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Cutaneous Mechanical Stimulation Regulates Ovarian Blood Flow Via Activation of Spinal and Supraspinal Reflex Pathways in Anesthetized Rats

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Cutaneous Mechanical Stimulation Regulates Ovarian Blood Flow Via Activation of Spinal and Supraspinal Reflex Pathways in Anesthetized Rats Japanese Journal of Physiology Advance Publication by J-STAGE; DOI: 10.2170/jjphysiol.R2133 1 This version is to be replaced by the final version after page-setting and proofing. Regular Paper Cutaneous Mechanical Stimulation Regulates Ovarian Blood Flow via Activation of Spinal and Supraspinal Reflex Pathways in Anesthetized Rats Sae UCHIDA, Fusako KAGITANI, Harumi HOTTA, Tomoko HANADA*, and Yoshihiro AIKAWA* Department of the Autonomic Nervous System, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, 173-0015 Japan; and *Graduate School of Humanities and Sciences, Ochanomizu University, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 112-0012, Japan Received on Sep 30, 2005; accepted on Oct 31, 2005; released online on Nov 1, 2005; DOI: 10.2170/jjphysiol.R2133 Correspondence should be addressed to: Sae Uchida, Department of the Autonomic Nervous System, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, 35-2 Sakae-cho, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, 173-0015 Japan. Phone: +81-3-3964-3241 (Ext. 3086), Fax: +81-3-3579-4776, E-mail: [email protected] Abstract: The reflex effects of noxious mechanical stimulation of a hindpaw or abdominal skin on ovarian blood flow, and the reflex pathways involved in those responses were examined in anesthetized rats. Blood flow in the left ovary was measured using a laser Doppler flowmeter, and the activity of the left ovarian sympathetic nerve and mean arterial pressure (MAP) of the common carotid artery were recorded. Stimulation of the left or right hindpaw for 30 s produced marked increases in ovarian sympathetic nerve activity and MAP. Ovarian blood flow slightly decreased during the stimulation and then slightly increased after the stimulation. After the left ovarian sympathetic nerves were severed, the same stimulus produced a remarkable monophasic increase in ovarian blood flow that was explained by passive vasodilation due to a marked increase in MAP. After spinal transection at the third thoracic (T3) level, the responses of MAP, ovarian sympathetic nerve activity, and ovarian blood flow to hindpaw stimulation were nearly abolished. Stimulation of the abdomen at the right or left side for 30 s produced slight increases in ovarian sympathetic nerve activity and MAP. Ovarian blood flow slightly decreased during the stimulation and then slightly increased after the stimulation. After the ovarian sympathetic nerves were severed, the response of the ovarian blood flow changed to a monophasic increase due to an increase in MAP. After spinal transection, stimulation of the left abdomen produced a moderate increase in MAP, a remarkable increase in ovarian sympathetic nerve activity and a slight decrease in ovarian blood flow during the stimulation. In contrast, stimulation of the right abdomen produced a smaller response in ovarian sympathetic nerve activity during the stimulation while it increased the MAP to a similar degree. Ovarian blood flow slightly increased after the end of stimulation, which was explained as passive vasodilation due to the increase in MAP. In conclusion, stimulation of somatic afferents affects ovarian blood flow by inducing changes in ovarian sympathetic nerve activities and blood pressure. When stimulation was applied to a hindpaw whose segment of afferent input is far from the segment of the ovarian sympathetic nerves, it took a supraspinal reflex pathway. However, when stimulation was applied to the abdomen whose spinal segment of the afferent is close to the segment of the ovarian sympathetic nerve output, there are spinal segmental reflex pathways. The present results demonstrate that spinal reflexes depend on the laterality of the stimulus, while supraspinal reflexes do not depend on the laterality of the stimulus. [The Japanese Journal of Physiology 55(5), 2005, in press] Key words: autonomic nervous system, ovarian blood flow, ovarian sympathetic nerve, cutaneous stimulation, rat. The ovary is innervated by autonomic nerves in addition to being under the control of hormones (see review by Burden [1]). Histological studies in rats showed that the autonomic nerves innervating the ovary are 1 Japanese Journal of Physiology Advance Publication by J-STAGE; DOI: 10.2170/jjphysiol.R2133 2 This version is to be replaced by the final version after page-setting and proofing. sympathetic nerves and vagus nerves [2–5]. Recently, we demonstrated in anesthetized rats that stimulation of the sympathetic nerve that innervates the ovary causes a reduction in ovarian blood flow, while stimulation of the vagus efferent nerve that innervates the ovary had no effect on ovarian blood flow [6]. Furthermore, we demonstrated that application of a noxious mechanical stimulus to a hindpaw produced a reduction in ovarian blood flow during the stimulation by activating the ovarian sympathetic vasoconstrictor nerve [6]. Somatic afferent stimulation produces conscious sensation, emotional responses, and various autonomic responses. These somatically-induced autonomic responses including blood flow changes are produced by activation of an autonomic efferent nerve. Some of these autonomic responses induced by somatic stimulation are reflex responses called somato-autonomic reflexes. The central reflex pathways of somato-sympathetic reflexes consist of segmental spinal reflexes and generalized supraspinal reflexes (see reviews, [7–9]). Supraspinal reflexes seem to be activated particularly when a limb afferent is stimulated, and segmental reflexes seem to be activated by stimulation of spinal segmental afferents entering the spinal cord at the level of thoracic and higher lumbar segments. In rats, the sympathetic nerve innervating the ovary emerges from the spinal cord mainly at the segments of T9 and T10 [3], while afferent inputs of the hindpaw enter the spinal cord at the level of L3–L5 [10]. This anatomical evidence suggests that the sympathetically-mediated reduction in ovarian blood flow during hindpaw stimulation takes supraspinal reflex pathways instead of segmental reflex pathways. The present study was performed to clarify whether there are spinal and/or supraspinal reflex components in the response of ovarian blood flow to cutaneous stimulation. For this purpose, we applied noxious stimulation to a hindpaw whose afferent enters the spinal cord at the level of L3–L5, and also to the abdominal skin whose afferent enters the spinal cord at around the level of T9–T12 [11]. To examine the presence of spinal reflex pathways, we prepared spinalized rats whose spinal cord was transected at the level of T3. Furthermore, we examined the involvement of somatic afferent nerves and ovarian sympathetic efferent nerves in the somatically-induced ovarian blood flow changes. MATERIALS AND METHODS Thirty-seven virgin female Wistar rats, 4–10 months old (body weight, 170–240 g), were used for the present experiments. The estrous cycle of each animal was determined by monitoring vaginal smears; 5 of the 37 rats were in proestrus, 18 were in estrus, 2 were in metestrus, and 12 were in diestrus on the day of the experiment. Rats were kept in a room with a 12 h:12 h light–dark schedule, with rat chow and water provided ad libitum. This study was approved by the Animal Committee of our institution. Surgical procedures. Animals were anesthetized with urethane (1.1 g/kg, I.P.). The trachea was cannulated and respiration was artificially maintained using a respirator (Model 683, Harvard, Holliston, Massachusetts, USA). The end-tidal CO2 concentration, which was monitored by a gas monitor (1H26, NEC San-ei, Tokyo, Japan), was kept at 3–4% by controlling the respiratory volume and frequency. The systemic blood pressure was continuously recorded through a cannula in a common carotid artery with a strain gauge (TP-400T, Nihon Kohden, Tokyo, Japan). A jugular vein was cannulated for infusion of necessary solutions. The animal was immobilized by administration of gallamine triethiodide (20 mg/kg, I.V., Sigma, St. Louis, MO). The core body temperature, which was monitored in the rectum, was maintained at around 37.5°C using a body temperature control system containing a thermostatically-regulated DC current heating pad and infrared lamp (ATB-1100, Nihon Kohden, Tokyo, Japan). During the experiments, urethane (10% of the dose used for initial anesthesia) was administered I.V. every 1–2 h. Measurement of ovarian blood flow. Blood flow in the left ovary was measured in 21 rats using a laser Doppler flowmeter (ALF21D, Advance, Tokyo, Japan) (Fig. 1B). After ventral exposure of the left ovary with a wide abdominal wall opening, the ovary itself was gently placed on a small plate. The probe (outer diameter, 1.0 mm) of the flowmeter was gently placed in contact with a cover glass (about 7 × 7 mm) that had been placed on a surface of the ovary that was devoid of any visible large vessels. Care was taken to avoid compressing the ovary. The probe of the flowmeter was fixed in place using a balancing holder (ALF-B, Advance, Tokyo, Japan). Spinal transection. Full transection of the spinal cord was performed at the third thoracic (T3) level in 10 anesthetized rats. The systolic blood pressure was kept above 70 mmHg by injection of 4% Ficoll 70 (Amersham Biosciences, Uppsala, Sweden) after spinal transection. 2 Japanese Journal of Physiology Advance Publication by J-STAGE; DOI: 10.2170/jjphysiol.R2133 3 This version is to be replaced by the final version after page-setting and proofing. Cutaneous stimulation. Cutaneous nociceptive stimulation was applied by pinching an area of approximately 1 cm2 of the skin of the left or right hindpaw or the skin of the abdominal area on the left or right side for 30 s (Fig. 1A). The force of pinching was approximately 3 kg [12]. Severance of sympathetic nerves innervating the ovary. The ovarian sympathetic nerves were denervated in 7 rats. Denervation of the left ovarian sympathetic nerves was performed by cutting the suspensory ligament and accompanying blood vessels to cut the left superior ovarian nerve, and by applying a local anesthetic, procaine (1.0%), on a small piece of cotton to the left ovarian artery approximately 10 mm proximal to the ovary to block the ovarian plexus nerve ipsilateral to the ovary that was used for blood flow recording.
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