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DOCTORAL THESIS Press Freedom in Zambia: a Study of the Post Newspaper and Professional Practice in Political Context Chama

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DOCTORAL THESIS Press Freedom in Zambia: a Study of the Post Newspaper and Professional Practice in Political Context Chama DOCTORAL THESIS Press Freedom in Zambia: A study of The Post newspaper and professional practice in political context Chama, Brian Award date: 2014 General rights Copyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the public portal are retained by the authors and/or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. • Users may download and print one copy of any publication from the public portal for the purpose of private study or research. • You may not further distribute the material or use it for any profit-making activity or commercial gain • You may freely distribute the URL identifying the publication in the public portal ? Take down policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. Download date: 27. Sep. 2021 Press Freedom in Zambia: A study of The Post newspaper and professional practice in political context by Brian Chama BA, MA, MA, AHEA A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of PhD Department of Media, Culture and Language Roehampton University 2014 Abstract This study investigates press freedom in the political context of Zambia by looking at The Post, a daily tabloid that operates in the country. It involves in-depth interviews with tabloid journalists working or having worked with the tabloid mainly in the area of reporting politics. It involves a literature review in the broader subject area and notes that, even though press freedom is the life blood of any democratic society which needs to be enhanced, there are other complexities that hinder its realisation, including ownership interests, tabloid journalists’ predilections, advertisers’ influence, political authorities’ expectations, and readers’ social and economic positions. In addition, despite the general public’s expectations and the press’s ardent quest for press freedom, the conception and understanding of press freedom in democracy is far from straight forward. The research found that The Post was incapable of contributing effectively to the maturity of democracy. Its level of credibility as a tabloid was compromised by joining ranks with ruling politicians. Its traditional watchdog role of exposing political and social elites to public accountability was also suppressed due to political partnership. In addition, citizens needed to consider seriously online journalism as it provided information at the expense of The Post which was no longer vocal in these domains. Government too needed to provide favorable mechanisms to enhance online publishing as it was beneficial to the promotion and protection of democracy. Furthermore, the Press Association of Zambia and the Media Institute of Southern Africa needed to be more critical of government operations towards the press and needed to intensify their role in providing checks and balance on journalists to uphold their professional values. Overall thesis contribution to knowledge derives from its critical examination of this under examined area of the role of tabloid journalism in emerging democracies. It adds detailed knowledge on the professional practice of tabloid journalism in Zambia as an exemplar of the political role of tabloid media in a developing democracy. i Table of contents Abstract i Table of contents ii Acknowledgements v Introduction vi Chapter I: Background and literature review 1 1.0. Introduction 2 1.1. Defining the press 6 1.2. Independent press 9 1.3. Press freedom 17 1.4. Defining tabloid press 23 1.5. Internet and online press 32 1.6. Regulation of the press 36 1.7. Professional practice of the press 45 1.8. Press in Zambia: Problem setting 49 1.9. Study justification 52 1.10. Conclusion 54 Chapter II: The Post of Zambia 57 2.0. Introduction 57 2.1. Background information 59 2.2. The Post 61 2.3. Mission statement and editorial policy 63 2.4 Professional practice 66 2.5. Political context 70 2.6. Sales and advertising 77 2.7. Circulation and printing 80 2.8. The Post online 82 ii 2.9. Conclusion 84 Chapter III: Research methodology and techniques 87 3.0. Introduction 88 3.1. Case-study 88 3.2. Research questions 93 3.3. Data collection 95 3.4. Data analysis 103 3.5. Case-study report 104 3.6. Ethical considerations 106 3.7. Research limitations 109 3.8. Study time frame 110 3.9. Conclusion 110 Chapter IV: Context of research: The Post and muckraking journalism 112 4.0. Introduction 112 4.1. Copper shipment scandal exposed 114 4.2. GBM solicits ZESCO poles contracts 120 4.3. Harrington urges thorough revaluation of Zamtel sale 125 4.4 Conclusion 129 Chapter V: The Post and its political positioning 131 5.0. Introduction: The struggling political allegiances of The Post 131 5.1. The main role of journalists as defined by journalists themselves 146 5.2. Legal and political pressures on practicing tabloid journalists 153 5.3. A Frustrating and liberating journalism environment 166 5.4. Examples where the regulation of journalism works well 173 5.5. Conclusion 179 iii Chapter VI: The Post and its professional dynamics 182 6.0. Introduction 182 6.1. Moments being a tabloid journalist was felt to be a valuable profession 183 6.2. Professional challenges of tabloid journalists: Editorial freedom 191 6.3. News considered best practice in tabloid journalism by journalists themselves: Investigative journalism 200 6.4. Aspirations for the future of independent tabloids 207 6.5. Ways the tabloids can make progress in their professionalism 220 6.6. Conclusion 234 Chapter VII: Conclusion and recommendations 236 7.0. Introduction 236 7.1. Research analysis and overview 237 7.2. Conclusion 240 7.3. Recommendation 242 Appendix: A- Participant consent form 244 Appendix: B- In-depth interviews questionnaire 245 Bibliography 246 iv Acknowledgements My research would not have been possible without the support of the following; Dr. Anita Biressi and Professor Heather Nunn as supervisors, the Roehampton University Sacred Heart Scholarship (RUSH) for funding this project, the Department of Media, Culture and Language for financial support during conferences related to this project, and family members Afua Ofosu Appiah and Mwansa Yaasika Chama. Furthermore, this research would not have been possible without tabloid journalists who volunteered for interviews; I am really grateful for their inputs and views. I would also like to thank The Post administration for granting me access to the library and to the premises both at the administration offices and at the printing firm. v Introduction I decided to embark on this research having worked as a tabloid journalist and having been involved with The Post as a reader and as a contributor. My desire to carry out this research was motivated by my strong belief in press freedom including my love for tabloids in emerging democracies. I decided to focus on the tabloid that was based in Zambia because of having lived, studied, and worked in the field of tabloid journalism. I looked at the tabloid from 1991 (Mungonge, 2007) when it was formed to 2013 when this research was finally completed. The media business is unique because it deals in the information field which is provided to the general public (Croteau & Hoynes, 2005). Even though many Western scholars note that the media business have the potential to set the agenda and change public opinion (Keane, 1991; Aspinall, 1973), in many African countries, the media often survive at the mercy of government authorities. This dependency is due to the history of dictatorship and one-party form of government which has continued to hang over and hinder press freedom (Makungu, 2004; Kasoma, 1995; Ochilo, 1993). However, still many media businesses have their own philosophy and their own perception of their role in cultural and social affairs. Despite the many theories highlighting the key role of the press in democracy, there are many other contentious issues that continue to overshadow media businesses and journalism practice in general. For example, the public sphere theory often stands in opposition to the market model theory of the media (Banda, 2007). The public sphere theory prioritizes the process of rational communication enhanced by democratic models of mass media, whereas the market model theory centralises the push and drive of commercial imperatives in shaping content and models of delivery; issues that were central to this investigation. The study of The Post was explored in political context within the paradigm of intellectual scholarly and professional debates about press freedom. The tabloid provided a good case vi to explore the aforementioned tensions within an emerging democracy. In fact, democracy depends on an informed electorate, in which the press play a critical role. One function of the press in a democracy is that of providing a platform where “discussion and differences in political debate can be aired” (Tunney, 2007: 3). However, in Zambia, the press were legally vulnerable in their attempt to move the country closer to liberal democratic states than to what had become the classic model of contemporary African dictatorship (Ochilo, 1993). Journalists working for private or government owned press were often harassed and intimidated by ruling authorities (Mathurine, 2004). During my study (2010-2013), the press landscape was characterized by archaic and retrogressive laws which authorities used to suppress opposing views and which hanged ominously over journalists (Banda, 2007). Specifically, the practice of tabloid journalism was characterised by journalists’ fear because of the possibility that authorities could abuse their powerful positions and behave unreasonably. This apprehension was aggravated by instances of extreme reactions toward journalists by authorities which exacerbated their rather fragile relationship (African Media Barometer, 2009). At times, threats that were aimed at the press were intended to lead to uncritical journalistic coverage of politicians and political statements (Moore, 1991).
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