Examples Peer-To-Peer Applications
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A Secure Peer-To-Peer Web Framework
A Secure Peer-to-Peer Web Framework Joakim Koskela Andrei Gurtov Helsinki Institute for Information Technology Helsinki Institute for Information Technology PO Box 19800, 00076 Aalto PO Box 19800, 00076 Aalto Email: joakim.koskela@hiit.fi Email: andrei.gurtov@hiit.fi Abstract—We present the design and evaluation of a se- application, that can be deployed without investing in dedi- cure peer-to-peer HTTP middleware framework that enables cated infrastructure while addressing issues such as middlebox a multitude of web applications without relying on service traversal, mobility, security and identity management. providers. The framework is designed to be deployed in existing network environments, allowing ordinary users to create private II. PEER-TO-PEER HTTP services without investing in network infrastructure. Compared to previous work, scalability, NAT/firewall traversal and peer From its launch in the early 1990s, the HyperText Transfer mobility is achieved without the need for maintaining dedicated Protocol (HTTP) had grown to be one of the most popular servers by utilizing new network protocols and re-using existing protocols on the Internet today. It is used daily for everything network resources. from past-time activities, such as recreational browsing, gam- I. INTRODUCTION ing and media downloads, to business- and security-critical Peer-to-peer (P2P) systems have been popular within net- applications such as payment systems and on-line banking. work research during the past years as they have the potential The success of HTTP has clearly grown beyond its original to offer more reliable, fault-tolerant and cost-efficient network- design as a simple, easy to manage protocol for exchanging ing. -
I.L. 40-614A 1 1. INTRODUCTION the Basic Interface to Remote Terminal, Or BIRT, Is an INCOM Network Master. BIRT Gives Users An
I.L. 40-614A 1. INTRODUCTION 3. DESCRIPTION The Basic Interface to Remote Terminal, or BIRT, is 3.1. Power Requirements an INCOM Network Master. BIRT gives users an economical way of getting information from their Range: 48 Vdc to 250 Vdc and 120 Vac INCOM-compatible devices since it connects directly between a user’s external MODEM or personal com- Burden: 3.5 W @ 48 Vdc puter and the INCOM network. 9 W @ 250 Vdc 5 W @ 120 Vac BIRT can directly replace Westinghouse MINTs, talk- ing to all INCOM-based communication devices. 3.2. Temperature Range BIRTs also include a special high-speed mode for communicating with SADIs – allowing users to collect For Operation: 0˚ to +55˚ C data from other manufacturer’s relays more rapidly For Storage: -20˚ to +80˚ C than ever before. 3.3. Physical Dimensions BIRTs are built to handle the abuse of substation environment; their “hardened” RS-232 serial port can The BIRT enclosure dimensions are identical to the handle surges and sustained high voltages that ERNI and SADI, as shown in figure 1. would destroy ordinary serial ports, and BIRTs can run on a wide range of voltages, from 48 to 250 Vdc Dimensions and weight of chassis or even 120 Vac, with no jumpers or adjustments needed. Height: 5.26” (133.6) mm) Width: 3.32” (84.3) mm) Depth: 5.92” (150.4) mm) 2. FEATURES Weight: 2.0 lbs (0.9 kg) BIRT is designed to be very flexible in its RS-232 External Wiring: See figures 2 and 3. -
Introduction to Peer-To-Peer Networks
Introduction to Peer-to-Peer Networks The Story of Peer-to-Peer The Nature of Peer-to-Peer: Generals & Paradigms Unstructured Peer-to-Peer Systems Sample Applications 1 Prof. Dr. Thomas Schmidt http:/www.informatik.haw-hamburg.de/~schmidt A Peer-to-Peer system is a self-organizing system of equal, autonomous entities (peers) which aims for the shared usage of distributed resources in a networked environment avoiding central services. Andy Oram 2 Prof. Dr. Thomas Schmidt http:/www.informatik.haw-hamburg.de/~schmidt The Old Days NetNews (nntp) Usenet since 1979, initially based on UUCP Exchange (replication) of news articles by subscription Group creation/deletion decentralised DNS Distributed delegation of name authorities: file sharing of host tables Name “Servers” act as peers Hierarchical information space permits exponential growth Systems are manually configured distributed peers 3 Prof. Dr. Thomas Schmidt http:/www.informatik.haw-hamburg.de/~schmidt SETI@home: Distributed Computing Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence (SETI) Analyse radio sig- nals from space Globally shared computing res. Idea 1995 First version 1998 2002 ≈ 4 Mio clnt E.g. Screensaver From Anderson et. al.: SETI@home, Comm. ACM, 45 (11), Nov. 2002 http://setiathome.berkeley.edu/ - ongoing 4 Prof. Dr. Thomas Schmidt http:/www.informatik.haw-hamburg.de/~schmidt SETI@home (2) http-based client-server model No client-client communication Data chunks: load & return N-redundancy for fault detection Attacks: bogus code From Anderson -
Peer-To-Peer Networks
Peer-to-Peer Networks 14-740: Fundamentals of Computer Networks Credit to Bill Nace, 14-740, Fall 2017 Material from Computer Networking: A Top Down Approach, 6th edition. J.F. Kurose and K.W. Ross traceroute • P2P Overview • Architecture components • Napster (Centralized) • Gnutella (Distributed) • Skype and KaZaA (Hybrid, Hierarchical) • KaZaA Reverse Engineering Study 14-740: Spring 2018 2 What is P2P? • Client / Server interaction • Client: any end-host • Server: specific end-host • P2P: Peer-to-peer • Any end-host • Aim to leverage resources available on “clients” (peers) • Hard drive space • Bandwidth (especially upload) • Computational power • Anonymity (i.e. Zombie botnets) • “Edge-ness” (i.e. being distributed at network edges) • Clients are particularly fickle • Users have not agreed to provide any particular level of service • Users are not altruistic -- algorithm must force participation without allowing cheating • Clients are not trusted • Client code may be modified • And yet, availability of resources must be assured P2P History • Proto-P2P systems exist • DNS, Netnews/Usenet • Xerox Grapevine (~1982): name, mail delivery service • Kicked into high gear in 1999 • Many users had “always-on” broadband net connections • 1st Generation: Napster (music exchange) • 2nd Generation: Freenet, Gnutella, Kazaa, BitTorrent • More scalable, designed for anonymity, fault-tolerant • 3rd Generation: Middleware -- Pastry, Chord • Provide for overlay routing to place/find resources 14-740: Spring 2018 6 P2P Architecture • Content Directory -
The Edonkey File-Sharing Network
The eDonkey File-Sharing Network Oliver Heckmann, Axel Bock, Andreas Mauthe, Ralf Steinmetz Multimedia Kommunikation (KOM) Technische Universitat¨ Darmstadt Merckstr. 25, 64293 Darmstadt (heckmann, bock, mauthe, steinmetz)@kom.tu-darmstadt.de Abstract: The eDonkey 2000 file-sharing network is one of the most successful peer- to-peer file-sharing applications, especially in Germany. The network itself is a hybrid peer-to-peer network with client applications running on the end-system that are con- nected to a distributed network of dedicated servers. In this paper we describe the eDonkey protocol and measurement results on network/transport layer and application layer that were made with the client software and with an open-source eDonkey server we extended for these measurements. 1 Motivation and Introduction Most of the traffic in the network of access and backbone Internet service providers (ISPs) is generated by peer-to-peer (P2P) file-sharing applications [San03]. These applications are typically bandwidth greedy and generate more long-lived TCP flows than the WWW traffic that was dominating the Internet traffic before the P2P applications. To understand the influence of these applications and the characteristics of the traffic they produce and their impact on network design, capacity expansion, traffic engineering and shaping, it is important to empirically analyse the dominant file-sharing applications. The eDonkey file-sharing protocol is one of these file-sharing protocols. It is imple- mented by the original eDonkey2000 client [eDonkey] and additionally by some open- source clients like mldonkey [mlDonkey] and eMule [eMule]. According to [San03] it is with 52% of the generated file-sharing traffic the most successful P2P file-sharing net- work in Germany, even more successful than the FastTrack protocol used by the P2P client KaZaa [KaZaa] that comes to 44% of the traffic. -
IPFS and Friends: a Qualitative Comparison of Next Generation Peer-To-Peer Data Networks Erik Daniel and Florian Tschorsch
1 IPFS and Friends: A Qualitative Comparison of Next Generation Peer-to-Peer Data Networks Erik Daniel and Florian Tschorsch Abstract—Decentralized, distributed storage offers a way to types of files [1]. Napster and Gnutella marked the beginning reduce the impact of data silos as often fostered by centralized and were followed by many other P2P networks focusing on cloud storage. While the intentions of this trend are not new, the specialized application areas or novel network structures. For topic gained traction due to technological advancements, most notably blockchain networks. As a consequence, we observe that example, Freenet [2] realizes anonymous storage and retrieval. a new generation of peer-to-peer data networks emerges. In this Chord [3], CAN [4], and Pastry [5] provide protocols to survey paper, we therefore provide a technical overview of the maintain a structured overlay network topology. In particular, next generation data networks. We use select data networks to BitTorrent [6] received a lot of attention from both users and introduce general concepts and to emphasize new developments. the research community. BitTorrent introduced an incentive Specifically, we provide a deeper outline of the Interplanetary File System and a general overview of Swarm, the Hypercore Pro- mechanism to achieve Pareto efficiency, trying to improve tocol, SAFE, Storj, and Arweave. We identify common building network utilization achieving a higher level of robustness. We blocks and provide a qualitative comparison. From the overview, consider networks such as Napster, Gnutella, Freenet, BitTor- we derive future challenges and research goals concerning data rent, and many more as first generation P2P data networks, networks. -
Secure Shell- Its Significance in Networking (Ssh)
International Journal of Application or Innovation in Engineering & Management (IJAIEM) Web Site: www.ijaiem.org Email: [email protected] Volume 4, Issue 3, March 2015 ISSN 2319 - 4847 SECURE SHELL- ITS SIGNIFICANCE IN NETWORKING (SSH) ANOOSHA GARIMELLA , D.RAKESH KUMAR 1. B. TECH, COMPUTER SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING Student, 3rd year-2nd Semester GITAM UNIVERSITY Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh India 2.Assistant Professor Computer Science and Engineering GITAM UNIVERSITY Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh India ABSTRACT This paper is focused on the evolution of SSH, the need for SSH, working of SSH, its major components and features of SSH. As the number of users over the Internet is increasing, there is a greater threat of your data being vulnerable. Secure Shell (SSH) Protocol provides a secure method for remote login and other secure network services over an insecure network. The SSH protocol has been designed to support many features along with proper security. This architecture with the help of its inbuilt layers which are independent of each other provides user authentication, integrity, and confidentiality, connection- oriented end to end delivery, multiplexes encrypted tunnel into several logical channels, provides datagram delivery across multiple networks and may optionally provide compression. Here, we have also described in detail what every layer of the architecture does along with the connection establishment. Some of the threats which Ssh can encounter, applications, advantages and disadvantages have also been mentioned in this document. Keywords: SSH, Cryptography, Port Forwarding, Secure SSH Tunnel, Key Exchange, IP spoofing, Connection- Hijacking. 1. INTRODUCTION SSH Secure Shell was first created in 1995 by Tatu Ylonen with the release of version 1.0 of SSH Secure Shell and the Internet Draft “The SSH Secure Shell Remote Login Protocol”. -
Terminal Services Manager Getting Started
Terminal Services Manager Getting Started LizardSystems Table of Contents Introduction 3 Installing Terminal Services Manager 3 Before starting the application 4 Starting the application 5 Connect to a Remote Desktop Services Servers 6 User Interface 10 Main Window 10 Main menu 11 Administrative tools 16 Network tools 16 Toolbar 17 Computer list 18 Servers tab 19 Users tab 20 Sessions tab 22 Processes tab 23 Dialog boxes 25 Add Computer 25 Create New Group 26 Add Computers Wizard 26 Import computers from network 27 Import computers from Active Directory 28 Import computers from IP Range 28 Import computers from file 30 Search for computers 30 Select grouping type for computers 31 Add computers to list 32 Preferences 33 General 33 Computer list 34 Terminal services 35 2 Terminal Services Manager - Getting Started Introduction Using Terminal Services Manager, you can see the details of users connected to a remote host, their sessions, and their active processes. For several hosts simultaneously, you can monitor each user, session, and process's usage of remote host resources (CPU, memory, etc.) in real-time. Using Terminal Services Manager, you can easily perform various administrative tasks to manage resources and users on a remote host, for example, disconnecting all inactive users, closing inactive users' sessions, or terminating a remote host process. You may use Terminal Services Manager to view information and monitor servers, users, sessions, and processes on servers running Windows Server. You can also perform certain administrative tasks; for example, you can disconnect or log off users from their Remote Desktop Services sessions. Installing Terminal Services Manager • You can install Terminal Services Manager after downloading it from the Download page. -
Security with SSH.Pdf
Security with SSH Network Startup Resource Center http://www.nsrc.org/ These materials are licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) Topics • What is SSH • Where to get SSH • How to enable and configure SSH • Where to get SSH clients for Windows • Host keys: authentication of server to client • Issues to do with changing of the host key • Password authentication of client to server • Cryptographic authentication client to server • hostkey exchange, scp, and sftp labs What is SSH? From Wikipedia: Secure Shell (SSH) is a cryptographic network protocol for secure data communication, remote command-line login, remote command execution, and other secure network services between two networked computers that connects, via a secure channel over an insecure network, a server and a client (running SSH server and SSH client programs, respectively). i.e., ssh gives you a secure command line interface on remote machines… Topics • Where SSH applies directly to dealing with these two areas of security: - Confidentiality - Keeping our data safe from prying eyes • Authentication and Authorization - Is this person who they claim to be? - With keys alternative method to passwords Where to get SSH • First see if SSH is installed on your system and what version. Easiest way is: $ ssh ±V • Commonly used SSH in Linux and FreeBSD is OpenSSH. You can find the home page here: http://www.openssh.org/ • You can install OpenSSH via packages on Linux and FreeBSD. Ubuntu 12.04.3 LTS currently installs version 5.9p1 of OpenSSH. Obtain SSH Client for Windows There are several free, shareware, and commercial ssh clients for Windows. -
Networking Telnet
IBM i Version 7.2 Networking Telnet IBM Note Before using this information and the product it supports, read the information in “Notices” on page 99. This edition applies to IBM i 7.2 (product number 5770-SS1) and to all subsequent releases and modifications until otherwise indicated in new editions. This version does not run on all reduced instruction set computer (RISC) models nor does it run on CISC models. This document may contain references to Licensed Internal Code. Licensed Internal Code is Machine Code and is licensed to you under the terms of the IBM License Agreement for Machine Code. © Copyright International Business Machines Corporation 1998, 2013. US Government Users Restricted Rights – Use, duplication or disclosure restricted by GSA ADP Schedule Contract with IBM Corp. Contents Telnet................................................................................................................... 1 What's new for IBM i 7.2..............................................................................................................................1 PDF file for Telnet........................................................................................................................................ 1 Telnet scenarios...........................................................................................................................................2 Telnet scenario: Telnet server configuration.........................................................................................2 Telnet scenario: Cascaded Telnet -
LAB MANUAL for Computer Network
LAB MANUAL for Computer Network CSE-310 F Computer Network Lab L T P - - 3 Class Work : 25 Marks Exam : 25 MARKS Total : 50 Marks This course provides students with hands on training regarding the design, troubleshooting, modeling and evaluation of computer networks. In this course, students are going to experiment in a real test-bed networking environment, and learn about network design and troubleshooting topics and tools such as: network addressing, Address Resolution Protocol (ARP), basic troubleshooting tools (e.g. ping, ICMP), IP routing (e,g, RIP), route discovery (e.g. traceroute), TCP and UDP, IP fragmentation and many others. Student will also be introduced to the network modeling and simulation, and they will have the opportunity to build some simple networking models using the tool and perform simulations that will help them evaluate their design approaches and expected network performance. S.No Experiment 1 Study of different types of Network cables and Practically implement the cross-wired cable and straight through cable using clamping tool. 2 Study of Network Devices in Detail. 3 Study of network IP. 4 Connect the computers in Local Area Network. 5 Study of basic network command and Network configuration commands. 6 Configure a Network topology using packet tracer software. 7 Configure a Network topology using packet tracer software. 8 Configure a Network using Distance Vector Routing protocol. 9 Configure Network using Link State Vector Routing protocol. Hardware and Software Requirement Hardware Requirement RJ-45 connector, Climping Tool, Twisted pair Cable Software Requirement Command Prompt And Packet Tracer. EXPERIMENT-1 Aim: Study of different types of Network cables and Practically implement the cross-wired cable and straight through cable using clamping tool. -
Scalable Supernode Selection in Peer-To-Peer Overlay Networks∗
Scalable Supernode Selection in Peer-to-Peer Overlay Networks∗ Virginia Lo, Dayi Zhou, Yuhong Liu, Chris GauthierDickey, and Jun Li {lo|dayizhou|liuyh|chrisg|lijun} @cs.uoregon.edu Network Research Group – University of Oregon Abstract ically fulfill additional requirements such as load bal- ance, resources, access, and fault tolerance. We define a problem called the supernode selection The supernode selection problem is highly challeng- problem which has emerged across a variety of peer-to- ing because in the peer-to-peer environment, a large peer applications. Supernode selection involves selec- number of supernodes must be selected from a huge tion of a subset of the peers to serve a special role. The and dynamically changing network in which neither the supernodes must be well-dispersed throughout the peer- node characteristics nor the network topology are known to-peer overlay network, and must fulfill additional re- a priori. Thus, simple strategies such as random selec- quirements such as load balance, resource needs, adapt- tion don’t work. Supernode selection is more complex ability to churn, and heterogeneity. While similar to than classic dominating set and p-centers from graph dominating set and p-centers problems, the supernode theory, known to be NP-hard problems, because it must selection problem must meet the additional challenge respond to dynamic joins and leaves (churn), operate of operating within a huge, unknown and dynamically among potentially malicious nodes, and function in an changing network. We describe three generic super- environment that is highly heterogeneous. node selection protocols we have developed for peer-to- Supernode selection shows up in many peer-to-peer peer environments: a label-based scheme for structured and networking applications.