Aportacions Del So Al Cinema: Sonorització D’Un Curtmetratge Mut

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Aportacions Del So Al Cinema: Sonorització D’Un Curtmetratge Mut Grau en Mitjans Audiovisuals Aportacions del so al cinema: Sonorització d’un curtmetratge mut Memòria DAVID PACHECO MODESTO PONENT: ÀNGEL VALVERDE VILABELLA PRIMAVERA 2016 Dedicatòria Als meus pares, pel vostre sacrifici i paciència. Gràcies per lluitar per mi i recolzar-me sempre. A en Gil, pel teu suport al llarg de tot el grau. No deixis mai de somriure. A la Irene, per inspirar-me. A en Guillem i la Berta. Agraïments A en Xavi, de nou, quatre anys més tard, per la teva paciència i per compartir amb mi la teva passió. A en Ferran i la Irene, per cedir-me una part del vostre art. A tots els qui heu fet possible aquest projecte. Resum Aquest projecte es basa en estudiar com afecta la presència o absència del so a les produccions audiovisuals analitzant la diferència entre el visionat d’un curtmetratge de cinema mut i el mateix curtmetratge després de ser sonoritzat. Per a dur a terme aquesta investigació, s’ha realitzat un procés complet de sonorització i postproducció sonora del curtmetratge The Electric House (Buster Keaton, 1922). Resumen Este proyecto se basa en estudiar cómo afecta la presencia o absència de sonido en las producciones audiovisuales analizando la diferencia entre el visionado de un cortometraje de cine mudo y el mismo cortometraje después de haber sido sonorizado. Para llevar a cabo esta investigación, se ha realizado un proceso completo de sonorización y postproducción sonora del cortometraje The Electric House (Buster Keaton, 1922). Abstract This project is based in studying how the presence or absence of sound influences an audiovisual production by analyzing the difference between the view of a silent short film and the same production after a process of sound post production. In order to do this investigation, I have made the sound post productiun to the silent short film The Electric House (Buster Keaton, 1922). I Índex. Índex de figures ............................................................................... IV Índex de taules ................................................................................. V Glossari de termes ........................................................................... VI 1. Introducció .................................................................................... 1 2. Marc teòric .................................................................................... 5 2.1. Primers intents de sincronització de so i imatge .............................. 5 2.2. Invenció del Vitaphone i establiment del cinema sonor .................. 6 2.3. Sistemes estèreo ............................................................................... 8 2.4. L’aparició del Dolby ........................................................................ 8 2.5. L’actualitat del so al cinema i expectatives de futur ........................ 9 2.6. Impacte de l’aparició del so al cinema ............................................. 9 2.6.1. Aspectes tècnics ................................................................... 9 2.6.2. Aspectes econòmics ........................................................... 11 2.6.3. Aportacions del so al cinema ............................................. 11 3. Objectius i abast .......................................................................... 15 3.1. Propòsit .......................................................................................... 15 3.2. Finalitat .......................................................................................... 15 3.3. Objecte ........................................................................................... 15 3.4. Abast .............................................................................................. 15 4. Anàlisi de referents ..................................................................... 17 4.1. Referents a nivell tècnic ................................................................. 17 4.2. Estudis previs ................................................................................. 18 4.3. Referents audiovisuals conceptuals ............................................... 19 5. Desenvolupament ........................................................................ 21 5.1. Metodologia ................................................................................... 21 5.2. Els foley sounds .............................................................................. 21 5.2.1. Usos dels foley sounds ..................................................... 22 II 5.2.2. La producció dels foley sounds ................................................... 24 5.2.2.1. L’equip de treball ......................................................... 24 5.2.2.2. Preproducció. Anàlisi de necessitats ............................ 24 5.2.2.3. Producció. Disseny de so i enregistrament ................... 25 5.2.2.4. Postproducció. Edició i mescla final (final dub) .......... 26 5.3. Preproducció .................................................................................. 26 5.3.1. Justificació de l’elecció ..................................................... 27 5.3.2. Contextualització del curtmetratge escollit .......................... 28 5.3.2.1. Aspectes tècnics ......................................................... 28 5.3.2.2. La figura dels soundmen ............................................ 29 5.3.3. Redacció de guions .............................................................. 30 5.4. Producció ............................................................................... 30 5.4.1. Efectes sonors (foley sounds) i ambients ............................. 31 5.4.2. Locucions i diàlegs .............................................................. 32 5.4.3. Ambientació musical ........................................................... 33 5.4.3.1. Contextualització històrica ............................... 33 5.4.3.2. Justificació d’eleccions ..................................... 34 5.5. Postproducció ...................................................................................... 36 5.6. Mescla ................................................................................................. 38 6. Anàlisi de resultats ...................................................................... 41 6.1 Visionat i feedback ............................................................................... 41 7. Possibles ampliacions ................................................................. 43 7.1 Possibles conceptualitzacions del treball ............................................. 43 7.2. Possibles ampliacions a nivell tècnic .................................................. 43 7.3. Possibles ampliacions a nivell estètic ................................................. 44 III 8. Conclusions ................................................................................. 47 9. Bibliografia ................................................................................. 53 10. Filmografia ................................................................................ 57 IV Índex de figures. Fig 1. Timeline del seqüenciador Logic Pro X durant una sessió d’escolta........ 32 Fig 2. Mescla de la tercera escena ...................................................................... 34 V Índex de taules. Taula 1. Fitxa tècnica de The Electric House (1922, Buster Keaton) ............... 32 Taula 2. Guió d’ambientació musical ............................................................... 39 Taula 3. Enquesta d’obtenció de feedback ........................................................ 36 VI Glossari de termes. Discurs visual Conjunt d’imatges que conformen una producció audiovisual. Cinematògraf Fou la primera màquina capaç d’enregistrar i projectar imatges en moviment. Va ser creada pels germans Lumière l’any 1895. Vitaphone Sistema sound-on-disc d’enregistrament i reproducció de so. Desenvolupat per Bell Telephone Laboratories i Western Electric. El Vitaphone es va utilitzar a les pel·lícules Don Juan (Alan Crosland, 1926) i The Jazz Singer (Alan Crosland, 1927), entre d’altres. Foley sound Efecte sonor dissenyat i creat en un estudi de postproducció per substituir o exagerar un efecte sonor present en una producció audiovisual. Surround Sistema d’escolta format per un conjunt d’altaveus situats de manera que envolten l’espectador. Existeixen diverses configuracions, com ara 5.1 o 7.1. Workflow És l’anglicisme de flux de treball. És l’estudi de com s’estructuren les diferents tasques d’un projecte, com s’ordenen, com es sincronitzen i com es desenvolupen. Cronophone Aparell desenvolupat per León Gaumont l’any 1902 per sincronitzar el cinematògraf i el fonògraf. Fantasound Fou un dels primers processos de gravació de so estereofònic (conegut com a estèreo) desenvolupar pel Estudis Walt Disney entre 1938 i 1940 per la pel·lícula d’animació Fantasia (1940), la primera producció comercial amb so multicanal. Intertítols Cartells amb text presents a les pel·lícules de cinema mut. Es situen entre diferents plans o escenes i aporten informació descriptiva i narrativa, així com els diàlegs dels diferents personatges. Introducció 1 1.Introducció. Aquest projecte és un estudi sobre la influència del so al cinema, on es contrasten un seguit d’hipòtesi sobre el paper del so cinematogràfic a través d’un estudi teòric i pràctic. Com a objectiu principal, aquest estudi pretén investigar i realitzar diferents conjectures sobre l’impacte que suposà l’arribada del so sincronitzat al cinema a mitjans dels anys 20 del segle passat, exposant quines aportacions,
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