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English (Execsum) CASE 06 of the GLOBAL NET – STOP THE ARMS TRADE (GN-STAT) Murderous Walls – Profiteers of Isolation Part 03: The Border Between the United Mexican States and the United States of America1 Executive Summary by María-Eugenia Lüttmann-Valencia Translation from German by Ruth Rohde Date of Publication: 12.05.2021 Document Version: 10.05.2021 1 A note on language: The country 'United States of America' is often referred as simply 'America'. I find this difficult, because I was born in Mexico, so also in 'America', just not in the United States of.... I thus find it appropriate, following H.W. Schäfer (Kampf der Fundamentalismen, http://|dnb.d-nb.de), to address this country politely as USA and to use the adjective 'US-American'. Table of contents Executive Summary ......................................................................................................... 3 Arms shipments to Mexico and Drug Trafficking .......................................................... 6 Military and Electronic Sealing of the Border ............................................................... 8 US defense production in Mexico ................................................................................ 9 Violence against migrants, victims of the border, relief organizations ........................ 10 Concluding Remarks .................................................................................................. 12 2 Executive Summary This summary provides an overview of the many aspects of the complex conflict on both sides of the US-Mexican border. For the aspects highlighted in bold in this text, there are more in- depth appendices in the Case 06 Mexico-USA Border Directory on the Website of the Global Net – Stop the Arms Trade. Since at least 1990, the catastrophic civil war-like situation in Mexico and other Latin American countries has been acutely visible at the "Southern Border" or "La Frontera del Norte" (depending on the country from which it is viewed), i.e. the border between the USA and Mexico: as a result of these conflicts, thousands of refugees arrive at this border, after long walks, many hardships and humiliations just to find themselves at the mercy of gangs of traffickers. They want to apply for asylum in the USA. They come there because the collapse of their home states through corruption, impunity, decay of the economy and not least through the deadly violence has deprived them of any prospects of a dignified life in their homeland. But this is not true for all people for there are many who profit from this frontier. What has developed at this border since the end of the last century is an intricate system designed to satisfy certain needs – what one may call a “revolving door”. This is a market for seasonal low-wage harvest workers, traffickers, drug traffickers - very attractive to arms manufacturers and their corresponding traffickers and exporters. Two factors have always been associated with the production and trade in arms: First, the U.S. government and its border agencies soon took action with increasingly military- grade equipment and personnel as Mexicans began migrating north in growing numbers since the 1920, initially fleeing revolution and later in search of work. Secondly, for drug producers and traffickers, the enormous drug consumption in the U.S. has opened up an extremely lucrative market. They further expanded their activities to trafficking in women and prostitution for U.S. customers in cities near the border in Mexico. On the U.S. side, entire drug cartels equip themselves with the necessary weapons because of lax U.S. gun laws2. Most importantly, this situation opens up a lucrative market for U.S. and international arms manufacturers. For several years now, well-known manufacturers have been setting up more and more branches and licensed dealerships in the border-taking "southern states"3 (Arizona, California, Florida and Texas). 2 Parsons, Chelsea, Weigend Vargas, Eugenio, Bathia, Rukman: The gun Industry in America. The Overlooked Player in a National Crisis. Center for American Progress, Gun Violence Prevention. Washington D.C 08.2020. 99.S., S. 4.In: https://www.americanprogress.org/issues/guns- crime/reports/2020/08/06/488686/gun-industry-america/ Accessed: 12.2020 3 Thorp, Gene. New Englands’s gun Valley roiled by Newton Massacre. Washington Post, 27.02.2013. In: https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/health-science/new-england-gun-belt-at-heart-of- debate/2013/02/27/3aaf160a-7b9b-11e2-82e8-61a46c2cde3d_story.html Accessed: 12.2020 3 Although only a small percentage of the enormous quantity of guns in circulation in Mexico is the result of direct importation at the border4, smuggled weapons fuel competition between drug cartels and general crime. The flood of pistols and rifles flowing into Mexico through entirely official channels and then illegally into other hands through opaque channels has brought a new wave of violence upon the country. Experts estimate that 70% of these weapons enter the country from or through the United States5. The number of victims of small arms is in the hundreds of thousands, in addition to thousands of disappeared persons whose fate is unknown. For drug producers and traffickers, the enormous drug consumption in the U.S. has opened an extremely lucrative market, which is also expanded by trafficking in women and prostitution for U.S. customers in cities near the border to Mexico. Public safety did not start to break down in Mexico with the start of the pandemic in spring of 2020: The collapse of infrastructure - also as a result of the use of so-called SALWs (Small Arms and Light Weapons - i.e., portable arms) - is leading to supply problems, famine and impoverishment. Corrupt Mexican state officials, themselves involved in drug trafficking, try to prevent any reporting. Political repression is ubiquitous. Impunity for perpetrators is widespread, human rights violations go unpunished, as evidenced by the immensely high number of murdered journalists6 and women7, making Mexico one of the most dangerous countries for these groups of people. The migration movement throughout Latin America only became visible in the media when Donald Trump (US President 2017-2021), during his 2016 election campaigns, went on a particularly blatant campaign to win voters along this thin line between the USA - the "dreamed-of paradise" from the refugees' point of view - and Mexico. Among his supporters, populist and xenophobic slogans fueled fears of foreign “invasion”, job loss, perceived rape, crime, and death-bringing Latinxs. 4 Goodwin, Zachary: US Hemorrhaging Weapons to Mexico, One at a Time. Insight Crime, Investigations and Analysis of Organizes Crime. 08.09.2020. In: https://www.insightcrime.org/news/analysis/us-mexico- border-hemorrhaging-weapons/ Accessed: 12.2020 5 Báez Zamudio, N.P., Chávez Vargas, L.G., Lindsay Poland, John, Martínez Téllez,M.: Gross Human Rights and Abuses: The legal and illegal gun Trade to Mexico. Hrsg.: Mexican Commission fort the Defense and Promotion of Human Rights / Stop IS Arms Trade to Mexico. Mexico City 2018. https://www.stopusarmstomexico.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/THE-LEGAL-AND-ILLEGAL-GUN- TRADE-TO-MEXICOAugust2018.pdf Accessed: 10.08.2019, S. 5 6.. Zahlenangaben und Nachrufe für Journalisten in Mexiko: Democracia abierta: Mexico's Tragic Chain: 133 journalists' lives lost, 22.07.2020This article is part of a SinEmbargo.MX and Democracia Abierta research project, supported by the Justice for Journalists Foundation. https://www.opendemocracy.net/en/democraciaabierta/la-cadena-tragica-133-vidas-perdidas-por- informar-en-mexico-en/ Accessed: 30.10.2020 / https://www.opendemocracy.net/en/democraciaabierta/la-cadena-tragica-133-vidas-perdidas-por- informar-en-mexico-en/ 7 Vgl. .Jorge Monroy, Violencia de Género: Feminicidios en México se mantienen al alza. El Economista, 21.04.2020; in: https://www.eleconomista.com.mx/politica/Feminicidios-en-Mexico-se-mantienen-al-alza- crecieron-1.6-en-primer-trimestre-del-2020-20200421-0112.html Accessed: 30.10.2020 4 As much as Donald Trump wanted to be the savior of the nation, he has only placed himself in the political tradition of his predecessors, which reaches far into the history of the United States. The chapter on the origins and history of the U.S.-Mexican border describes how it has taken on the shape it has today and how, since 1924, all U.S. administrations have set up bureaucratic and increasingly militarized programs to secure it. From the perspective of Daniel Denvir8, journalist and book author, the U.S. president's "build the wall" chant and dehumanizing remarks about foreigners only openly and bluntly crowns an entire century of "All-American Nativism" in U.S. politics. This term goes back to the U.S. Naturalization Act of 1790, which welcomed every foreigner as long as he was a "free white person" and excluded all who were not and was enshrined in laws protecting the interests of so-called "white natives" (i.e. so called Americans) 9. According to Denvir, all of Donald Trump's predecessors, have already built more walls, fences and cages than he himself could ever have built in an effort to secure the U.S. as a white country for white people. Back in 2016, Border Patrol Union Chairman Brandon Judd expressed that it was unnecessary to want to build wall along the entire border. A large part of the border had already been sufficiently closed-off for years with various types of fencing10. Incidentally, US President Trump had already taken his announcement to build a "wonderful wall" out of daily politics a year before the end of his term. Initially, he wanted to make Mexico pay for it. Then, with presidential power, appropriating money from other government agencies, great financial effort and without regard for environmental protection laws, he ordered the installation of a series of prototypes for the new wall facilities from 201711. The profiles of some construction companies show how lobbyists in the construction industry draw a profit from politically escalating situations: with targeted party donations, the amount of which significantly influences the recommendation for a particular company to the responsible authority12.
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