjournals.org/JMPR ISSN 1996-0875© 2009 Academic Journals Full Length Research Paper Screening of medicinal plant extracts for antioxidant activity Prakash Veeru1, Mishra Pankaj Kishor1 and Mishra Meenakshi2 1Department of Biochemistry and Biochemical Technology, Allahabad Agricultural Institute-Deemed University, Allahabad- 211007, India. 2Department of Biological Sciences, Allahabad Agricultural Institute-Deemed University, Allahabad- 211007, India. Accepted 21 July, 2009 The methanolic crude extracts of Desmodium gangeticum (Linn.), Eclipta alba (Linn.) Ocimum sanctum (Linn.), Piper longum (Linn.), Solanum nigrum (Linn.) and Amaranthus caudatus (Linn.) were screened for their free radical scavenging properties using ascorbic acid as standard antioxidant. Free radical scavenging activity was evaluated using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl hydrazyl (DPPH) free radical. The overall antioxidant activity of D. gangeticum was found to be the strongest, followed in descending order by A. caudatus, S. nigrum, P. longum, E. alba and O. sanctum. The IC50 values of the extracts ranged between 0.05 ± 0 and 0.19 ± 0 mg/l. The ascorbic acid levels varied from 3.86 ± 0.20 to 21.33 ± 1.49 mg/100g and the carotenoids content were observed between 9.0 ± 0.24 to 24 ± 1.16 mg/100g in plant extracts. The highest total phenols content were found to be in O. sanctum (Linn.) with the value 48.93 ± 0.24 mg/g. The present study reveals that the selected plants would exert several beneficial effects by virtue of their antioxidant activity and could be harnessed as drug formulation. -
New Combinations in the Desmodium Group of Leguminosae Tribe Desmodieae
J. Jpn. Bot. 93(6): 384–388 (2018) New Combinations in the Desmodium Group of Leguminosae Tribe Desmodieae Hiroyoshi Oa,* and Kazuaki Ob aHerbarium TUS, Botanical Garden, Tohoku University, Sendai, 980-0862 JAPAN; bSchool of Pharmacy, Iwate Medical University, Yahaba, Iwate, 028-3694 JAPAN *Corresponding author: [email protected] (Accepted on July 7, 2018) New combinations in the Desmodium group of Leguminosae tribe Desmodieae are proposed for the following four species based on morphological evidence: Grona retrofl exa (L.) H. Ohashi & K. Ohashi, Pleurolobus flexuosus (Wall. ex Benth.) H. Ohashi & K. Ohashi, P. pryonii (DC.) H. Ohashi & K. Ohashi and Tateishia bolsteri (Merr. & Rolfe) H. Ohashi & K. Ohashi. The lectotype of Hedysarum capitatum Burm. f. is designated. Key words: Desmodium, Grona, Pleurolobus, Tateishia. The Desmodium group of the tribe Heteroloma (Ohashi 1973), but was represented Desmodieae of Leguminosae has recently by a distinct clade and separated from the been reorganized based on morphological Desmodium clade on our phylogenetic trees (cf. and palynological evidence with results of figs. 1–3 in Ohashi et al. 2018b). Desmodium molecular phylogenetic analyses and comprises gangeticum is, therefore, recognized as 28 genera at present (Ohashi et al. 2018a, b). representing an independent monotypic genus Grona, Pleurolobus and Tateishia of the group Pleurolobus. The genus Tateishia was created to are treated in this paper. The genus Grona was accommodate Desmodium concinnum DC. The resurrected from Desmodium for inclusion of species was placed in the section Heteroloma the members of Desmodium sections Nicolsonia (Ohashi 1973), but forms an independent clade and Sagotia (Ohashi and Ohashi 2018). -
Fruits and Seeds of Genera in the Subfamily Faboideae (Fabaceae)
Fruits and Seeds of United States Department of Genera in the Subfamily Agriculture Agricultural Faboideae (Fabaceae) Research Service Technical Bulletin Number 1890 Volume I December 2003 United States Department of Agriculture Fruits and Seeds of Agricultural Research Genera in the Subfamily Service Technical Bulletin Faboideae (Fabaceae) Number 1890 Volume I Joseph H. Kirkbride, Jr., Charles R. Gunn, and Anna L. Weitzman Fruits of A, Centrolobium paraense E.L.R. Tulasne. B, Laburnum anagyroides F.K. Medikus. C, Adesmia boronoides J.D. Hooker. D, Hippocrepis comosa, C. Linnaeus. E, Campylotropis macrocarpa (A.A. von Bunge) A. Rehder. F, Mucuna urens (C. Linnaeus) F.K. Medikus. G, Phaseolus polystachios (C. Linnaeus) N.L. Britton, E.E. Stern, & F. Poggenburg. H, Medicago orbicularis (C. Linnaeus) B. Bartalini. I, Riedeliella graciliflora H.A.T. Harms. J, Medicago arabica (C. Linnaeus) W. Hudson. Kirkbride is a research botanist, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Systematic Botany and Mycology Laboratory, BARC West Room 304, Building 011A, Beltsville, MD, 20705-2350 (email = [email protected]). Gunn is a botanist (retired) from Brevard, NC (email = [email protected]). Weitzman is a botanist with the Smithsonian Institution, Department of Botany, Washington, DC. Abstract Kirkbride, Joseph H., Jr., Charles R. Gunn, and Anna L radicle junction, Crotalarieae, cuticle, Cytiseae, Weitzman. 2003. Fruits and seeds of genera in the subfamily Dalbergieae, Daleeae, dehiscence, DELTA, Desmodieae, Faboideae (Fabaceae). U. S. Department of Agriculture, Dipteryxeae, distribution, embryo, embryonic axis, en- Technical Bulletin No. 1890, 1,212 pp. docarp, endosperm, epicarp, epicotyl, Euchresteae, Fabeae, fracture line, follicle, funiculus, Galegeae, Genisteae, Technical identification of fruits and seeds of the economi- gynophore, halo, Hedysareae, hilar groove, hilar groove cally important legume plant family (Fabaceae or lips, hilum, Hypocalypteae, hypocotyl, indehiscent, Leguminosae) is often required of U.S. -
Elixir Journal
46806 Lubna Azmi et al./ Elixir Appl. Botany. 106 (2017) 46806-46812 Available online at www.elixirpublishers.com (Elixir International Journal) Applied Botany Elixir Appl. Botany. 106 (2017) 46806-46812 Review on Uraria Picta - A Traditionally Medicinal Plant of India: A Herbal Benefaction Chetan Rastogi1, Ila Shukla1, Preet Verma1, Padam Kant2, Ch. V. Rao1 and Lubna Azmi1,2 1Pharmacognosy and Ethnopharmacology Division, CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow-226 001, Uttar Pradesh, India. 2 Department of Chemistry, Lucknow University, Lucknow, India. ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Article history: In present times, focus on herbal research has increased worldwide. Urariapictais an Received: 25 April 2017; important medicinal herb that is extensively used in dasamula and is becoming popular. Received in revised form: Flavanoids, alkaloids and pterocarpans are the key constituents of Urariapictaand mainly 15 May 2017; alleged for its broad beneficial actions. Other than for given treatments, the herb is Accepted: 25 May 2017; suggested as remedy for a variety of other ailments. The present review is an effort to provide complete information on Phytochemicals screening, traditional uses and Keywords pharmacology relating to preclinical studies. Uraria picta, © 2017 Elixir All rights reserved. Description, Phytochemicals, Pharmacology profiles. 1. Introduction Flowers Pink, Bluish Or Reddish, Fruit 5-9 Mm Long, Urariapicta of Family Leguminosae Sub-Family Folded Into 3-6 Segments, Brown To Black, Turning Fabaceae Is A Well-Liked Ayurvedic Healthful Plant That Greyish-White When Old. Additionally Glorious By Name Prsniparni In Sanskrit. It's One Amongst A Part Of Dasamula That Precisely Means That Ten Roots And Is A Well Recognized Ayurvedic Drug Of Indian System Of Medicines Used For Treating General Fatigue, Antioxidant, Analgesic And Anti-Inflammatory Like Medical Conditions [1]. -
GC-MS Analysis of Petroleum Ether Extract of Alysicarpus Monilifer - Whole Plant
Available online a t www.scholarsresearchlibrary.com Scholars Research Library Der Pharmacia Lettre, 2016, 8 (3):94-99 (http://scholarsresearchlibrary.com/archive.html) ISSN 0975-5071 USA CODEN: DPLEB4 GC-MS analysis of petroleum ether extract of Alysicarpus monilifer - whole plant K. Karthikeyan*, C. K. Dhanapal and G. Gopalakrishnan Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar, Chidambaram _____________________________________________________________________________________________ ABSTRACT Alysicarpus monilifer L. (DC.) belonging to the family of Fabacea, which is a turf forming legume and native to Africa and Asia. In India it is distributed throughout the plains- Madras, Jammu, Bombay, Punjab, Gujarat- except Kutch and Bulsar, Madhya Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh. Alysicarpus monilifer considered to be as an significant folklore medicine for the various ailments. A very less scientific studies have been conducted on its medicinal, pharmacological and ethano botanical aspects of this plants. The current study was carried out to analyze the active phytoconstituents present in the petroleum ether extract of whole plant of Alysicarpus monilifer. Totally eighty four constituents was identified in the gas chromatography with mass spectroscopic analysis of petroleum ether extract of whole plant of Alysicarpus monilifer. Keywords: Alysicarpus monilifer; Petroleum ether; Gas chromatography; Phytol; Tetracycline, Stearic acid. _____________________________________________________________________________________________ INTRODUCTION Botanical Description Scientific Name: Alysicarpus monilifer (L.) DC. Synonyms: Hedysarum moniliferum L. Family: Fabaceae Sub family: Faboideae Tribe: Desmodieae Sub tribe: Desmodiinae Alysicarpus monilifer is a low growing much branched annual or perennial herb, 5-15 (-50) cm tall. Leaves simple; ovate, elliptical or lanceolate, cordate at the base, 2.5-7.5 cm long, prominently nerved, glabrous or sparsely pubescent beneath.