Aprenda a Conocer Las Chinches Depredadoras De Plagas Del Café

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Aprenda a Conocer Las Chinches Depredadoras De Plagas Del Café Octubre de 2011 Gerencia Técnica / Programa de Investigación Científica 412 Fondo Nacional del Café APRENDA A CONOCER LAS CHINCHES DEPREDADORAS DE PLAGAS DEL CAFÉ No todos los insectos presentes en los cafetales son dañinos Los cafetales están en zonas aptas para la existencia de artrópodos como insectos, arañas y ácaros. Algunos son serias plagas para el café, otros son controladores naturales de las poblaciones dañinas y existe un tercer grupo, que son habitantes naturales y se desconoce su papel dentro del agroecosistema. Desde el año 1998, en municipios del Huila, como La Plata, La Argentina, Paicol y El Pital, se reportó la chamusquina del café, que después de años de investigación por parte de Cenicafé, se determinó que el agente causal era un insecto conocido como la chinche de la chamusquina, Monalonion velezangeli, familia Miridae, orden Hemiptera (20), polífaga, con un amplio rango de hospedantes como son café, cacao, guayaba, aguacate y té, entre otros (7, 8). Dentro de los cafetales se pueden biología y comportamiento de los observar otras chinches, de la familia Reduviidae depredadores, llamadas Reduviidae, como depredadores “las chinches asesinas” (13), con el naturales de la chinche de la fin de suministrar información que chamusquina del café (3, 20). Este permita conocerlas y, por lo tanto, Avance Técnico, ofrece información preservarlas dentro de los cafetales sobre aspectos básicos de taxonomía, de Colombia. Ciencia, tecnología e innovación para la caficultura Generalidades colombiana Las chinches asesinas son insectos consideradas generalistas (21). Autores que pertenecen a la familia Algunas especies son de importancia Marisol Giraldo Jaramillo Reduviidae, la cual presenta para la salud humana, como las Investigador Científico I alrededor de 6.250 especies Luz Ángela Galindo Leva del género Rhodnius, importantes Investigador Asociado, Cenicafé en 1.913 géneros (2, 19). Es vectores del mal de chagas (18). Pablo Benavides Machado considerada una de las familias Otros géneros de esta familia, como Investigador Científico II más diversas del orden Hemiptera, Repipta, Arilus y Zelus, se han Entomología. Centro Nacional de y presentan hábitos depredadores y encontrado en el campo depredando Investigaciones de Café, Cenicafé. hematófagos. Chinchiná, Caldas, Colombia la chinche de la chamusquina del Dimitri Forero café (3, 20), convirtiéndose en una Investigador Postdoctoral, Algunas subfamilias presentan valiosa herramienta, junto a las Departamento de Entomología, cierto grado de especialización en medidas de control de esta plaga University of California Riverside. sus presas, mientras que otras son (20, 24). Edición: Sandra Milena Marín López Fotografías: Taxonomía Luz Ángela Galindo Luis Miguel Constantino La familia Reduviidae se reconoce segmentos (Figura 1 a), cuyo ápice Marisol Giraldo por poseer un labium (comúnmente descansa en un surco en la parte Juan Carlos Ortiz conocido como pico) corto, de tres ventral y superior del tórax (Figura Gonzalo Hoyos Diagramación: María del Rosario Rodríguez L. Imprenta: ISSN - 0120 - 0178 Los trabajos suscritos por el personal técnico del Centro Nacional de Investigaciones de Café son parte de las investigaciones realizadas por la Federación Nacional de Cafeteros de Colombia. Sin embargo, tanto en este caso como en el de personas no pertenecientes a este Centro, las ideas emitidas por los autores son de su exclusiva responsabilidad y no expresan necesariamente las opiniones de la Entidad. b. Chinchiná, Caldas, Colombia Tel. (6) 8506550 Fax. (6) 8504723 A.A. 2427 Manizales a. www.cenicafe.org Figura 1. a. Detalle del labium de Arilus, corto y de tres segmentos; b. Detalle del surco proesternal en Z. Vespiformis. 2 1b), y cuyas patas delanteras ocasionalmente son de Los géneros Arilus Hahn, 1831, Repipta Stål, 1859, tipo raptoras, es decir, adaptadas para la captura de y Zelus Fabricius, 1803, pertenecen a la subfamilia presas. Harpactorinae (14). Descripción de los géneros de chinches que atacan a M. velezangeli Repipta spp. Los adultos se caracterizan porque de dientes de color gris. Son relativamente grandes, presentan una coloración rojiza con manchas oscuras en miden entre 27-32 mm; para el caso de las ninfas, la el cuerpo y la cabeza, y las alas son rojas y negras. En coloración del cuerpo es gris, con la misma textura del la cabeza tiene un par de espinas largas, y en el tórax, adulto, y con las patas y antenas rojas. cuatro espinas. Miden entre 11-13 mm. Zelus vespiformis. Los adultos presentan una coloración Arilus spp. Se caracterizan porque los adultos presentan amarilla y negra, tanto en sus alas como patas; la cabeza coloración gris, con textura pilosa en el cuerpo y la y las antenas son negras, dando la apariencia de una cabeza; las partes finales de las patas y las antenas son avispa. Miden entre 10-15 mm; para el caso de las rojas, las alas son grises, y en su tórax poseen una cresta ninfas el cuerpo es naranja y negro. Guía rápida para diferenciar la chinche de la chamusquina del café Monalonion velezangeli, de sus depredadores El insecto no posee alas El insecto posee alas Punto 1 (Figura 2): (Figura 3): es una ninfa, pase al punto 2 es un adulto, pase al punto 3 La forma del cuerpo es achatada, La forma de cuerpo es esbelta, presenta rayas anaranjadas, su no es blando, presenta diversos Punto 2 cuerpo es blando (Figura 4): colores gris, rojo-negro, amarillo- es una ninfa de Monalonion negro (Figura 5): velezangeli es una ninfa de depredador El labium se observa fácilmente, Labium poco visible, casi recto y es curvo y alcanza solamente las a. alcanza las patas del medio Punto 3 patas delanteras (Figura 7): (Figura 6): es depredador de Monalonion es Monalonion velezangeli velezangeli, pase al punto 4 El insecto presenta coloración El insecto presenta coloración amarilla y negra en su cuerpo y roja o gris en su cuerpo, o alas de Punto 4 alas (Figura 8): coloración no amarilla: es Zelus vespiformis Hart, 1987. pase al punto 5 El insecto presenta coloración El insecto presenta coloración rojiza, las partes finales de las gris en la mayoría de su cuerpo, patas son amarillo pálido y las además presenta una cresta alas son rojas y negras, además b. Punto 5 encima de su cuerpo, la textura en la parte superior de su cuerpo de su cuerpo es aterciopelada presenta dos espinas en la cabeza (Figura 9): y cuatro espinas en el tórax (Figura es Arilus sp. 10): Figura 2. a. Ninfa de Reduviidae; es Repipta spp. b. Ninfa de M. velezangeli. Avances Tecnicos 3 a. b. Figura 3. a. Adulto de M. velezangeli; b. Adulto de Reduviidae Figura 4. Ninfa de M. velezangeli. a. b. Figura 5. a. Ninfa de Reduviidae; b. Ninfa de Arilus sp. (Hemiptera: Reduviidae). Figura 6. Labium o pico de M. velezangeli. 4 Figura 7. Detalle de labium de Arilus sp. Figura 8. Adulto de Zelus vespiformis. Figura 10. Adulto de Repipta sp. Figura 9. Adulto de Arilus sp. Biología Estas chinches asesinas presentan metamorfosis 52,6 días, con un período de duración de la fase huevo- incompleta, por lo que los juveniles se parecen a los ninfa de 61,6 días. Pasa por cinco ínstares ninfales y la adultos. Pasan por los estados de huevos, ninfas y longevidad de las hembras es de 52,7 días. adultos; pocos trabajos se han adelantado entorno a la biología de estos insectos en Colombia, pero de acuerdo a información suministrada por Swadener y Yonke Las posturas son de tipo grupal, alrededor de 15 ó más (22), en una especie cercana a Zelus tetracanthus, las huevos, éstos son cilíndricos y de color café oscuro hembras en el laboratorio pueden colocar alrededor de (Figura 11); y las ninfas y adultos conforman colonias 153 huevos, con una fertilidad del 94,5%, el período (Figura 12), aunque generalmente se observan las ninfas de incubación es de 9 días y la fase ninfal dura cerca de de últimos ínstares y los adultos, de cacería solitaria. Avances Tecnicos 5 Figura 11. Postura, posiblemente, de Repipta sp. (Hemiptera: Reduviidae). Figura 12. Colonia de Zelus vespiformis en guayaba. Ecología La dinámica poblacional de estas chinches está mayor parte del tiempo, pero cuando se hace un manejo directamente relacionada con la disponibilidad de presas inadecuado del cultivo y las plantas acompañantes, (1). Esto quiere decir que, al existir una buena cantidad se genera un disturbio del ecosistema que obliga a de alimento disponible, las poblaciones se incrementan. que migren a otras zonas con mejor disponibilidad de Los cafetales ofrecen una amplia gama de posibilidades alimento, ya que de acuerdo a Hart (16), éstos son de alimenticias para los insectos, por lo cual son vistos la fácil dispersión. Hábitos alimenticios y comportamiento Estas chinches asesinas son de hábitos predadores, lo que quiere decir que necesitan de otros insectos o artrópodos para su alimentación; son polífagos, depredando una amplia variedad de insectos de los órdenes Coleoptera (cucarrones), Lepidoptera (mariposas y polillas) y Diptera (moscas). Por ejemplo, Insuasty et al. (17) reportan a Zelus sp. depredando moscas de las frutas del género Anastrepha (Diptera: Tephritidae), y Ramírez-Cortes et al. (20) registraron a Zelus sp. depredando a M. velezangeli (Figura 13). La búsqueda de alimento se caracteriza por una localización visual (4) y captura de la presa con sus patas delanteras, las cuales no están cubiertas de espinas. En el caso del género Zelus sus especies cuentan con una sustancia pegajosa en las patas anteriores, que les sirve Figura 13. Adulto de Zelus vespiformis (Hemiptera: para capturar y sujetar a sus presas (25). Reduviidae) depredando una ninfa de M. velezangeli (Hemiptera: Miridae). 6 Los antecedentes biológicos conocidos indican que los alimentan de otros insectos considerados como plagas representantes de esta subfamilia Harpactorinae son (12), acción que les confiere un carácter de organismos organismos activos y emprenden vuelo rápidamente benéficos.
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