Jack Nichols, Gay Pioneer “Have You Heard My Message?” Jack Nichols, Gay Pioneer “Have You Heard My Message?”

J. Louis Campbell III

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Campbell, J. Louis, PhD Jack Nichols, gay pioneer : have you heard my message? / J. Louis Campbell III. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN: 978-1-56023-652-8 (hard : alk. paper) ISBN: 978-1-56023-653-5 (soft : alk. paper) 1. Nichols, Jack, 1938-2005. 2. Gay activists—United States—Biography. 3. Gay liberation movement—United States—History. I. Title.

HQ75.8.N53A3 2007 306.76'6092—dc22 [B] 2007011208 This book is dedicated to the Mattachine societies, the Daughters of Bilitis, the Gay Activists Alliance, and all individuals and groups, gay or straight, who pledged their lives, their fortunes, and their sacred honor, in words and deeds, to freedom and equality for homosexuals. ABOUT THE AUTHOR

J. Louis Campbell III, PhD, is Associate Professor of Communica- tion Arts and Sciences at Penn State Altoona. The author or co-author of numerous articles, essays, and book chapters, Dr. Campbell is a former co-chair of the Penn State President’s Commission on Les- bian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender Equity. This text is his first research entry into the conversation. CONTENTS

Foreword ix Dr. George Weinberg

Acknowledgments xiii

Introduction xv

Chapter 1. Reflections in the Bubble Room 1

Chapter 2. Dining Room Memories 21

Chapter 3. Burgeonings 35

Chapter 4. Bertie’s Deal 53

Chapter 5. Shrinking the Shrinks 69

Chapter 6. Lige Signs On 89

Chapter 7. Quiet in the Holler 121

Chapter 8. Free the Willies 147

Chapter 9. Amerika, America 169

Chapter 10. Last Will and Testament 187

Notes 215

Bibliography 247

Index 295 Jack Nichols and the Earliest Sign of Activism, 1940 (Source: The Jack Nichols Collection, The Pennsylvania State University.) Foreword

To understand Jack Nichols, or anyone, you have to understand his or her impress on the world. What were the circumstances, local or widespread, when the person came into it? And how did he or she leave it? Some people drain the world’s resources, leaving existence for others drier and more constricted. Others add resources. And what better resources can one add for people than more freedom, justice, and mercy? Shakespeare wrote that mercy is an “attribute to God himself,” suggesting that the value is larger than any person. To Jack, the value and the person were the same. His life was an uninterrupted endeavor to give us a better world than he found. I met Jack in 1965, a time when thirty states had the right to put two consenting adults in jail for ten years for a homosexual act. It was a time when if you were a known gay, you couldn’t be bonded or get a government job; you could be legally thrown off a bus and denied an apartment, denied all public services. Years earlier, Kinsey had tried an experiment with a friend of Jack’s and mine, C. A. Tripp, who later wrote several important books. Kinsey had told Tripp, who was gay, that he had found the perfect lawyer to defend his research center against certain charges, but he wasn’t sure how the lawyer felt about homosexuals. He suspected that the man had harsh feelings toward gays, though the man had never met a professed homosexual. In those days, most heteros were in that category concerning homosexual men. It was too dangerous to come out when you didn’t have to. Kinsey had invited Tripp to his home in Bloomington, Indiana, to spend a weekend with him and the lawyer. He asked Tripp not to say anything about his sexual prefer- ence until the two men had bonded. The plan worked. When Tripp told the man he was gay, the man accepted him completely and went on to work with Kinsey. Jack had suggested that I try the same experiment with some of my psychologist friends, and I did, bringing Tripp, who was very good-

Jack Nichols, Gay Pioneer © 2007 by The Haworth Press, Inc. All rights reserved. doi:10.1300/5842_a ix x JACK NICHOLS, GAY PIONEER looking and very hetero-appearing, to some gatherings with psycho- analysts. They liked Tripp, but the instant they found out that he was gay, they kept him away from their children and subsequently ush- ered him out of their lives. That experiment led to my identification of homophobia as a sickness and to my coining the word. That was the world that Jack grew up in. It was easy for me to like myself—the luck of the draw had made me acceptable. But how did Jack have such incredible self-esteem and good cheer? From his early childhood, when he realized that he liked boys and not girls, the fact seemed utterly friendly. It was a period in history when gay suicide was not uncommon, and those whose families could afford treatment were regularly rushed off by their parents to some specialist. On the self-hate scale, Jack was a zero. Why? I have spent innumerable hours and days with him over a period of forty years, and I have no idea why. One thing I can say, though, is that those who hate themselves hate others. Jack emanated love of others, I think, because he loved himself. In the early 1960s when I met Jack, there were hardly any gay activists anywhere: a few so-called homophile societies, a magazine or two, and a few scattered hopefuls for a better world. Everyone else gay, male and female, was under cover. As for reading material, The Well of Loneliness and The Homosexual in America were essentially it, and they were usually missing from libraries. There were, of course, plenty of trysting places for gays; there always were. (Even in eighteenth century London, when the penalty used to be death, there were gay bars). But in Jack’s early world even gay thoughts were a crime of the soul. You didn’t step up and say publicly that you were a homosexual unless you were a very rare human being. Jack was such a person. In 1965, when I first met Jack, at a homophile gathering in New York City, almost none of my favorite writers who were gay had come out, or rather been yanked out by biographers. Within the next decade, biographers would remove the masks of Byron, Melville, Hawthorne, Houseman, and Tennyson. Coming out proved easy for them. They were dead. And even they had staunch defenders against the accusa- tion. With no role models, how did Jack do it? However he did it, he was an inspiration to dozens of people, incipient homophiles, and he was to prove inspirational to millions in the decades to come. Foreword xi In the sixties, when Jack, Frank Kameny, Lilli Vincenz, and a dozen others formed the first homophile society in Washington, DC, it took great courage. Movies of that little group, including Barbara Gittings and Kay Tobin, walking with placards still exist. The true greatness of that little knot of people cannot be seen, though. It re- sides in the unseen context: the world as they knew it, as they found it. I gave a speech at the Barbizon Hotel in New York City in 1965. I assaulted those in my profession who used pretended knowledge to make the lives of millions of people as bad as they could. I had met the homophile crowd about a week earlier, and I am still friends with many of them, those dreamers who made their dream come true. I met Jack there that week, a stunningly handsome man (you didn’t have to be gay to recognize that): articulate, poetic, and forceful. By then, he was beginning to generate momentum in the fight for gay rights. Nothing could stop him or his allies from making a continued case for gay rights and human rights, except murder (the fate that his lover, Lige Clark, suffered some years later). I admired Jack his abil- ity to live in the past, present, and future. He was working for the future but could quote vast passages from Burns, Whitman, and others. Great writers and thinkers, voices from the past, were whispering in his ear, even when he wasn’t quoting them. As J. Louis Campbell illustrates on every page, Jack always saw homosexuality as simply one variation in the human conception of beauty. He never doubted that a time would come when the world would see it that way, so long as he and others labored to make that time come. You will read about Jack’s glorious life in this book. I consider myself blessed to have known Jack, to have been his intimate friend. My writing, especially my coining of the term homophobia and identifying the disease, owes a great deal to my long conversations with Jack. Without Jack, the word homophobia would not be here. After I’d been using the word in speeches for a few years, Jack gave me the chance to use it in articles. When writing for his newspaper, GAY, I found him to be the perfect editor—encouraging, loving, sometimes critical, but always fair. When Jack went to Florida, I missed him sorely. We still talked weekly over the phone and met occasionally on his trips to New York. Of course, I read his books and many articles. But it was not the same as seeing him or swimming together up at Tripp’s house. Whenever I needed advice or good cheer I called Jack. I am overjoyed that xii JACK NICHOLS, GAY PIONEER J. Louis Campbell has brought you so real a sense of Jack and his life. I cherish this book as a record of someone who has left his mark in so many ways. In a sense it is a book about society as much as about Jack. The two are inseparable. Dr. George Weinberg New York City Acknowledgments

The author wishes to thank Steve Yates, Jack Nichols’s best friend or, in the words of one of Nichols’ favorite Robert Burn’s poems, his John Anderson for forty years, for his readiness to provide information and images of Nichols’ life; Thomas Kraemer, scholar and founder of the Oregon State University Foundation, Magnus Hirsch- feld Fund for sexual orientation and gender identity research, for his dedication and constancy in reading and critiquing the manuscript; David Carter, author of Stonewall: The Riots That Sparked the Gay Revolution, for his generous contribution of his taped interviews with Nichols; Paul D. Cain, author of Leading the Parade: Conversations with America’s Most Influential Lesbians and Gay Men, for his generous contribution of a transcript of his interview with Nichols; and Dr. Bob Minor, author of Gay & Healthy in a Sick Society and founder of the Fairness Project in Kansas City, Missouri, Mark Meinke of the Rainbow History Project, and Jesse Monteagudo of GayToday, for their comments on early chapters.

Jack Nichols achieved an impressive record of firsts in the gay liberation movement: he was first to call for activists to formally and publicly challenge the psychiatric theory of homosexuality as a pathological condition; he helped organize the first movement-sponsored White House protest picket; though a declared agnostic, or what he called a spiritual atheist, he sought out clergymen and orga- nized the East Coast’s first ecumenical dialogue with gay activists, a group which later evolved into the Washington Area Council on Reli- gion and the Homosexual, meeting on the American University campus in Washington; and he was interviewed under the pseudonym Warren D. Adkins by Mike Wallace in one of the first nationally televised documentaries on homosexuality, to name just a few. Yet he did not consider himself a leader, protesting that leader was an attribution others made.1 He was, however, comfortable with the term pioneer, because it was a more objective term directly connected to what a person did in an historical context. David Carter, author of Stonewall: The Riots That Sparked the Gay Revolution (2004), asked Nichols if he ever doubted or despaired that anything would come of his efforts with the Mattachine Society of Washington, DC, starting out as they did with a simple mimeo- graphed newsletter, named the Gazette. Nichols said no and referred to Chinese philosopher Lao Tzu: “Lao Tzu explains it perfectly. ‘How do I know this integrity? Because it could all begin in me.’”2 Nichols expressed the self-assurance of Walt Whitman, author of the most influential book in his life, Leaves of Grass, and the poem “Song of Myself.” If Nichols’s work in the homosexual movement had to be reduced to a single idea, it would be the self-esteem Whit- man expressed. Nichols kept his eyes on the prize, even during times of difficulty: “I never did doubt that we were on the right track. I sometimes wondered how long it would take, but in any case I knew

Jack Nichols, Gay Pioneer © 2007 by The Haworth Press, Inc. All rights reserved. doi:10.1300/5842_c xv xvi JACK NICHOLS, GAY PIONEER we were doing things that had never been done before, and that some day it would make a difference.”3 Though Nichols was interested in his place in history,4 he was not interested in self-promotion.5 When it came to his relationship with Frank Kameny, he wrote that he was Tonto to Kameny’s Lone Ranger in the founding of the Washington, DC, Mattachine Society, “the nation’s first militant-activist gay civil liberties and social rights organization.”6 Nichols saw Kameny as a “larger-than-life kind of individual,” always remaining “grateful” to Kameny for helping him “hone and develop” his own viewpoint.7 While Nichols saw Kameny as the father of gay militancy, he saw Harry Hay as the founder of the modern gay movement with the es- tablishment of the Los Angeles Mattachine Foundation. Harry Hay was “the man who started it all.”8 Nichols saw differences between the East Coast and West Coast approaches to the movement. According to Nichols, in an interview with David Carter, gay equality activist Barbara Gittings once told him that the West Coast was more methodological, while the East Coast was more ideological, and he agreed with that assessment.9 Nichols further differentiated the two coastal wings of the movement in terms of policy and strategy in an interview with the author.10 With regard to policy, there were two differences: (1) the East Coast supported, after much persuasion, a national policy of rejecting the sickness theory of homosexuality and placing homosexuality on par with heterosexuality, while the West Coast supported a research policy, calling for more scientific research to determine if homosexuality was a sickness; and (2) the East Coast adopted a policy of demonstration as a legitimate form of moving movement issues forward, while the West Coast adopted a more conservative approach, which viewed picketing as too assertive, favoring instead less pronounced means of moving issues forward. With regard to strategy, there were also two differences: (1) the East Coast challenged publications purporting to show that homosexuality was a sickness, while the West Coast provided research subjects to scholars for more investigation; and (2) the East Coast looked past the people who were being oppressed to confront the oppressors, while the West Coast was geared toward social service referrals of the oppressed to compassionate psychologists and lawyers. The end re- Introduction xvii sult, according to Nichols, was that the East Coast provided the energy for the modern gay movement. The East Coast was the location of important demonstrations. The following timeline, in their own words, was prepared in January 2005, by Barbara Gittings, with contributions from gay activist Randy Wicker in September 200611:

September 19, 1964. The first gay picket! Sponsored by the League for Sexual Freedom, ten women and men (four gay and six straight supporters) picketed at the U.S. Army induction center on Whitehall Street in lower Manhattan to protest Army rejection of gays and issuance of less-than-honorable discharges. December 2, 1964. Four gay men and women picketed a psychoanalyst lecturing on “Homosexuality: A Disease” at Cooper Union in New York City. They demanded and received ten min- utes of rebuttal time for their spokesman. April 17 and 18, 1965. Pickets were spurred by news that Fidel Castro was going to put Cuban homosexuals in labor camps. There were ten DC Mattachine picketers, including Jack Nichols, at the White House on April 17, and twenty-nine picketers from the Homosexual League of New York, led by Randy Wicker, and the League for Sexual Freedom at the United Nations on April 18. The action was described in a brief article in the Wash- ington Afro American, April 20. Reporters from the New York Times and WTOP-TV were present. May 29, 1965. Thirteen people picketed in the second White House demonstration sponsored by the DC Mattachine, over prejudice in government. The picket drew coverage, either on the scene or in prior, interviews by the Associated Press, United Press International, Reuters, Agence France-Presse, the New York World-Telegram and Sun, TV networks, and the White House Press Corps. Stories reportedly appeared in the New York Times, the New York News, the Washington Star, the Orlando Sentinel, and the Chicago Sun-Times. June 26, 1965. Eighteen men and seven women participated in a DC Mattachine picket at the Civil Service Commission over ban on employment of gays, drawing brief mention next day in the Washington Post. xviii JACK NICHOLS, GAY PIONEER July 4, 1965. Forty-four people took part in the first of five annual July fourth pickets. The demonstration, called the Annual Reminder Day, took place at Independence Hall in Philadelphia to remind the public that a large group of citizens is denied the rights and equality promised by the Declaration of Independ- ence, including “life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness.” The demonstration was shown on late-night TV in Philadelphia and given a brief front-page mention in next day’s Philadelphia In- quirer. July 31, 1965. Sixteen people picketed at the Pentagon in a DC Mattachine demonstration, over antigay policies of the armed services. CBS-TV was on the scene for coverage, which was shown on evening TV in Washington. August 28, 1965. Fourteen picketers demonstrated in a DC Mattachine protest at the State Department on employment and security clearance issues. A story on the picket appeared in the Washington Post, August 29. Reporters were also on hand from CBS-TV, Agence France-Presse, and the Kansas City Star. September 26, 1965. Thirty people in San Francisco picketed at the Grace Cathedral to protest discrimination against a minister who was a straight ally. Stories of the demonstration appeared the next day in San Francisco’s Chronicle and Examiner. October 23, 1965. Forty-five demonstrators picketed the third DC Mattachine White House protest over the denial of equal opportunity in the United States. July 4, 1966, 1967, 1968, and 1969. The second, third, fourth, and fifth Annual Reminder Day pickets were held at Independ- ence Hall. There were almost 150 picketers in 1969, a week after the Stonewall Rebellion in New York City. Coverage appeared in the New York Times, July 5, 1969, the Philadelphia In- quirer on July 6, 1969, and in the Philadelphia Tribune on July 12, 1969. A photo of the event was published in New York Times Magazine, November 12, 1969, with an article by Webster Schott, “Civil Rights and the Homosexual: A Four-Million Mi- nority Asks for Equal Rights.” Introduction xix With his focus on the East, Nichols praised Stonewall as a water- shed event in the movement. But he pointed to the April 17, 1965, DC Mattachine picket of the White House and the April 18, 1965, joint picket of the United Nations by the Homosexual League of New York, led by Randy Wicker, and the League for Sexual Freedom as the sparks that lit the fire of the movement.12 He gave three reasons: (1) women took part, while there is no firm evidence that they did at Stonewall; (2) the Mattachine protested an important international issue, the imprisonment of homosexuals by Cuba’s dictator, Fidel Cas- tro; and (3) the Mattachine demonstrations were deliberate acts that were part of an agenda, as opposed to spontaneous behavior. Nichols believed that without the Mattachine pickets, Stonewall would have been less likely, or at least longer in coming. The Mattachine had set the stage for Stonewall. The East also hosted conferences of homosexual organizations. The first East Coast Homophile Organization (ECHO) conference was held on Labor Day weekend, 1963, at the Hotel Drake in downtown Philadelphia, timed to coincide with the American Psychologi- cal Association (APA) meeting nearby.13 The theme of the ECHO meeting was social acceptance for the homosexual, formalized as “Homosexuality: Time for Reappraisal.”14 ECHO gave a party—a press party—and almost no one came. “The Philadelphia newspapers stayed away en masse.” One freelance reporter attended and helped by folding brochures. On Friday, August 30, radio programs provided coverage. The Ed Harvey Show had a panel discussion of the homophile movement that included some of the major presenters at the conference, and on Friday night Frank Ford interviewed conference representatives from the Daughters of Bilitis and the DC Mattachine, for Red Benson’s Talk of the Town show.15 The conference proper began on Saturday morning, August 31. Donald Webster Cory, author of The Homosexual in America, spoke on “The Emergence of the American Homophile Movement;” R. E. L. Masters, author of The Homosexual Revolution, was ill and so a DC Mattachine representative read Masters’s paper, “The Homosexual Movement and the Effeminate Homosexual;” Reverend Edward Lee, of the Holy Trinity Episcopal Church in Philadelphia, spoke on religion and homosexuality at the noon luncheon; a panel of psychologists held a discussion during the afternoon about homosexuality; and Dr. Albert Ellis spoke at the evening banquet for an hour of what xx JACK NICHOLS, GAY PIONEER was described by polite listeners as “castigation,” as he called the “exclusive homosexual a psychopath.”16 Psychologists at the APA convention down the street “flocked” to ECHO to hear Ellis, so much so that many had to be turned away. Sunday afternoon, Dr. Frank Kameny spoke on “The Homosexual and the U.S. Government” and psychoanalyst Dr. Wainwright Churchill ended the conference with his presentation “The Need for an Objective Approach to Homosexu- ality.”17 The Second Annual ECHO Conference was held in Washington, DC, October 10 and 11, 1964, to discuss the theme “Civil Liberties and Social Rights.”18 The Ladder did a comprehensive four-part report on the conference.19 According to Nichols, and gay activist and photo journalist Kay (Tobin) Lahusen, less than 100 people attended because three hotels, in succession, cancelled reservations for the conference, making publicity impractical. The Sheraton Park Plaza hosted the conference with grace and enthusiasm. And the attendees were “dedicated to immediate action.”20 The Washington Post, Wash- ington Star, Jerusalem Times in Israel, and a Japanese-English newspaper were present. The last day of the conference included an infor- mal debate between Dr. Frank Kameny and psychologist Dr. Kurt Konietzko, titled “Education or Legislation.” Kameny supported legislation. Though the 1965 ECHO conference was originally announced for September 18 and 19 in New York City,21 the conference was held on September 25 and 26, 1965, at the Barbizon-Plaza Ho- tel.22 Nichols spoke at the conference, but the highlight of the conference was a speech by Harvard psychologist Dr. George Weinberg. Nichols and Weinberg met for the first time at the conference and became close friends. Nichols came to see Weinberg as his “mentor.” East and West, “strangers to each other,”23 came together in 1966 in Kansas City, Missouri, for the first National Planning Conference of Homophile Organizations (NPCHO), February 19 and 20.24 The conference was covered by the Kansas City Times in its February 21 issue. The delegates focused on planning communication, cooperation, and strategy for a national movement. Fifteen organizations were represented: the Citizens News (San Francisco), the Council on Religion and Homosexuality (San Francisco), the Daughters of Bilitis (San Francisco, New York, Chicago), the Janus Society (Phila- delphia), the Mattachine Society (Midwest-Chicago, Florida-Miami, New York-New York City, Philadelphia, San Francisco, Washington, Introduction xxi DC), One, Inc. (Los Angeles, Kansas City), Tangents (Los Angeles), the Society for Individual Rights (San Francisco), and the Tavern Guild (San Francisco). The meeting was chaired by the President of the Council on Religion and the Homosexual, Dr. Clarence Colwell of the United Church of Christ in San Francisco.25 In 1963, Nichols had urged the DC Mattachine to formally contest psychiatry’s view of homosexuality as a sickness, and in 1965 it did so. At the 1966 Kansas City National Planning Conference, Nichols sought a similar national statement confronting the sickness theory, but he failed to persuade delegates to join the DC Mattachine. The conference did, however, adopt a broadly based mission statement.26 Conference activities continued to grow and morph. For example, ECHO became ERCHO, the Eastern Regional Conference of Homo- phile Organizations, when the Chicago Mattachine joined ECHO.27 And by the 1968 conference in Chicago, NPCHO had become NACHO, the North American Conference of Homophile Organiza- tions. In the earliest years of the conferences, “suit and tie guys” put in place bureaucratic structures, “rules and regs” and “formalities” for membership.28 The annual meetings of the conferences typically had presentations and panels by professionals. And the ERCHO and NACHO conferences held together through 1969.29 Members grew increasingly restless, however, with professional presentations and wanted to talk about what they could do themselves. They were sur- rounded by an activist counter-culture and an antiwar environment. Finally, when Stonewall happened in 1969, the sea changed.30 The “CHO” structures faded away as the 1970 NACHO conference in San Francisco was characterized by little productivity and was disrupted by chaos and Gay Liberation Front protestors.31 After returning to Washington, DC, from the 1966 NPCHO meeting in Kansas City, the activist Nichols could not sit idly by the conference’s failure to adopt the DC Mattachine’s antisickness declaration. He undertook a detailed analysis of two leading treatises supporting the idea that homosexuals are sick and began to develop a larger vision of the success of gay liberation as dependent upon the success of liberating males, in general.32 He believed that liberating males from the pressures of machismo, a root cause of homophobia, would facilitate gay liberation.33 His later book on the subject, Men’s Liberation: A New Definition of Masculinity, was so titled by the publisher to capitalize on the fervor of women’s liberation in the 1970s.34 xxii JACK NICHOLS, GAY PIONEER But he preferred the term male liberation because it focused liberation on the individual man. He viewed the singular to be more direct and immediate, and thus powerful.35 Nichols was in a position to develop a perspective on the movement, in part, because he was a journalist, editor, and author. He authored the weekly column the “Homosexual Citizen,” in SCREW, between 1968 and 1973. He edited GAY, a homosexual newspaper, which started as a biweekly in 1969 and became the first weekly homosexual newspaper from April 20, 1970 until September 28, 1970. On October 12, 1970, it resumed a biweekly schedule due to distribu- tion and printing problems and published its last edition dated simply, July 1973. Nichols wrote the monthly “Homosexual Anarchist,” published in SCREW, from 1988 to 1999. He was author of “The Cala- mus Man” and a monthly OpEd column for The Weekly News (TWN) in Miami. At about the same time, he wrote erotic stories based on his life in “The Tomcat Chronicles” and its successor “The Calamus Chronicles” for a Florida gay bar guide, CONTAX. In the last years of his life (1997-2003), he was senior editor for the online GayToday, operated by Badpuppy. He wrote for 365gay.com shortly before his death. Nichols authored four books: Men’s Liberation: A New Definition of Masculinity (1975), Welcome to Fire Island: Visions of Cherry Grove and the Pines (1976), The Gay Agenda: Talking Back to the Fundamentalists (1996), and The Tomcat Chronicles: Erotic Adven- tures of a Gay Liberation Pioneer (2004). He co-authored two books with his lover, Lige Clarke: I Have More Fun with You Than Anybody (1972) and Roommates Can’t Always Be Lovers (1974). Nichols graduated from only one school, besides the school of hard knocks, and that was Somerset Elementary School in Chevy Chase, Maryland, in 1950. During a troubled adolescence, he attended six junior high schools (1950-1955) from Philadelphia to Mi- ami and three high schools in one school year (1955-1956). He earned a General Equivalency Diploma (GED) in 1960, at the age of twenty-two. During the years that he found formal education unsuit- able, the teenaged Nichols educated himself, accumulating an adult- level library of approximately 1,000 books on philosophy, religion, poetry, and politics. He attended public lectures, which abounded in Washington, DC, that most teenagers would have thought of as worse than corporal punishment if they had to listen. Introduction xxiii Nichols had an ivory-tower mind but a blue-collar attitude. He often survived as a gay activist and underground journalist by making a modest living in more mainstream jobs. Prior to 1968, he worked as a front desk clerk at several motels, a job he liked because it gave him time to read and write. He also worked as an office clerk at printing companies and technical schools, as a bouncer at a night club, and as a sales manager for friend and fellow activist Randy Wicker’s counter-culture button company, Underground Uplift Unlimited, Inc. In 1968, Nichols began full-time work as an editor of four magazines published by Countrywide Publications, and for the next ten years, he made a living with his writing and editing for SCREW, GAY, and Sexology, as well as his books. After leaving Sexology in 1978, Nichols wrote a manuscript titled “Sissies,” a discussion of drag that Penguin Books elected not to publish. Nichols then began a series of jobs at hotels and motels, at a liquor store, and as senior editor and columnist for the online GayToday from February 3, 1997, through September 30, 2004. Diagnosed in 1984 with a type of blood cancer known as Walden- strom’s macroglobulinemia, Nichols received a stem cell transplant in 1992 to prolong his life. After the transplant, he began receiving Supplemental Security Income (SSI), a monthly payment made to persons who are unable to be gainfully employed because of a condition that is terminal or so severe that it will last at least twelve months. Paid out of general tax revenues rather than Social Security taxes, SSI helps disabled persons meet basic needs like food, shelter, and clothing. Nichols received SSI until he died in 2005. This book is part personal biography and part overview of Nichols’s work flowing from that biography. A number of Nichols’s known columns penned under his real name were not available: 1969 and 1982 columns for The Advocate, 1976 columns for David Magazine (Miami), 1979 through 1981 columns for The Gazette (Atlanta, Georgia), 1988 columns for A Friendly Voice (Tampa), the 1988 through 1991 fictional column, “Drop the Soap,” for ETC. Magazine (Atlanta), and 2004 columns for 365gay.com. Some publications he edited were also not accessible, namely, Companion, Strange Un- known, Jaguar, and Stud for Countrywide Publications (1968-1969), Sexology Magazine (1977-1978), and The Sentinel (San Francisco; 1981). Nichols is known to have written under the pseudonym War- ren D. Adkins, the articles under which are included in the bibliogra- xxiv JACK NICHOLS, GAY PIONEER phy. However, he wrote under several more pen names, some of which are known to the author but held in confidence and some of which are not known to the author and may not be known even to his closest friends. Nichols donated materials to a number of collec- tions, including those at The Pennsylvania State University, Duke University, and the New York Public Library (where some letters are sealed until 2047 to honor the confidence of the correspondent). “Reflections in the Bubble Room” opens with Nichols in the “bubble room” of the Moffitt Cancer Center, in Tampa, in September 1992, reflecting on his life. The fortitude with which he lived and was facing death was a reflection of a family culture going back to his an- cestors from the Scottish Highlands and Lowlands. He revisited the source of his work’s foundation concept, that gender is socially constructed. The chapter concludes with a discussion of androgyny, the social construction he had suggested to loosen gender demands on men and women. “Dining Room Memories” explores the dining room as a key location in Nichols’s home, both for Nichols’s mother as she grew up and later for Nichols. It was at the dining room table where they both heard recitations of Robert Burns’s poetry. Nichols internalized the substance of Scotland’s national poet, committing many poems to memory, ready for use later in his discourse. A question arose, however, as to Nichols’s interpretation of one such poem, requiring a trip back to eighteenth century Scotland and male relationships of that period. “Burgeonings” discusses Nichols’s graduation into his teenage years, where questions of sexual orientation, gender identity, and activism manifested. Though not without hindsight humor, the time was disorderly and stressful. The acting-out behavior of Nichols, namely, his repeated running away, was particularly notable because he always ran to his Iranian friends, who lived not far from his grand- parents and mother. An analysis of Nichols’s behavior demonstrates what he was looking for. “Bertie’s Deal” introduces the second most significant woman in Nichols’s life (after his mother), Alice Deal Junior High School prin- cipal Bertie Backus. As Nichols floundered within the tightly structured system of public education, it was Backus who intervened, giving him the freedom of independent exploration and support for his discoveries. It was she who gave him the homoerotic Leaves of Grass Introduction xxv by Walt Whitman. Later, Nichols declared Whitman to be the foun- tainhead of the gay movement and discussed his movement strategy growing out of Whitman. “Shrinking the Shrinks” deals with a gratifying period in Nichols’s early Mattachine involvement. Though Nichols spent a portion of those early years tomcatting around, confronting the psychiatric es- tablishment’s view that homosexuals are sick was one of his chief Mattachine goals. He wrote a letter successfully exhorting the DC Mattachine to oppose the psychiatric theory that homosexuals are sick. He reduced psychiatric arguments to nonscientific stature in two essays he wrote in the DC Mattachine Society’s newsletter, The Ho- mosexual Citizen. “Lige Signs On” explores Nichols’s evolutionary and revolutionary relationship with his lover Lige Clarke, a member of the military serving in the Communications Division of the Army Chief of Staff in the Pentagon. The relationship was at times turbulent, but Clarke helped Nichols achieve in practice what he had been preaching in theory. They became the most famous homosexuals in America with the “Homosexual Citizen” column that appeared in Screw magazine. “Quiet in the Holler” continues a discussion of Nichols’s relationship with Clarke, including Clarke’s murder in Mexico. Before Clarke’s death, they had solidified their fame in the homosexual community by editing the country’s first homosexual weekly newspaper, GAY. Each issue presented news articles and lifestyle commentaries deal- ing with the three facets of the homosexual community, so that no one would be left out. “Free the Willies” focuses on Nichols’s early expressions of anar- chistic thinking in Welcome to Fire Island: Visions of Cherry Grove and the Pines, but more elaborately in his book on freeing males in general, Men’s Liberation: A New Definition of Masculinity.As Nichols promoted Men’s Liberation, he deepened a relationship with a female impersonator he had met earlier, Logan Carter, whose strong resemblance to the murdered Clarke led Nichols into a codependent and problematic association. But Nichols learned more about androgyny from Carter, leading Nichols to write “Sissies,” an unpublished manuscript about drags that attempted to free males from gender constriction there, as well. “Amerika, America” focuses on Nichols’s anger as the AIDS crisis grew with little apparent concern from U.S. Presidents Ronald Rea- xxvi JACK NICHOLS, GAY PIONEER gan and George H. W. Bush. Diagnosed in 1984 with Waldenstrom’s macroglobulinemia, a type of blood cancer, Nichols expressed anar- chistic anger in his essay “Amerika, Amerika,” written through high fever and chemotherapy, and later in the column “Homosexual Anar- chist,” published in SCREW. “Last Will and Testament” focuses on Nichols’s experimental stem cell transplant in 1992 and his contemplation of death. Uncertain of how much time he had left, he began leaving his ideas for others to contemplate as the only last will and testament he would leave. He mentored people in his life and served as senior editor of the online journal GayToday, writing and editing. Nichols died on May 2, 2005. Jack Nichols was born in 1938, the year of the tiger in the Chinese calendar. In pondering Nichols’s life, the author hopes to suggest some answers to the questions posed in William Blake’s poem “The Tyger”:

Tyger, tyger, burning bright In the forests of the night, What immortal hand or eye Could frame thy fearful symmetry?

In what distant deeps or skies Burnt the fire of thine eyes? On what wings dare he aspire? What the hand dare seize the fire?

And what shoulder and what art Could twist the sinews of thy heart? And when thy heart began to beat, What dread hand and what dread feet?

What the hammer? what the chain? In what furnace was thy brain? What the anvil? What dread grasp Dare its deadly terrors clasp?

When the stars threw down their spears, And water’d heaven with their tears, Did He smile His work to see? Did He who made the lamb make thee? Introduction xxvii Tyger, tyger, burning bright In the forests of the night, What immortal hand or eye Dare frame thy fearful symmetry?36 Chapter 1

Reflections in the Bubble Room

September 1992 Moffitt Cancer Research Center Tampa, Florida

I may die here, I tell myself, looking about at a tiny fourth-floor hospital room. Pressing my nose against the singular window, I peer across green lawns. Below, though I can’t hear it, dances a fountain. The chamber is equipped with a noisy air device—limiter flow—cre- ating what is commonly called a bubble room. Doctors will give me massive doses of toxic drugs and within days I’ll be left without an immune system. If I were I to leave this room, I’d soon expire, ex- posed to the elements. Hopefully, while waiting through the following weeks, my immune system will—after an injection of stored stem cells—grow slowly back . . . . Years have flown since I was a young boy dressed in tartans, then celebrating the birth of Scotland’s poet, Robert Burns, singing “Auld Lang Syne,” holding tight to friendly Highland hands. My kilt—a warrior male’s skirt—had been a metaphor of things to come. . . . I . . . had invaded protected domains, those of conventional masculinity. I’d advanced on machismo’s holy of holies, calmly tossing blasphemies across its decaying altars . . . . Now, facing my possible demise, I close my eyes and return to childhood, hearing chants of Highland celebrants. Robert Burns’ best-known poem offers their theme. “Should auld acquaintance be forgot,” they sing, “and never brought to mind?” Adjusting my sash, I look about at this smiling Scottish circle and turn to see my grandfather’s proud face. As the chorus swells I can read his lips. “We’ll tak a cup o’ kindness yet . . . .”1

Jack Nichols, Gay Pioneer © 2007 by The Haworth Press, Inc. All rights reserved. doi:10.1300/5842_01 1 2 JACK NICHOLS, GAY PIONEER Jack Nichols, born on March 16, 1938, joined the smiling Scottish circle in the singing of “Auld Lang Syne” on May 2, 2005, when he died of complications from a long struggle with cancer. His journey to the bubble room at the Moffitt Cancer Center started in 1984. The gay cancer, an early descriptor for acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), had begun to dance through the population, an unin- vited guest at a masque. In a 1984 climate where people were afraid to be tested, afraid to know, the forty-six-year-old Nichols believed that his obligation as a pioneer included his willingness to face the questions of mortality that others could not or would not. As part of a medical checkup, he asked that his blood be tested for the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). The results were negative for HIV, yet there was something else. The doctor asked for two more samples of blood and a sample of bone marrow, and when testing was com- plete, he summoned Nichols to his office. “You have Waldenstrom’s macroglobulinemia,” the doctor said. “Macro what?” Nichols asked, after a moment of stillness. The doctor explained that the disease was a rare, incurable blood thickening cancer and projected that Nichols would die of a stroke or heart attack. “How long?” asked Nichols. “It’s hard to say,” replied the doctor. “With intravenous chemotherapy, five, maybe even ten years.” Breaking the news to his mother and close friends, Nichols actually felt lucky. “I drove past a motorcycle accident . . . and saw two bodies lying covered by the roadside,” he told them. “At least I’ve got time to reflect.” And during the next eight years, Nichols persevered through daily and monthly treatments of drugs and chemotherapy. Now, in 1992, at age 54, and with time running out, he lay in the bubble room at Moffitt, undergoing an experimental procedure designed to prolong his life. The procedure required that blood stem cells be removed from his own bone marrow, after which he would be treated with a massive dose of chemotherapy sufficient to destroy his cancer, as well as his immune system. His body defenseless, he would be vulnerable to the slightest complication. Thus, he was sealed in a sterile bubble room in order to guard against opportunistic diseases and infections. On completion of the intense therapy, the blood stem cells previously ex- tracted from Nichols’s bone marrow would be returned to his body to, theoretically, produce new blood and restore his immune system. Reflections in the Bubble Room 3 The procedure was successful, and in the winter of 1992, Nichols became a poster boy for stem-cell therapies. The head nurse at Moffitt said that she had never encountered anyone with a more positive outlook. Nichols affirmed that he stayed “positive, always.”2 The resilience of Nichols’s body and the constancy of his positive attitude are reflections in the bubble room of forces, both distant and proxi- mate, of a family culture historically willing to challenge convention and supersede obstacles.

The Isle of Lewis

For centuries, Scots have had a strong belief in themselves, perhaps drawing energy from Scotland’s two geographically and historically distinct cultures: the Highlands, composed of people living in the mainland hills and the isles in the west and north, and the Low- lands, composed of people living along the coast and on the mainland plains.3 The northern-most Highlands lie within the Arctic Circle in the Land of the Midnight Sun. The Scottish Highlands tout the highest mountains and the longest, deepest inland waters in Great Britain. In the midst of this natural bombast is a hardy humanity constituting Britain’s lowest density of population. Nichols’s maternal family record begins in Tong, Scotland, on the Highland Isle of Lewis.4 Lewis is virtually treeless, with rugged cliffs overlooking an equally rugged North Atlantic Ocean. The Isle is approximately 500 miles south of the Arctic Circle, on the edge of which for at least one day in June the sun does not set and neither does it rise for at least one day in December. It is a fisherman’s domain of beaches, lakes, hills, streams, and yards with small gardens of flowers and vegetables. The impoverished soil of the Isle makes large-scale agriculture impossible. Peat, a vegetable tissue containing carbon elements, is a major source of heat and is cut and stacked to dry outside of homes, as if cords of wood. The people of Lewis are rugged out of necessity, warm and friendly out of desire. Nichols’s grandfather, Murdo Finlayson (1884-1972), grew up on Lewis as one of seven Finlayson children. Murdo, whom Nichols would affectionately call Poppop, worked on a fishing boat, the Noth- ing, as a cook and a coiler, coiling the ropes as they surfaced with the fishing nets. It was hard labor to which Murdo frequently referred as a benchmark of endurance and success whenever he went through 4 JACK NICHOLS, GAY PIONEER rough waters in life—“Well, I was at one time a cook and a coiler.” Murdo, physically strong and “positive, always,” was centered on his work ethic, his service, and his love of Scotland.

Going to America

Murdo and one of his brothers, John, decided to become carpenters and immigrate to America, as so many did, for a better life. They attended the Nicholson Institute in Stornoway, Scotland, and learned basic carpentry. Murdo would later learn engineering drawing at Chi- cago Tech.5 In April 1906, John left Scotland for North America, with Murdo following in June. They reunited in Winnipeg, Canada. That same year, San Francisco was devastated by an earthquake and fire. So, in September, John went to San Francisco, followed by Murdo in October, to work in construction rebuilding the city. In 1910, they moved to Chicago and formed what would become one of the leading commercial and industrial building firms in Chicago, the Finlayson Brothers. On April 16, 1914, the Finlayson bothers married the Renwick sisters, Murdo wedding Euphemia (1891-1968), whom Nichols would affectionately call Nana, and John marrying Agnes. The Renwick sisters were Lowlanders, the daughters of Thomas Renwick, a shepherd in Bedrule, Scotland. The Renwick children were educated in a school on the estate where their father worked. In 1908, when Euphemia was seventeen, Thomas Renwick and his family moved to Winnipeg. Thomas ultimately bought a farm in the Ryerson District, which he farmed successfully until his death in 1936. Canadian nights were so cold that Euphemia and her siblings would go to bed near a pot of boiling water. When they awoke the next morning, their hair would be frozen to their pillows. Hard work and a cold climate fostered great strength and resolve in Nana, just as being a cook and a coiler had in Poppop. The combination of two Scottish cultures produced occa- sional friendly sparring, and after marrying the Highlander Murdo, the Lowlander Euphemia joked the rest of her life that she was put on this earth to tame a Highlander. But their relationship was always loving, gentle, and full of laughter. Their perspectives on life would find expression in their daughter, Mary, and her son, Jack Nichols. At work, Murdo supervised the office operations of the Finlayson Brothers, while John supervised field operations. The company was Reflections in the Bubble Room 5 involved in major downtown Chicago construction, for example, the Blackstone Theatre, the Blackstone Hotel, the Palmer House Hotel, and a Scottish Rite building. The company also built apartment houses in Chicago and neighboring Indiana. The brothers built a unique home for their families in Wilmette, a north-shore suburb of Chicago. The structure linked two houses on a large corner lot, each house facing a different street. They were attached at the center, sharing a common front porch and a common basement. Each house contained three bedrooms, two baths, a nursery, den, kitchen, living room, and dining room. The shared front door to both houses led into a vestibule where separate doors into each home often stood open, al- lowing unfettered access for members of both families and fostering a feeling of close camaraderie. The architectural concept of his mother’s childhood home tickled an adult Nichols when he learned of it. Two houses connected in the middle, with free and open passage into each, promoting close camaraderie, would become a metaphori- cal template for his ideas about gender and androgyny, houses of masculinity and femininity connected so that people could move freely into either or both of the two houses, in close camaraderie. As the Great Depression descended on the economy, Finlayson Brothers folded. Nevertheless, Murdo and John continued to submit bids to build post offices in Virginia, and the two families moved east to Bethesda, Maryland, where they crammed into one five bedroom house. The house had a peculiar configuration that made staying warm in winter difficult. Even so, the house was open to any extended family members who needed a place to stay in hard times. In the meantime, the brothers started their construction business again, building homes in Virginia, the District of Columbia, and the Mary- land suburbs of Chevy Chase, Bethesda, and Westmoreland. Murdo believed that everything Scottish was superior and was ready, willing, and able to argue the point with anyone. So it came as no surprise that when he discovered the St. Andrew’s Society of Washington, DC, he joined. The society is named for Scotland’s pa- tron saint and is dedicated to charitable and educational assistance to Scots, to perpetuation of Scottish culture, and to the promotion of social activities among the members. The DC chapter, established in 1908, reconstituted the Alexandria, Virginia, chapter, founded in 1760. Murdo served as president from 1939 to 1942 and as chairman of the Board of Trustees from 1957 to 1958. He re-energized the So- 6 JACK NICHOLS, GAY PIONEER ciety, making it one of the most prestigious organizations in the city. The society’s Robert Burns Banquet, in particular, drew the likes of Dwight Eisenhower, Douglas MacArthur, Peter Marshall, and Su- preme Court Justice William O. Douglas.

Mary Halliday Finlayson

Nichols’s mother, Mary (1915-2005), was born to Murdo and Euphemia Finalyson in Chicago.6 She loved living in the double house in Wilmette, and on a block with dozens of playmates. Mary showed early signs of a strong will and an undaunted independence when Wilmette held a show for registered dogs. Mary insisted to her mother that her dog, Trixie, be allowed to participate in the show. Af- ter all, Trixie was a famous brand, a Heinz 57. Euphemia did everything she could think of to persuade Mary that Trixie was not a breed of dog recognized by the dog show. But Mary would not take “no” for an answer, and thus began her life of activism. Euphemia took Mary and Trixie to the show, where Mary refocused her insistence on the show’s directors. Euphemia’s pet name for Mary was brown sugar, because Mary was sweet but unrefined. However, refined or not, Mary won the argument. The directors of the show conferred and created a new category, Cutest Dog In Show, in which Trixie won the blue ribbon. Mary was “joyless” about moving from Illinois, where she attended the acclaimed New Trier High School, to Maryland, where she attended Bethesda–Chevy Chase High School. The change provided new opportunities, however, for her to sharpen her activist ten- dencies. One of her English teachers gave her C grades without ever returning any of her papers. So, Mary went to the teacher, demanding her papers be returned. The teacher started giving Mary A grades but still did not return any of her papers. Mary discovered a pragmatic counterpoint to her activism and declared victory, accepting the new circumstances. While in high school, Mary met and fell in love with Dick Nichols, an athlete and big man on campus. After her graduation, Murdo and Euphemia asked her to wait for at least a year before marrying. Reluc- tant to wait, as any teenager in love, but devoted to her parents, Mary agreed. In 1935, after the year had passed, Mary and Dick were wed. Reflections in the Bubble Room 7 Characteristically, Mary instructed the minister to eliminate the word obey from her wedding vows. In 1937, Mary and Dick received the happy news that Mary was pregnant. Accepting an offer to play baseball for the Chicago White Sox, Dick left for spring training in 1938. On March 16, 1938, John Richard Nichols Jr. was born, an event Dick celebrated by hitting the first home run of the White Sox’s season. But the desire to be with his family led Dick to give up baseball and return home. Working as a tour guide at the FBI, he began law school. Mary gladly worked to help finance his schooling, but was “aghast” when he announced that he hoped to become a policeman. She insisted that he become an FBI agent. Other differences between the couple, both large and small, continued to surface and grow, eventually becoming irreconcilable. Mary and Dick separated in 1941, shortly before he joined the army. They divorced after his return from active duty in World War II. Mary now began diligently building a career. After working at clerical jobs during the day and going to business school at night, she accepted a position as an executive secretary in the Washington Gas Light Company. Her business talents quickly surfaced, and she moved up the professional ladder with a position at IBM, first in typewriter sales and then in systems engineering. When a manager expressed re- luctance to promote her to the Systems Department because she lacked a college degree, she explained that the courses she had taken in child psychology would enable her to work well with men in the business world! Her Scottish chutzpah won the day, and she became a systems engineer, developing IBM systems for businesses and government agencies in Washington, Miami, and Philadelphia. Taking early retirement from IBM, Mary joined Pan American Airlines and General Dynamics at Cape Canaveral, continuing to work in systems management and development. She was the only woman in management at General Dynamics at that time. After suing the company for discrimination and winning, she left General Dy- namics and obtained a real estate license in Florida. Following, in her own way, in the footsteps of Finalyson Brothers, she bought, rented, and sold five houses and three condominiums. In 1980, she married a retired Air Force officer, Ted Lund, and continued her activism as a charter member of the Cocoa Beach Citizen’s Action Committee, fighting city fathers, special interest groups, and any developers who threatened the quality of life in Cocoa Beach. While both of her par- 8 JACK NICHOLS, GAY PIONEER ents supported her drive for a career, Mary believed that she took more after her father, who taught her, “don’t take any guff from anybody,” and “you can do anything you want to do.”7 Mary died August 22, 2005, nearly four months after her son.

A Father and a Fairy

Nichols’s father went to war when Nichols was only three years old. He thought of his young son while fighting the Japanese in the Pacific, sending him an aluminum bracelet with a heart on it made from the side of a downed Japanese plane. And when he returned from New Guinea at the end of World War II, he visited with Nichols on Sundays for a period of three years, going to movies, eating Sun- day dinner with paternal relatives, playing baseball, which Nichols soon found boring, or going on field trips to government buildings. On all Sunday excursions, Nichols Sr. gave his son, Jack, lessons on what it meant to be a real man. He persistently focused on behaviors he believed would help his son fit the masculine mold—how to talk the talk, walk the walk, and sit, when to make and when to avoid eye contact, and above all how not to be, in today’s vernacular, a “girlie man.” It was Nichols’s first introduction to “gender role,” or the “expectations about which behaviors are appropriate, acceptable, or anticipated ...inagivensetting or situation because that person is male or female,”8 and a coming-of-age passing of the baton of masculinity from father to son in the developmental process of “gender identity.”9 Though Nichols was fond of his dad, he chose the fairy persuasion. Walt Disney’s film classic Pinocchio was released in 1941, and Nich- ols’s mother took him to see it on an “our day” in 1944. Nichols’s mother worked during the week, so on the weekend they always had an “our day” devoted to sharing each other’s company.10 Nichols was captivated by the Blue Fairy in Pinocchio and trick-or-treated in “Blue Fairy drag” on Halloween. He fantasized about Fairyland, buy- ing the movie soundtrack and repeatedly listening to the movie’s songs. He was especially moved by the line in the Blue Fairy’s theme, “When You Wish Upon a Star,” that said “if your heart is in your dream, no request is too extreme.” In Pinocchio, the wooden boy was fooled into going to Pleasure Isle where he met a macho boy named Lampwick. Encouraged by the Reflections in the Bubble Room 9 owner of the island to smoke, drink, vandalize, and play pool, Lamp- wick engaged in macho posing, strutting, and acting like a tough guy. Lampwick turned into a jackass before Pinocchio’s eyes; Pinocchio sprouted donkey’s ears and a tail. The scene scared six-year-old Nichols and fueled a revulsion to this type of male behavior. Eventu- ally, the Blue Fairy saved Pinocchio, teaching him how to be a real boy: “Prove yourself brave, truthful, and unselfish, and someday you’ll be a real boy. Choose between right and wrong. Your conscience will tell you. Be a good boy. Always let your conscience be your guide.” Nichols never consciously compared the gender lessons he had received from his father and those he had received from the Blue Fairy. But he “passionately” loved the movie, its songs, and its lessons. He gave Pinocchio elevated station in the hierarchy of his influences. “The songs from Disney’s Pinocchio were my childhood hymns.” Nichols never gave his father’s instructions a second thought, at least not as guidelines for maleness.

What Makes a Man a Man

His mother’s breakthrough success in making her way in the male- dominated corporate world and the appeal of the Blue Fairy’s lessons in boyhood seeded Nichols’s adult activism. When it was possible that Nichols might die during his stem-cell transplant in 1992, on the very night doctors destroyed his immune system with drugs, he chose to watch Pinocchio in the bubble room. It seemed a fitting choice. What better final reflection in the bubble room? Issues of masculinity had been the central theme of Nichols’s work to liberate the human spirit of people who felt trapped by ill-fitting gender expectations. Nichols had devoted his life to challenging hegemonic masculinity, the construction of a gender practice that legitimated pa- triarchy, and male domination of women and homosexuals.11 Nichols’s early understanding that ideals of masculinity are taught, an understanding gleaned from the father and the fairy, is a social- constructionist view, resting on the premise that, in the words of sociologists, “men are not born ...tofollow a predetermined biological imperative encoded in their physical organization . . . they are made. . . . within a social and historical context.”12 The idea that, beyond the most basic anatomy, differences between men and women are socially constructed has been around since at least 1792.13 While basic 10 JACK NICHOLS, GAY PIONEER anatomy is “done to” us through biological processes, we “do” gender, or in other words, “we create and re-create our own gendered identities within the contexts of our interactions with others and within the institutions we inhabit.”14 Social processes and practices give meaning to genetic maleness and femaleness.15 Nichols’s early experiences blossomed into a wide-ranging indict- ment of existing gender constructions of masculinity in his Men’s Liberation: A New Definition of Masculinity.16 Implicitly rejecting his father’s lessons on how to be masculine, Nichols argued that males are constrained by a cultural construction of masculinity in areas of intellect, feeling, intuition, mind, roles, instincts, playfulness, competition, violence, work, dominance, politics, and sexuality, that harm their capabilities of thinking, feeling, and acting in appropriate and constructive ways. Results of the harm could be seen in the vari- ous dimensions of their lives and relationships with both males and females. Men’s Liberation was highly successful, and Nichols toured the country speaking to thousands of people ready to break the bonds of masculinism, a philosophical view that males must be one way in order to be acceptable as men. As part of the tour, Nichols delivered a speech arranged by Penguin Books, “What Makes a Man a Man?” to the Sociologists for Women in Society on August 30, 1976.17 In the speech, Nichols emphasized that masculinist thinking is taught at an early age. It is not freely chosen by boys but rather “pushed by society on its sons” with greater zeal than religious beliefs. He based that conclusion on his own experiences. He described his father’s at- tempts to inculcate the dominant vision of masculinity when he was eight and the initiatives of a maternal uncle who taught him tech- niques of violence a year later. Nichols believed the damage is often done to boys by the age of seven. They have been taught what to do and what not to do, what to say and what not to say, and what to be interested in as boys, by what Nichols called scarecrow tactics. The gender-role trainers implant symbolic scarecrows in boys’ minds. For example, the sissy scarecrow is erected so that the boy will avoid feminine territory. Nichols believed that, ironically, adult females in the boys’ lives, who are themselves oppressed by the masculine hegemony, become primary teachers of the hegemony for their children and grandchildren. Reflections in the Bubble Room 11 Nichols lamented that as boys grow older and move out of the home schooling of gender into more institutional systems, for example, schools, they “pool their visions” of masculinity. As they ascend the ladder of formal education, they continue to broaden their shared visions, perhaps in contexts like competitive sports or ROTC or Greek fraternities. The problem with this social construction is that it produces what Nichols called dispirited males, who are poor at self- disclosure, lack insight and empathy, and are incompetent lovers. The solution Nichols offered was the social construction of a more androgynous gender identity, a concept from humanist psychologist Carl Jung, that would allow men and women to share traditional gender roles with the other; everyone would be allowed to show varying manifestations of masculine and feminine qualities.18 Nichols’s androgyny was not a third sex or gender, but rather an openness in and out of the houses of the two genders, analogous to Mary Finlayson’s childhood home with two houses under one roof. Androgyny refers to the combination of masculine and feminine traits in one individual, according to that individual’s nature, the combination producing a human potential greater in both breadth and depth.19 Nichols believed, with Jung and others, that to achieve wholeness, the masculine and feminine in each individual must be integrated, and that without such unity, interpersonal relationships could suffer.20 In 1977, a year after this speech, Nichols had an opportunity to elaborate on the construction of androgyny when the Men’s Center in New York City invited him to draft what was perhaps the men’s movement’s first “Statement of Purpose.”21 In the document, Nichols intuitively adopted the view of sociologists that social construction occurs in “practices,” daily actions of people and groups that deal with their historical situations. Practices, “what people actually do, not . . . what is expected or imagined,” occur over time in at least three key sites: (1) the individual life, (2) discourse, ideology, and culture, and (3) social institutions like the state, the workplace, and the school.22 Nichols made fifteen specific recommendations for practices, designed to accomplish the social construction of a new androgynous masculinity, spanning each of the key construction sites. The individual life was of special concern for Nichols because he believed that “all politics is personal.” This idea was represented met- aphorically for him in the television sitcom Alf, in which an alien, Alf, fell to earth and into the lives of a human family. The little boy in the 12 JACK NICHOLS, GAY PIONEER family asked his mother if they could keep the furry alien. She said no. The little boy then pointed out that “they got to keep E.T.,” to which his mother replied that E.T. was fictional, but “this is real—it’s on our coffee table.”23 For Nichols, gender construction had to be personal, “on the coffee table,” to be real and spread to the larger community. Thus, Nichols suggested the following practices for the individual life:

• Teach and practice noncompetitive play and relaxation. • Develop physical health and bodily awareness without traditional rigidity. • Facilitate consciousness-raising groups to eliminate the negative effects of conventional roles and to generate positive effects of androgyny. • Develop guidelines for consciousness-raising to foster individual and collective illumination and potential. • Operate local conferences for people who seek information about the men’s liberation movement. • Develop groups for disseminating new perspectives on relationships and sexuality that are not colored by conventional gender- role expectations.

Nichols’s action plans for the individual life sought to loosen the high degree of structure males seem to have in their lives. Nichols believed that play, especially competitive play, in the individual child’s life is too structured. He identified three disadvantages to the rigidity of having a goal and always pursuing it. First, it blinds the male to the joy, insight, and creativity of “spontaneous combustion.” Second, it carries over into other areas of the individual adult life, including the bedroom, leading the male to overlook the legitimate interests of other people. And third, it blinds the male to other means of achieving results. Nichols remembered a competition of American and Mexi- can children, in which the subjects played a game; the winners were those who cooperated the best. American children lost every time. Rigidity is also characteristic of males’ body images and how they relate to other male bodies. Nichols submitted the example of how a football player, helmeted and puffed up in padded gear, may pat another fully-armored football player on the behind, especially if the patting happens on a football field bounded by yard markers and sur- Reflections in the Bubble Room 13 rounded by a steel and concrete enclosure, in front of tens of thousands of witnesses who can attest that the touching followed the rules. But in less armored and structured circumstances, males are quite controlled, unwilling to even look at one another’s bodies. Nichols became aware of androgyny in the early 1970s and began meeting with other men at the Men’s Center in New York City. Guidelines for the groups were ad hoc and flexible but always sought to promote the emotional comfort and ease of the men attending. Nichols wanted to meet males where they were, emotionally. Thus, his overriding concern with the consciousness-raising groups he suggested was that they provide a psychologically safe place where males could examine their vulnerabilities and communicate about them free of the rigidity of traditional gender roles. Nichols realized that things on coffee tables often sat gathering dust and that gender construction would not be quick or easy. To facilitate the process, he prepared a set of action plans for the remaining two key sites of social construction. In the area of discourse, ideology, and culture, Nichols made the following proposals:

• Develop liaisons with other groups working toward freedom from prescribed gender roles. • Develop library resources, reading lists, and speakers’bureaus. • Maintain records and teach the roots of the men’s liberation movement to provide historical continuity and philosophic perspective. • Maintain contact with local men’s groups in the international network, exchanging information and supporting projects of mutual interest.

And in the area of social institutions, Nichols recommended the following steps:

• Develop liaisons with, and educational programs for those institutions which affect popular consciousness, including religious denominations, government agencies, legislative bodies, newspapers, television stations, radio stations, schools, universities, professional guilds of librarians, social scientists, psychologists and psychiatrists. 14 JACK NICHOLS, GAY PIONEER • Mobilize groups of articulate men as media subjects (especially those who have chosen inner direction over social pressures in job selection, or those who have had positive experiences being supervised by women). • Organize groups for the encouragement of new perspectives on working, stressing usefulness to others, creativity, and pleasure without focus on money, power or status. • Operate groups focusing on political awareness, emphasizing self-regulating nonhierarchical co-operative (noncompetitive) values on local levels. • Form and maintain ad hoc committees, including those for programs, conferences, publications, careers, divorcing men, and other topics of concern.

The form of Nichols’s “Statement of Purpose” is organic and arises from Nichols’s love of Walt Whitman’s Leaves of Grass, especially the third edition, which played a critical role in Nichols’s life. A mechanic form of poetry is a predetermined structure that the poet impresses on material, for example, imposing a particular rhythm or rhyme. The poet speaks through the subject. In gender construction, people are typed with gender roles in a mechanical way. Practices, customs, processes, values, and expectations are imposed on them from the time they are born and celebrated in blue for boys and pink for girls.24 On the other hand, in the organic form of poetry, the subject of the poetry “shapes, as it develops, itself from within.”25 Ralph Waldo Emerson defined the organic form of poetry by comparing the poet and the subject of the poetry to parents and a new baby, the parents being “merely channels through which the child’s nature flowed.”26 Thus, in an organic form, the poet is merely the channel through which his or her subject’s nature flows. The subject speaks through the poet. Whitman reflected on the organic form he employed in Leaves of Grass, as he talked of how he merely “suggests,” saying, “I round and finish little, if anything; and could not, consis- tently with my scheme. The reader will always have his or her part to do, just as I have had mine.”27 Nichols, too, rounded and finished little, to be consistent with his scheme that persons had to become who they were individually. In his “Statement of Purpose,” the organic form was realized as he urged the creation of discussion groups. His part was merely suggestion. The discussion groups would allow gender concepts to develop in a Reflections in the Bubble Room 15 “spontaneous unfolding,”28 showing the character of participants, and thus freeing them from the masculinist oppressions imposed from without. Androgyny would emerge according to each person’s nature. Everyone in the discussion could see the possibilities and could freely move in and out of the houses of gender. He recommended guidelines for consciousness-raising groups, a mechanistic- sounding suggestion. But his experience with the Men’s Center’s consciousness-raising group guidelines was that they were “ad hoc and flexible,” so that every individual could feel emotionally safe as who they uniquely were. Thus, even Nichols’s concept of group guidelines was organic. Nichols placed communication at the core of his fifteen-part plan, either in terms of hosting communication events to discuss masculin- ities or in being prepared to communicate ideas in response to inqui- ries. Grounding social construction in communication is important because “society emerges and continues to exist through communication of significant symbols ....”29 The social construction of reality occurs as people “talk it, write it, and argue it.”30 The discourse may be formal within institutional settings or conversational within interpersonal relationships.31 Thus, social construction has occurred in the narratives or stories cultures tell about themselves,32 in the rituals or ceremonies people celebrate,33 in the language people use, including metaphor, myth, euphemism, figures of speech, and dictionary definitions,34 in a society’s laws,35 in art,36 and in daily gossip, jokes, and chatter.37 Social construction is a “project pursued over a period of many years and through many twists and turns” and must avoid being mechanistic in order to “make the full range of gender symbolism and practice available to all people.”38 It is no easy task. In identity move- ments that seek an adjustment in the ways that have created and sus- tained inequalities in race, class, and gender, the identities are so complex that changes must reach across a wide range of human experience to be successful.39 Nichols’s suggestions in the three key sites of social construction embrace that wide range of human experience. Communication in the discussion groups would, over time, have to address large and difficult questions about the gender roles they were deconstructing and constucting.40 In order to modify entrenched gender identities, what social and personal rewards, both intrinsic and ex- trinsic, and what values, traditions, and norms would have to change? 16 JACK NICHOLS, GAY PIONEER How much would they have to change? Which groups would be ad- vantaged, and which groups would be disadvantaged and by how much? Will those who feel at a loss be able to find viable meaning in their new identities? Nichols may suggest clarity to some of these issues, as we shall see later in the book. Nichols’s idea of discussion groups was not new in the gay liberation movement. In the 1950s, Harry Hay, considered the founder of the modern gay movement for cofounding the Mattachine Founda- tion in Los Angeles in 1950, also talked about discussion groups and androgyny. However, there are two major differences between Hay and Nichols. First, they differed on the group makeup. On the one hand, Hay’s discussion groups were for homosexuals and focused on gay identity. And they were significant in the development of the gay movement. “For homosexuals to meet and share with each other in a nonsexual environment was rare ....Those early meetings . . . probed topics such as the homosexual personality and society as well as sex.”41 On the other hand, Nichols’s discussion groups were open to anyone and were focused on broader issues of gender. Also, Hay’s discussion groups have the appearance of mechanistic form, in that there was an element of hierarchy. Hay’s groups were inherent in the cell structure of the Mattachine. The organizational blueprint of the Mattachine Foundation called for the groups, or guilds, to be the First Order, or entry level, of Mattachine membership. The Second, Third, and Fourth Orders had higher levels of authority and responsibility for “running the discussions.”42 The Fifth Order was composed of the Mattachine’s founders and was an anonymous, centralized leader- ship. However, in practice, membership did not fit the blueprint. There were no members in the Second through Fourth Orders. Group leaders came from the handful of people in the First and Fourth Or- ders. But as we have seen, Nichols’s proposed groups were organic, a form that is innate in that it shapes itself from within, with no concept of an external hierarchical authority. Second, Nichols and Hay also differed on the concept of androgyny. Even though Hay used the famous declaration “we the An- drogynes of the world” in his “Preliminary Concepts: INTER- NATIONAL BACHELORS’FRATERNAL ORDER FOR PEACE & SOCIAL DIGNITY, Sometimes Referred to as Bachelors Anony- mous,”43 he never fleshed out the concept of androgyny. Years later, when he founded the Radical Faeries, he explained his view that ho- Reflections in the Bubble Room 17 mosexuals are neither male nor female but “something other.”44 That something other was the “third gender.”45 But as we have seen, Nichols disclaimed a third gender and deployed a detailed view of androgyny, wherein all humans are both male and female. The concept that humans are both male and female played an in- tentional, but accidental, role in Nichols’s use of a poem by Robert Burns to support social construction, as we learn in the next chapter. 18 JACK NICHOLS, GAY PIONEER

Double Family Home in Wilmette, Illinois, 1920s (Source: The Jack Nichols Col- lection, The Pennsylvania State University.)

Dick and Mary Nichols with Son Jack, 1938 (Source: The Jack Nichols Collec- tion, The Pennsylvania State University.) Reflections in the Bubble Room 19

Murdo and Euphemia Finlayson with Grandson Jack Nichols, 1939 (Source: The Jack Nichols Collection, The Pennsylvania State University.)

Jack Nichols, 1941 (Source: The Jack Nichols Collection, The Pennsylvania State University.) 20 JACK NICHOLS, GAY PIONEER

Mary Finlayson Nichols, Jack Nichols’s Mother, 1941 (Source: The Jack Nichols Collection, The Pennsylvania State University.) Bibliography

Abbreviations

GT GayToday HA Homosexual Anarchist column in SCREW HC Homosexual Citizen column in SCREW TWN The Weekly News

Primary Sources

Interviews of Jack Nichols

With Author (on tape): October 23, 2004, Cocoa Beach, Florida October 24, 2004, Cocoa Beach, Florida January 23, 2005, by telephone January 30, 2005, by telephone February 6, 2005, by telephone February 13, 2005, by telephone March 7, 2005, by telephone April 3, 2005, by telephone

With Paul D. Cain (transcript): Interview for Chapter 10, in Leading the Parade: Conversations with America’s Most Influential Lesbians and Gay Men (Lanham, MD: Scarecrow Press, 2001).

With David Carter (on tape): October 4, 1996, Ft. Lauderdale, Florida October 7, 1996, Cocoa Beach, Florida October 8, 1996, Cocoa Beach, Florida

Interviews of Nichols Associates with Author (on tape):

Buck (pseudonym). October 23, 2004, Cocoa Beach, Florida. Comingdeer, Gary. October 16, 2005, by telephone. Evans, David Scott. October 22, 2004, Cocoa Beach, Florida. Graham, David. December 9, 2005, by telephone. Jack Nichols, Gay Pioneer © 2007 by The Haworth Press, Inc. All rights reserved. doi:10.1300/5842_12 247 248 JACK NICHOLS, GAY PIONEER

Lund, Mary Finlayson Nichols. October 22, 2004, Cocoa Beach, Florida. Richards, Ted. April 3, 2005, by telephone. Yates, Steve. October 16, 2005, by telephone.

Interviews of Nichols Associates with Author (transcript):

Lahusen, Kay (Tobin). September 20, 2006, by telephone. _____. September 26, 2006. Wicker, Randolphe “Randy.” September 20, 2006, by telephone.

E-mail correspondence with Author

Brass, Perry. May 5, 2005. Capsuto, Steven. September 21, 2006. Gittings, Barbara. January 7, 2006. _____. March 16, 2006. Lahusen, Kay (Tobin), via her assistant Steven Capsuto. December 18, 2005. _____. December 29, 2005. Nichols, Jack. Numerous e-mails. Wicker, Randolphe “Randy.” September 16, 2006. Yates, Steve. Numerous e-mails.

Papers

Finlayson Family History. 1999. Unpublished. Nichols, Jack. 1963. Letter to the Executive Board of the Mattachine Society of Washington, DC, October 14. _____. 1985. “Autobiographical Notes” (also called “Memoirs” by Nichols). Un- published. _____. 1993. “Extended Autobiographical Notes.” Unpublished. _____. Undated. “Sissies.” Unpublished.

Works by Jack Nichols

Books

Nichols, Jack. 1975, 1980. Men’s Liberation: A New Definition of Masculinity. New York: Penguin Press. _____. 1976. Welcome to Fire Island: Visions of Cherry Grove and the Pines. New York: St. Martin’s Press. _____. 1996. The Gay Agenda: Talking Back to the Fundamentalists. Amherst, New York: Prometheus Press. _____. 2004. The Tomcat Chronicles: Erotic Adventures of a Gay Liberation Pio- neer. New York: Harrington Park Press. Bibliography 249

Clarke, Lige, and Jack Nichols. 1972. I Have More Fun with You Than Anybody. New York: St. Martin’s Press. _____. 1974. Roommates Can’t Always Be Lovers. New York: St. Martin’s Press.

Essays and Speeches

Nichols, Jack [Warren D. Adkins, pseud.]. 1966. “A Homosexual Looks at the ‘Sickness Theory.’” The Homosexual Citizen 1(5): 14-19. Nichols, Jack [Warren D. Adkins, pseud.]. 1966. “What Is Bieberism?” The Homo- sexual Citizen 1(12): 3-9. Nichols, Jack. 1967. “Why I Joined the Homophile Movement.” Speech at Bucknell University, May. _____. 1973. “Male Friendship.” Speech at Oberlin College, November. (text unavailable). _____. 1973. “Walt Whitman: The Poet of Comrades and of Love,” Speech to the Twenty-Sixth Annual Conference on World Affairs,” University of Colorado, Boulder, March 16. _____. 1976. “Men’s Liberation.” Issues in Radical Therapy 3(4) Fall. (text unavailable). _____. 1976. “What Makes a Man a Man?” Speech to the Sociologists for Women in Society at the Annual meeting of the American Sociological Association, Au- gust 30, 1976. _____. 1977. “Butcher Than Thou: Beyond Machismo.” In Gay Men: The Sociol- ogy of Male Homosexuality, edited by Martin P. Levine, 328-342. New York: Harper and Row. _____. 1977. “The Men’s Movement: A Purpose Statement.” Pamphlet. New York: New York Men’s Center.

Newspaper and Magazine Articles

“Is Andy Warhol a Pimp?” HC, SCREW December 21, 1968: 4. “Homo Is a No-No.” HC, SCREW January 24, 1969: 3. “Hooker Holiday.” HC, SCREW February 7, 1969: 3. “Bi or High.” HC, SCREW March 7, 1969: 6. “Four Star Fuck-Up.” HC, SCREW April 4, 1969: 14. “The Twilight Zone.” HC, SCREW April 18, 1969: 16. “Groping Around.” HC, SCREW April 25, 1969: 14. “Off the Far End.” HC, SCREW May 2, 1969: 15. “Old Boys: They Just Blow Away.” HC, SCREW May 9. 1969: 16-17. “He-Man Horseshit.” HC, SCREW May 23, 1969: 20. “Undecided Dicks.” HC, SCREW May 30, 1969: 19. “Homosexual Heritage.” HC, SCREW June 6, 1969: 18. “Do Homosexual Citizens Suck?” HC, SCREW June 20, 1969: 16. “Are Creamy Cunts Kosher?” HC, SCREW June 27, 1969: 18. 250 JACK NICHOLS, GAY PIONEER

“Straight Shooters.” HC, SCREW July 4, 1969: 11. “deSade and His Dirty Dink.” HC, SCREW July 18, 1969: 19. “Pampered Perverts.” HC, SCREW July 26, 1969: 16. “Fire Island Fairy.” HC, SCREW July 31, 1969: 17. “Skall.” HC, SCREW August 7, 1969: 17. “Plastic Pricks.” HC, SCREW August 18, 1969: 18. “The Band with the Rag On.” HC, SCREW August 25, 1969: 17. “Studs on Celluloid.” HC, SCREW September 1, 1969: 16. “Faggot Fights and Fine Flicks.” HC, SCREW September 8, 1969: 10. “The Daily News Eats Shit.” HC, SCREW September 15, 1969: 18. “Pentagon Clusterfuck.” HC, SCREW September 22, 1969: 6. “Ban the Bible.” HC, SCREW September 29, 1969: 12. “Fucking a Middleman.” HC, SCREW October 6, 1969: 21. “Gay Nudists Fuck Transvestite Psychiatrists on Bed of Leaves.” HC, SCREW Oc- tober 13, 1969: 8-9. “Are There Lesbians in the DAR?” HC, SCREW October 20, 1969: 13. “That’s How Little Boys Are ‘Made.’” HC, SCREW October 27, 1969: 20. “David Merrick: Broadway Hustler.” HC, SCREW November 3, 1969: 8. “Gay Is Great.” HC, SCREW November 10, 1969: 12. “Are Fruits Ugly?” HC, SCREW November 17, 1969: 9. “Fairy Tales Can Come True?” HC, SCREW December 1, 1969: 13. “Bend Over and I’ll Drive You Home.” HC, SCREW December 8, 1969: 10. “Can Civil Servants Suck Cock?” HC, SCREW December 15, 1969: 19. “Fallout: The Great Homosexual Explosion.” HC, SCREW December 22, 1969: 6. “Jesus Loves John.” HC, SCREW Dcember 29, 1969: 7. “Fags of the Future: What’s in Store for the 70s?” HC, SCREW January 5, 1970: 9. “Fruits on Parade.” HC, SCREW January 12, 1970: 8. “Cops Who Smoke Fags.” HC, SCREW January 19, 1070: 18. “Up Against the Wall, Cocksucker!” HC, SCREW January 26, 1970: 19. “The Man with the Brown Thumb.” HC, SCREW February 2, 1970: 18. “Queer of the Year.” HC, SCREW February 9, 1970: 21. “Homo on the Range.” HC, SCREW February 16, 1970: 13. “Cornholing Is Christlike.” HC, SCREW March 1, 1970: 11. “Mace Is a Gas.” HC, SCREW March 8, 1970: 15. “A-Rim-Away, A-Rim-Away, the Lion Sucks Tonight.” HC, SCREW March 15, 1970: 15. “Cross My Cock and Hope to Die.” HC, SCREW March 22, 1970: 14. “God Shave the Queen.” HC, SCREW March 29, 1970: 15. “Queens Who Have Kids.” HC, SCREW April 6, 1970: 12. “GAY Goes Weekly—The World’s Only Weekly GAY Newspaper.” HC, SCREW April 13, 1970: 15. “It’s a Big, Big, World But I’m Just a Little Guy.” HC, SCREW April 20, 1970: 14. “Frontier Faggot.” HC, SCREW April 27, 1970: 18. Bibliography 251

“Swash Buckling Swish.” HC, SCREW May 4, 1970: 12. “The Long Ranger.” HC, SCREW May 11, 1970: 12. “Hard Noses and Soft Dicks.” HC, SCREW May 18, 1970: 14. “Family Tree Bears Fruit.” HC, SCREW May 25, 1970: 14. “Cocks on the Rocks.” HC, SCREW June 1, 1970: 14. “Selective Sucking Service.” HC, SCREW June 8, 1970: 13. “Cocks in the Capitol.” HC, SCREW June 15, 1970: 15. “Are You a Jealous Lover?” Lige and Jack, GAY 1:19, June 15, 1970: 5. “Old Kentucky Homo.” HC, SCREW June 22, 1970: 18. “Cornholing Is Christlike.” Lige and Jack, GAY 1:20, June 22, 1970: 9. “The Anatomy and the Ecstasy.” HC, SCREW June 29, 1970: 11. “Remember the Stonewall.” Lige and Jack, GAY 1:21, June 29, 1970: 5. “On a Queer Day You Can See Forever.” HC, SCREW July 6, 1970: 13. “Should You Fuck Someone Over 30? A Guide to Geriatrics.” HC, SCREW July 13, 1970: 12. “Coming Out at the Gay-In.” HC, SCREW July 20, 1970: 11. “The Hallmark of Hypocisy.” HC, SCREW July 27, 1970: 12. “A Gay by Any Other Name . . . .” HC, SCREW August 3, 1970: 12. “How Many Heads Could a Headshrinker Shrink If a Headshrinker Could Shrink Heads?” HC, SCREW August 10, 1970: 11. “Why Can’t a Woman Be More Like a Man?” HC, SCREW August 17, 1970: 12. “Faggot Frippery.” HC, SCREW August 24, 1970: 11. “Freudian Slurp.” HC, SCREW August 31, 1970: 12. “You’ve Come a Long Way, Baby.” HC, SCREW September 14, 1970: 10. “Play It Loud, I’m Gay and I’m Proud.” HC, SCREW September 28, 1970: 16. “Snowjob or Blowjob?” HC, SCREW October 12, 1970: 12. “Show Me the Way to Go Homo.” HC, SCREW October 19, 1970: 14. “Jesus Christ, I Never Promised You a Rose Garden!” HC, SCREW October 26, 1970: 14. “Stranger in a Strange Loin.” HC, SCREW November 2, 1970: 12. “Should Private Parts Become Public?” HC, SCREW November 9, 1970: 12. “They Were Only Swallowing Orders.” HC, SCREW November 23, 1970: 12. “Ministers Who Practice What They Preach.” HC, SCREW November 30, 1970: 17. “Walt Whitman Was a Faggot—What Could Be Verse.” HC, SCREW December 14, 1970: 12. “And Put Your Quarter in and Out Comes Liberace.” HC, SCREW December 21, 1970: 10. “Artsy Fartsy.” HC, SCREW January 4, 1971: 16. “Enema of the People.” HC, SCREW Janaury 11, 1971: 17. “The Shame of Men Who Don’t Suck.” HC, SCREW January 18, 1971: 13. “Burns in the Sun.” HC, SCREW January 26, 1971: 12. “A Toothless Cocksucker Is Better Than No Cocksucker at All.” HC, SCREW Feb- ruary 1, 1971: 12. 252 JACK NICHOLS, GAY PIONEER

“Walt Whitman’s Open Closet.” Lige and Jack, GAY 2:43, February 1, 1971: 4. “A Dumb Straight Is Better Than a Smart Faggot.” HC, SCREW February 8, 1971: 13. “Bring ‘The Boys’ Home Now!” HC, SCREW February 15, 1971: 15. “You Just Keep Me Hanging On.” Lige and Jack, GAY 2:44, February 15, 1971: 11. “The Place to Come Clean.” HC, SCREW February 22, 1971: 16. “The Only Homosexual Brothel in the Western Hemisphere.” HC, SCREW March 1, 1971: 23. “Every Party Needs a Pooper—That’s Why We Invited You.” HC, SCREW March 8, 1971: 17. “Vote the Straight Party Ticket— Gay All the Way.” HC, SCREW March 15, 1971: 17. “Sinking Harper’s Fairy.” HC, SCREW March 29, 1971: 12. “Capitol Capers: Set My Penis Free!” HC, SCREW April 5, 1971: 12. “Congress Keeps the Closet Closed.” HC, SCREW April 12, 1971: 19. “Faggot Free Press.” HC, SCREW April 19, 1971: 17. “A Tale of Two Towels.” HC, SCREW April 26, 1971: 18. “A Campaign to Remember: Washington, DC Will Never Forget!” Lige and Clarke, GAY 2:48, April 26, 1971: 6-7. “See What the Boys in the Back Room Will Have!” HC, SCREW May 3, 1971: 18. “Cretan Cretins.” HC, SCREW May 10, 1971: 19. “Bill Cahn: His Unnatural Lust for Children.” HC, SCREW May 17, 1971: 19. “Faggots Get It in the End.” HC, SCREW May 24, 1971: 19. “A Pot in Every Pansy.” HC, SCREW May 31, 1971: 17. “The Semen on the Mount: Rimming the Maker.” HC, SCREW June 7, 1971: 21. “DAs, MDs, and deSade.” HC, SCREW June 4, 1971: 15. “The Army Wants You to Make a Man.” HC, SCREW June 21, 1971: 11. “Having a Marvelous Time.” HC, SCREW June 28, 1971: 13. “Save Puerto Rico, Kill the People.” HC, SCREW July 5, 1971: 12. “Toast of the Tea Room Queens.” HC, SCREW July 12, 1971: 13. “Gay Porn Is a Drag.” HC, SCREW July 19, 1971: 11. “See What the Boys in the Back Room Will Have.” Lige and Clarke, GAY 2:55, July 19, 1971: 7. “Does Your Young Man Lose His Flavor in the Steambath Overnight?” HC, SCREW July 26, 1971: 13. “I Think That I Shall Never See a Faggot As Fat As Me.” HC, SCREW August 2, 1971: 11. “Out of the Foxholes and Into the Assholes.” HC, SCREW August 9, 1971: 7. “There’s No Movement Like a Bowel Movement.” HC, SCREW August 23, 1971: 15. “Fat Hungarian Finds Faggots and Freaks Out.” HC, SCREW August 30, 1971: 13. “How Many Angelos Can Fit in the Head of a Bus Station?” HC, SCREW Septem- ber 6, 1971: 13. “Bugger Me Not on the White House Lawn.” HC, SCREW September 13, 1971: 15. “Let My Penis Go!” HC, SCREW September 27, 1971: 11. “Cops and Buggerers.” HC, SCREW September 30, 1971: 11. Bibliography 253

“Jesus Laid the Woman at the Well.” HC, SCREW October 4, 1971: 11. “Marriage: Our National Disgrace.” HC, SCREW October 11, 1971: 9. “Put a Paper Bag Over His Head and Fuck Him for Old Glory Hole.” HC, SCREW October 18, 1971: 11. “Young Men’s Cornholing Association.” HC, SCREW October 25, 1971: 16-17. “Tight-Assed at the Times.” HC, SCREW November 1, 1971: 16-17. “Are Homosexuals Human?” HC, SCREW November 8, 1971: 16-17. “Finding the Right Fag for You.” HC, SCREW November 15, 1971: 16-17. “The Sensuous Shlong.” HC, SCREW November 22, 1971: 16-17. “Up from Faggotry.” HC, SCREW November 29, 1971: 16-17. “The K-Y Chronicles.” HC, SCREW December 6, 1971: 16-17. “Arlington Antics.” HC, SCREW December 13, 1971: 16-17. “Pokers Pound Pansies.” HC, SCREW December 20, 1971: 16-17. “Let Them Eat Beef Cake!” HC, SCREW December 27, 1971: 16-17. “Porkers Pound Pansies, Part 2.” HC, SCREW January 3, 1972: 16-17. “Elite Effete Meat.” HC, SCREW January 10, 1972: 16-17. “Men Who Wear Pants.” HC, SCREW January 17, 1972: 16-17. “Sodomites in the Shrubbery.” HC, SCREW January 24, 1972: 16. “Assholes in the Arbor.” HC, SCREW January 31, 1972: 16-17. “Hot Dick in the Moon Light.” HC, SCREW February 7, 1972: 16-17. “The Intimate Orifice.” HC, SCREW February 14, 1972: 16-17. “Lindsay Limp After Homosexual Assault.” HC, SCREW February 21, 1972: 16-17. “What Is More or Less Than a Touch?” Lige and Jack, GAY 3:70, February 21, 1972: 6-7. “The Greatest Story Ever Told.” HC, SCREW February 28, 1972: 16-17. “Pansies on Parade.” HC, SCREW March 6, 1972: 16-17. “Hot Dick on the Cutting Room Floor.” HC, SCREW March 13, 1972: 16-17. “Straight in Dyke’s Clothing.” HC, SCREW March 20, 1972: 16-17. “The Blintzer of Buchenwald.” HC, SCREW March 27, 1972: 16-17. “Gay Minister Meets His Maker.” HC, SCREW April 3, 1972: 16-17. “Constipation on Mars.” HC, SCREW April 10, 1972: 16-17. “Look Homeward, Faggot.” HC, SCREW April 17, 1972: 16-17. “Buggery Bombs Out of Town.” HC, SCREW April 24, 1972: 16-17. “Hot Panda in the Moonlight.” HC, SCREW May 22, 1972: 16-17. “Sheridan Squirt.” HC, SCREW May 29, 1972: 16-17. “Does Michael Maye Suck Cock?” HC, SCREW June 12, 1972: 16-17. “Hot Buns ‘in’ the Moonlight.” HC, SCREW June 26, 1972: 16-17. “For Whom the Crack Tolls.” HC, SCREW July 10, 1972: 16-17. “Philadelphia’s Gay Pride: The City of Brotherly Love.” Lige and Jack, GAY 3:80, July 10, 1972: 12-13. “The Miracle of Christopher Street.” HC, SCREW July 24, 1972: 16-17. “The Immaculate Asshole and How to Get It.” HC, SCREW August 7, 1972: 14-15. “Homos in the Hoosegow.” HC, SCREW August 21, 1972: 12-13. 254 JACK NICHOLS, GAY PIONEER

“Photogenic Phaggots.” HC, SCREW September 11, 1972: 12-13. “I Have More Sperm with You Than Anybody.” HC, SCREW September 25, 1972: 12-13. “The Boys in the Bank.” HC, SCREW October 9, 1972: 12-13. “Gone with the Wind or: A Blowjob by Any Other Name Still Sucks.” HC, SCREW October 23, 1972: 13. “The Penicillin Papers: Does Geraldo Rivera Suck Cock?” HC, SCREW November 6, 1972: 13. “Behind McGovern: He May Have Lousy Economics But He’s Got a Nice Ass!” HC, SCREW November 20, 1972: 13. “Testing the Testes.” HC, SCREW December 4, 1972: 13. “Fags Fuck for Zen.” HC, SCREW December 11, 1972: 11. “Homo for the Holidays.” HC, SCREW January 1, 1973: 13. “The Power and the Gloryhole.” HC, SCREW January 29, 1973: 13. “Who Is John Leonard? A Man with Something to Fear.” Lige and Jack, GAY 4:94, January 29, 1973: 6. “Hot Teens on the Meatrack.” HC, SCREW March 26, 1973: 17. “Colorado Rocky Mountain High.” Lige and Jack, GAY 4:100, April 23, 1973: 4-5. “Do Homo’s Have IQs?” HC, SCREW April 30, 1973 , 17. “A Conversation with an Honest Psychologist.” GAY 4:105, July 1973: 7, 14. “An Editor Says Goodbye.” GAY 4:105, July 1973: 12-16. “An Interview with Lige Clarke: The Sensual Side of Yoga.” GAY 4:105, July 1973: 4-5. “Gay Vision, Gay Tradition.” TWN September 16, 1981: 13, 17-18. “Miami: The Summer of ’62.” TWN November 6, 1985: 20. “Amerika, Amerika,” Mandate December, 1986: 26-28, 37, 72-74, 85. See also TWN, July-August, 1986: page numbers unavailable. “School Board’s Idea of AIDS Classes Reflects Dangerous, Prudish Attitude.” Florida Today January 16, 1988: 11A. “The Second Scumming.” HA, SCREW February 8, 1988: 15. “What’s the Rush?” HA, SCREW March 21, 1988: 16. “Are Gays Queer?” HA, SCREW April 25, 1988: 15. “Our Lips Are Sealed.” HA, SCREW May 23, 1988: 18. “Copro Cabana.” HA, SCREW July 25, 1988: 18. “Kaposi Galore.” HA, SCREW September 5, 1988: 16. “Mild-Mannered Molester.” HA, SCREW October 3, 1988: 18. “HIV a Nice Day.” HA, SCREW November 7, 1988: 22. “Effigy-Rated.” HA, SCREW December 5, 1988: 20. “A Chorus Loin.” HA, SCREW February 6, 1989: 18. “A Kinder Genital Nation.” HA, SCREW March 13, 1989: 18. “Let ’Em Eat Cock.” HA, SCREW May 22, 1989: 17. “Altar Egos.” HA, SCREW April 17, 1989: 18. “I’m Okay, You’re a Faggot.” HA, SCREW August 14, 1989: 20. Bibliography 255

“Peking Shmuck.” HA, SCREW July 3, 1989: 18. “Spence-Straddler.” HA, SCREW September 11, 1989: 16. “The Wuss We’ve Heard.” HA, SCREW October 9, 1989: 18. “Frank to Go, Hold the Buns.” HA, SCREW November 13, 1989: 20. “Urine Heaven.” HA, SCREW December 11, 1989: 9. “WHO Cares?” HA, SCREW January 8, 1990: 18. “Papal Smear.” HA, SCREW February 5, 1990: 18. “Bitch Doctor.” HA, SCREW March 5, 1990: 20. “Look Homeward Angel.” HA, SCREW April 9, 1990: 20. “HIV-Ho.” HA, SCREW May 7, 1990: 17. “In the Out Staircase.” HA, SCREW June 4, 1990: 16. “Thar He Blows.” HA, SCREW July 16, 1990: 20. “They’ll Have to Adopt.” HA, SCREW August 13, 1990: 16. “OutGeek.” HA, SCREW September 10, 1990: 16. “Brains Broiling in the Florida Sun.” HA, SCREW October 8, 1990: 16. “My Father Pitched.” HA, SCREW November 5, 1990: 16. “Gobble Gobble Hay.” HA, SCREW December 3, 1990: 18. “Jacking Off.” HA, SCREW December 31, 1990: 16. “Arse Longa.” HA, SCREW January 28, 1991: 16. “Raging Queen.” HA, SCREW February 25, 1991:16. “Saddamite.” HA, SCREW March 25, 1991: 16. “Emanthipation Proclamation.” HA, SCREW April 22, 1991: 16. “Duberman Pinscher.” HA, SCREW May 20, 1991: 16. “Georgie Girl.” HA, SCREW June 17, 1991. 16. “Gays on the Rag.” HA, SCREW July 15, 1991: 16. “The Trouble with Faggots.” HA, SCREW August 12, 1991: 16. “Wee Shall Overcome.” HA, SCREW September 9, 1991: 16. “Gay Matter.” HA, SCREW October 7, 1991: 16. “Scum Drivers.” HA, SCREW November 4, 1991: 16. “A Walk Down the Vile.” HA, SCREW December 9, 1991: 16. “A Sheep Shot.” HA, SCREW December 30, 1991: 16. “Damn Straughts.” HA, SCREW February 3, 1992. “Going Down Under.” HA, SCREW March 9, 1992: 16. “Albee Dammed.” HA, SCREW March 30, 1992: 16. “Posing Threats to Zombie Tyrant Rule II.” Calamus Man, TWN April 8, 1992: 6. “What Is a Calamus Man?” Calamus Man, TWN April 22, 1992: 5. “Bill-Shit.” HA, SCREW April 27, 1992: 16. “Winning Audiences: A Strategy.” Calamus Man, TWN May 6, 1992: 7. “Cooperation—Ordinary Course of Human Conduct.” Calamus Man, TWN May 20, 1992: 6. “Rebel Without a Cooze.” HA, SCREW May 25, 1992: 16. “The Trouble with Representative Government.” Calamus Man, TWN June 3, 1992: 16. Untitled [about anarchism]. Calamus Man, TWN June 17, 1992: 32. 256 JACK NICHOLS, GAY PIONEER

“Swabbing the Dicks.” HA, SCREW June 22, 1992: 16. “The Gospel of Better Looks.” Calamus Man, TWN July 1, 1992: 12. “A Personal Spiritual Awareness.” Calamus Man, TWN July 15, 1992: 24. “In Like Clint.” HA, SCREW July 20, 1992: 16. “July, 1964 (Continued).” The Calamus Chronicles, CONTAX July 29, 1992: 20, 28. “Say Nay Nay to Louise Hay.” Calamus Man, TWN July 29, 1992: 26. “July, 1964 (Continued).” The Calamus Chronicles, CONTAX August 5, 1992: 16, 28. “Nancy Boy.” HA, SCREW August 17, 1992: 18. “July, 1964 (Continued).” The Calamus Chronicles, CONTAX August 19, 1992: 16, 30. “Sex Games and the Tie That Binds.” Calamus Man, TWN August 19, 1992: 13. “July, 1964 (Continued).” The Calamus Chronicles, CONTAX September 2, 1992: 16, 30. “July/August, 1964 (Continued).” The Calamus Chronicles, CONTAX September 9, 1992: 16, 30. “August, 1964 (Continued).” The Calamus Chronicles, CONTAX September 16, 1992: 16, 28. “August, 1964 (Continued).” The Calamus Chronicles, CONTAX September 23, 1992: 16, 28. “August/September, 1964 (Continued).” The Calamus Chronicles, CONTAX Sep- tember 30, 1992: 20, 38. “September/December, 1964 (Continued).” The Calamus Chronicles, CONTAX October 7, 1992: 16, 30. “Altered Boys.” HA, SCREW October 12, 1992: 16. “December, 1964 (Continued).” The Calamus Chronicles, CONTAX October 14, 1992: 16, 30. “January, 1965 (Continued).” The Calamus Chronicles, CONTAX October 21, 1992: 20, 34. “January/March, 1965 (Continued).” The Calamus Chronicles, CONTAX October 28, 1992: 16, 34. “March/April, 1965 (Continued).” The Calamus Chronicles, CONTAX November 4, 1992: 18, 28. “Facing Death.” Calamus Man, TWN, November 4, 1992. “Jizz for Jesus.” HA, SCREW November 9, 1992: 16. “May 1965 (Continued).” The Calamus Chronicles, CONTAX November 11, 1992: 18, 28. “May/July 1965 (Continued).” The Calamus Chronicles, CONTAX November 18, 1992: 18, 28. “August 1965 (Continued).” The Calamus Chronicles, CONTAX November 25, 1992: 16, 28. “August 1965 to March 1966 (Continued).” The Calamus Chronicles, CONTAX December 2, 1992: 16, 32. “March 1966 to May 1966 (Continued).” The Calamus Chronicles, CONTAX De- cember 9, 1992: 18, 30. Bibliography 257

“May 1966 to August 1966 (Continued).” The Calamus Chronicles, CONTAX De- cember 16, 1992: 16, 30. “September 1966 to December 1966 (Continued).” The Calamus Chronicles, CONTAX December 23, 1992: 16, 32. “January 1967 to March 1967 (Continued).” The Calamus Chronicles, CONTAX December 30, 1992: 16, 32. “Jesus Slaves.” HA, SCREW January 4, 1993: 16. “March 1967 to April 1967 (Continued).” The Calamus Chronicles, CONTAX Janu- ary 6, 1993: 18, 32. “April 1967/May 1967 (Continued).” The Calamus Chronicles, CONTAX January 13, 1993: 16, 32. “May 1967 (Continued).” The Calamus Chronicles, CONTAX January 20, 1993: 18, 32. “May 1967/June 1967 (Continued).” The Calamus Chronicles, CONTAX January 27, 1993: 18, 32. “Fairy Home Companion.” HA, SCREW February 1, 1993: 16. “June 1967 (Continued).” The Calamus Chronicles, CONTAX February 3, 1993: 18, 36. “Who Wears Pants in White House, Bill Clinton, Al Gore or the First Lady?” TWN February 3, 1993: 4. “June/August 1967 (Continued).” The Calamus Chronicles, CONTAX February 10, 1993: 18, 36. “August 1967 (Continued).” The Calamus Chronicles, CONTAX February 17, 1993: 18, 36. “September to December, 1967 (Continued).” The Calamus Chronicles, CONTAX February 24, 1993: 18, 36. “Sea Dick.” HA, SCREW February 28, 1993: 16. “A Few Good Fags.” HA, SCREW March 1, 1993: 16. “January to August 1968 (Continued).” The Calamus Chronicles, CONTAX March 3, 1993: 18, 36. “September to November 1968 (Continued).” The Calamus Chronicles, CONTAX March 10, 1993: 16, 36. “November 1968 to January 1969 (Continued).” The Calamus Chronicles, CONTAX March 17, 1993: 16, 36. “January 1969 to March 1969 (Continued).” The Calamus Chronicles, CONTAX March 24, 1993: 16, 36. “Mullah Fuckers.” HA, SCREW March 29, 1993: 16. “March 1969 to May 1969 (Continued).” The Calamus Chronicles, CONTAX March 31, 1993: 16, 36. “May/June 1969 (Continued).” The Calamus Chronicles, CONTAX April 7, 1993: page numbers unavailable. “June 1969 (Continued).” The Calamus Chronicles, CONTAX April 14, 1993: page number unavailable. 258 JACK NICHOLS, GAY PIONEER

“June 1969 (Continued).” The Calamus Chronicles, CONTAX April 21, 1993: page number unavailable. “Jacking Off.” HA, SCREW April 26, 1993: 16. “June, 1969 (Continued).” The Calamus Chronicles, CONTAX April 28, 1993: page number unavailable. “June, 1969 (Continued).” The Calamus Chronicles, CONTAX May 5, 1993: page number unavailable. “June, 1969 (Continued).” The Calamus Chronicles, CONTAX May 12, 1993: page number unavailable. “June, 1969 (Continued).” The Calamus Chronicles, CONTAX May 19, 1993: page number unavailable. “June, 1969 (Continued).” Manuscript for issue 42, The Calamus Chronicles, CONTAX: publication data unavailable. “June, 1969 (Continued).” Manuscript for issue 43, The Calamus Chronicles, CONTAX: publication data unavailable. “Swish, You Were Here.” HA, SCREW May 24, 1993: 16. “Stonewall Jack Off.” HA, SCREW June 21, 1993: 16. “Wilde Kingdom.” HA, SCREW July 19, 1993: 16. “Pious in the Face.” HA, SCREW August 16, 1993: 16. “Breed ’Em and Weep.” HA, SCREW September 13, 1993: 16. “Queer Diary.” HA, SCREW October 11, 1993: 16. “TV Guise.” HA, SCREW December 6, 1993: 16. “One Dick Pony.” HA, SCREW January 3, 1994: 16. “God’s Gift to Atheism: Religious Homophobia Teaches That Gays Are ‘Fallen Creatures.’” TWN March 23, 1994: 4. “Birth Control Bill.” HA, SCREW March 28, 1994: 16. “Scooby Dubie Doo Doo.” HA, SCREW May 23, 1994: 16. “The Holy Ghostwriter.” HA, SCREW June 20, 1994: 16. “The 23rd Psalm.” HA, SCREW July 18, 1994: 16. “Radio Station Hosts Get REAL, Gay Community Listens.” TWN July 27, 1994: 4. “Jack Strikes Back, Again.” TWN August 3, 1994: 4. “Call to Arms Against Rev. Kennedy.” TWN August 10, 1994: 4. “Library Hard.” HA, SCREW August 15, 1994: 16. “New Book Allows Columnist to Reminisce.” TWN August 17, 1994: 4. “Prisons Becoming AIDS Death Camps.” TWN August 31, 1994: 4. “Rep. Dornan a Disgrace: Who to Blame.” TWN September 7, 1994: 4. “Dube Job.” HA, SCREW September 12, 1994: 16. “Population (tick) Time (tick) Bomb.” TWN September 14, 1994: 4. “Fundamentalists Shouldn’t Cry Over Onan’s Spilt Milk.” TWN September 21, 1994: 4. “He’s Not Crazy, He’s a Relic.” TWN September 28, 1994: 4-5. “Heartfelt Wanks.” HA, SCREW October 12, 1994: 16. “Threat of Lawsuits May Solve Prison AIDS Epidemic.” TWN October 19, 1994: 4. Bibliography 259

“More Mighty Pens.” TWN October 19, 1994: 17. “Stranger Than Fiction? Friend of Robertson, Falwell Comes Out.” TWN Novem- ber 2, 1994: 19. “Babes in Boyland.” HA, SCREW November 7, 1994: 16. “Football: At the Shrine of the Inflated Pigskin.” TWN November 9, 1994: 4. “Examining the Masculine Appeal of the Stars.” TWN November 23, 1994: 19. “Raped in Jail.” TWN November 30, 1994: 4-5. “Raped at Sharpes . . . Derrick Vincent, a 19-Year-Old Teen Was Raped in His Cell.” Space Coast Review December 1994: 5. “Camille Ticket.” HA, SCREW December 5, 1994: 16. “Interview with the Vamp: Camille Paglia, Part 1.” TWN December 7, 1994: 10-12. “Camille Paglia: Building Her Wall Between Art and Life, Part 2.” TWN December 14, 1994: 24-25. “KKK Gets Angry Space Coast Reception.” TWN December 21, 1994: 2. “Violence: Looking for Cures in the Wrong Places.” TWN December 21, 1994: 4, 7. “The Man with the Klan.” HA, SCREW January 2, 1995: 16. “Sex and Sensuality in 1995.” TWN January 11, 1995: 4-5. “Portrait of a Young Man As a Very Funny Queer.” TWN January 11, 1995: 17. “Doctor Explains How to Die.” TWN January 11, 1995: 23-25. “Bend Over, I’ll Die.” HA, SCREW January 30, 1995: 16. “Sexual Type and Sensual Taste.” TWN February 1, 1995: 4. “The Real History of the Stonewall Era.” TWN February 1, 1995: 17. “Cock the Casbah.” HA, SCREW February 27, 1995: 16. “Next Year in Teheran.” TWN March 1, 1995: 4. “Can You Believe Who Made the Gay 100?” TWN March 22, 1995: 28. “Cockbuster Entertainment.” HA, SCREW March 27, 1995: 16. “What Makes a Brad Pitt Legend Most?” TWN March 29, 1995: 4. “Fashion Models They Are Not: Their Shoes Don’t Match Their Dresses.” Space Coast Review March/April 1995: 7. “Pitt Bull.” HA, SCREW April 24, 1995: 16. “Bugger Up the Barracks.” TWN April 26, 1995: 4. “Is This Beauty?” TWN April 26, 1995: 22-23. “An Order of Beefcake: A Whitman Sampler and Laughter on This Month’s Liter- ary Menu.” TWN May 10, 1995: 26. “Evolution of an Iranian Gay Activist, Part 1.” TWN May 24, 1995: 12-13. “Some Like It Hat.” HA, SCREW May 29, 1995: 16. “Is the Oklahoma Bomber Any Relation to Me?” TWN May 31, 1995: 4. “The Challenges of Being Gay and Iranian, Part 2.” TWN May 31, 1995: 12. “Teaching the Children Well?” TWN June 7, 1995: 10-11. “Rebel Without a Cause.” TWN June 14, 1995: 26. “Macho Man, Christian Style.” TWN June 28, 1995: 4. “Camille As You Are.” HA, SCREW July 3, 1995: 16. “Funny Gay Males Make Very Funny Book.” TWN July 12, 1995: 25. 260 JACK NICHOLS, GAY PIONEER

“Religious Revelation and the Founding Fathers.” TWN July 26, 1994: 4. “Logan’s Story: The Life and Times of Florida’s Legendary Drag Goddess.” TWN August 2, 1995: 17-19. “Dornan Sickness.” HA, SCREW August 7, 1995: 16. “India’s Leading Gay Pioneer, Ashok Row Kavi, Speaks.” TWN August 23, 1995: 4. “Lipstick Lesbians, ‘Pink Highways,’and a Lauderdale Hustler,” TWN August 23, 1995: 30-31. “Burkett Pulls No Punches.” TWN September 20, 1995: 31-33. “Coming Out: In Light or Darkness?” TWN September 30, 1995: 4. “Camille Paglia Speaks, and Speaks, and Speaks ...“Space Coast Review Fall 1995: 5. “Gay Activism Did Not Begin at Stonewall.” TWN October 11, 1995: 12-14. “Stonewall, a Gay Almanac, and Drag Queens in Print.” TWN October 11, 1995: 31, 38. “Interview Lifestyles.” TWN Novemebr 1, 1995: 30. “People Magazine Won’t Print My Kisses.” TWN November 8, 1995: 4. “Non-Fiction Autobiography.” TWN November 15, 1995: 23. “A Revolutionary Look at AIDS.” TWN November 29, 1995: 1, 14-15, 42. “Another Fine Dress.” TWN November 29, 1995: 23. “Happy Gays.” HA, SCREW January 29, 1996: 16. “The Man in the Gay Flannel Suit.” HA, SCREW March 4, 1996: 16. “The Book That Roared.” TWN April 10, 1996: 34. “Thank SCREW for Letting Me Be Myself.” HA, SCREW May 13, 1996: 16. “The Law of the Gland.” HA, SCREW June 17, 1996: 16. “Queer Comes the Bride.” HA, SCREW July 22, 1996: 16. “Backside to the Future.” HA, SCREW August 26, 1996: 16. “Meat the Press.” HA, SCREW December 9, 1996: 16. “Reaming Is Fundamental.” HA, SCREW September 30, 1996: 16. “Wedding Bell Blows.” HA, SCREW November 4, 1996: 16. “Some Like It Hot.” HA, SCREW January 13, 1997: 16. “GayToday Gives a Fresh Outlook on News.” Viewpoint, GT February 3, 1997. “George Weinberg, PhD.” Interviews, GT February 3, 1997. “Right Bill Needed to Contain Costs.” Health, GT February 3, 1997. “Florence King: World’s Funniest Bi-Sexual Republican.” People, GT February 3, 1997. “Straight News: Gays, Lesbians, and the News Media.” Reviews, GT February 3, 1997. “Anita Bryant vs. Bob Kunst.” Top Story, GT February 4, 1997. “Al Goldstein: Crown Prince of Porn.” People, GT February 12, 1997. “Overpopulation of Gaia Could Spell Trouble in the Future.” Viewpoint, GT Febru- ary 12, 1997. “America on Slime.” HA, SCREW February 17, 1997: 16. “Michael Moore: World’s Funniest Political Pundit.” People, GT February 19, 1997. Bibliography 261

“AIDS Drug Expenses Too Much for Too Many.” Top Story, GT February 20, 1997. “Homosexual Pioneer, Don Slater, Dead at 78.” Top Story, GT February 21, 1997. “Bomb Explosion at Atlanta Gay-Lesbian Bar.” Top Story, GT February 25, 1997. “Ralph Reed and Gary Bauer Asked to Condemn Bombing.” Top Story, GT Febru- ary 26, 1997. “First Cloning Rights Group Led by Gay Pioneer.” Top Story, GT February 28, 1997. “‘Support Cloning’ Say Top-Name Lesbian and Gay Activists.” Top Story, GT March 3, 1997. “First March to Keep Cloning Legal.” [Warren D. Adkins] Top Story, GT March 4, 1997. “Randolfe Wicker: The Grand High Clone Himself.” People, GT March 6, 1997. “Kameny to Activists: ‘End Lawyers’ Monopoly on Military Struggle!’” Top Story, GT March 10, 1997. “Send Out the Clowns.” Viewpoint, GT March 10, 1997. “New Treatment for Human Diseases!” Top Story, GT March 13, 1997. “Tony Kushner: Keep Capital Gains Tax!” [Warren D. Adkins] Top Story, GT March 14, 1997. “Re-Entering The Steam Room.” Viewpoint, GT March 17, 1997. “Clone Rights Group Shares Stage with Cardinal!” [Warren D. Adkins] Top Story, GT March 19, 1997. “Bob Smith, HBO’s Gay Comic, To Emcee Literary Soiree.” Top Story, GT March 20, 1997. “Jack to the Future.” HA, SCREW March 24, 1997: 16. “ACT UP, Aged 10, Subdues, Still Kicks.” Top Story, GT March 24, 1997. “With the Author of ‘How We Die.’” Viewpoint, GT March 24, 1997. “The Devil’s Own: Harrison Ford Meets Brad Pitt.” Entertainment, GT March 31, 1997. “Camille Paglia: Building Her Wall Between Art and Life.” Interviews, GT March 31, 1997. “Gay ‘Cure’ Seeker Castrates Self, Leading 39 to Suicide.” Top Story, GT March 31, 1997. “Beyond Queer: Challenging Gay Left Orthodoxy, Bruce Bawer.” Reviews, GT March 31, 1997. “Florida and Maine to Ban Same-Sex Marriages.” Top Story, GT April 1, 1997. “BYU Says No to Gays!” Top Story, GT April 2, 1997. “It’s Official! The Presbyterians (USA) Vote Gays Out!” Top Story, GT April 3, 1997. “Marvin Liebman, Gay Rights Champion, Dead at 73.” Top Story, GT April 4, 1997. “Confrontation with a Rottweiler: Reflections On April’s Interview with Camille Paglia.” Viewpoint, GT April 7, 1997. 262 JACK NICHOLS, GAY PIONEER

“Cloning War Ignited by Associated Press Story.” Top Story, GT April 8, 1997. “Must Romance and Love End in Marriage?” Viewpoint, GT April 14, 1997. “Openly Gay African-American Politician Speaks.” Top Story, GT April 14, 1997. “Tim Tharpe, Biking AIDS Activist, Is #812 in Florida’s Ride.” [Warren D. Adkins] Health, GT April 15, 1997. “Virtuous Reality by Jon Katz.” Reviews, GT April 15, 1997. “New York’s Community Center: A Festive Cultural Extravaganza.” Top Story, GT April 15, 1997. “Alabama ABC-TV Affiliate to Censor Ellen.” Top Story, GT April 16, 1997. “Hawaii’s Senate and House Near Agreement on Marriage.” [Warren D. Adkins] Top Story, GT April 17, 1997. “Hawaiian Legislature to Amend State Constitution.” [Warren D. Adkins] Top Story, GT April 18, 1997. “Health-Cult Empire: Louise Hay’s Books and Tapes.” Health, GT April 21, 1997. “Ex-Congressman Dornan: Kids to Feed: No Job, No Brain.” People, GT April 21, 1997. “2000 Strong March in Greenville, South Carolina.” [Warren D. Adkins] Top Story, GT April 21, 1997. “Bonobo Chimps Enjoy Same-Sex Love, Equality and Peace.” Top Story, GT April 23, 1997. “Censors Lose on Showing High School Marriage Debate.” Top Story, GT April 25, 1997. “A Conversation with the Father of Gay Activist Militancy.” Interviews, GT April 28, 1997. “Stranger at the Gate by Mel White.” Reviews, GT April 28, 1997. “Clinton/Gore to Push ENDA, Historic Gay Rights Bill!” Top Story, GT April 28, 1997. “Christian Coalition Boss, Pat Robertson, Accused.” Top Story, GT April 29, 1997. “Tonite: The Ellen-ization of America?” Top Story, GT April 30, 1997. “Alabama Law Barring Gay Student Groups Struck Down.” [Warren D. Adkins] Top Story, GT May 1, 1997. “Historic Surge in Gay Legislation Sweeps America.” Top Story, GT May 2, 1997. “Just What Do You Like To Do In Bed?” Viewpoint, GT May 5, 1997. “Falwell, Robertson, and Wildmon: 3-Way Circus En Route.” Top Story, GT May 6, 1997. “Ex-Congressman Bob Dornan’s Chief of Staff Comes Out.” Top Story, GT May 9, 1997. “Abstinence: Sex Education—‘Churchlady’ Style.” Viewpoint, GT May 12, 1997. “AIDS As a Man-Made Plague.” Health, GT May 12, 1997. “Dalai Lama Says ‘Oral and Anal Sex’ Not Acceptable.” Top Story, GT May 13, 1997. “‘Don’t Ask’ Ignored—Military Investigations Multiply.” Top Story, GT May 15, 1997. Bibliography 263

“Christian Coalition Crumbling from Within.” Top Story, GT May 16, 1997. “Government Guinea Pigs.” [Warren D. Adkins] Health, GT May 19, 1997. “I’ve Been Talking About You, Walt Whitman.” Viewpoint, GT May 19, 1997. “Logan Carter Remembered.” People, GT May 19, 1997. “‘Soon the Most Famous Child Will Be Born!’” [Warren D. Adkins] Top Story, GT May 19, 1997. “Occult and Visionary Spirit Groups Flourish.” Top Story, GT May 21, 1997. “‘Who’s Gay—Who’s Not?’ Asks the National Enquirer.” Top Story, GT May 23, 1997. “Saviz Shafaie: An Iranian Gay Activist Leader.” Interviews, GT May 27, 1997. “The Gay Militants by Donn Teal.” Reviews, GT May 27, 1997. “Crazed Homophobe Commits Mass Murder in Brazil.” Top Story, GT May 27, 1997. “Baptist Hairdresser Saved from Satan.” Top Story, GT May 28, 1997. “A Night in the Life: Post-Midnight Editorial Reflections.” Viewpoint, GT June 2, 1997. “John Sloan: Artist and Rebel by John Loughery.” Reviews, GT June 2, 1997. “Minister Claims Dismissal—In Farce Sparked by ‘Satan.’” Top Story, GT June 2, 1997. “‘If I Was God—Homosexuality Wouldn’t Be Permitted!’” [Warren D. Adkins] Top Story, GT June 3, 1997. “Presbyterians Rise Against Anti-Gay Church Policy.” Top Story, GT June 6, 1997. “The Art of Eric Rhein.” Entertainment. GT June 9, 1997. “Straights to Military: ‘Our Bedroom Lives Don’t Affect Our Typing Skills!’” Top Story, GT June 11, 1997. “Clinton Takes Hard Anti-Human Cloning Stance.” [Warren D. Adkins] Top Story, GT June 12, 1997. “TV’s 700 Club Publicizes ‘gaytody.badpuppy.com.’” Top Story, GT June 13, 1997. “Growing Up Absurd.” [Warren D. Adkins] Environment/Technology, GT June 16, 1997. “The Most Dangerous Man in America?” Reviews, GT June 16, 1997. “To Pat Robertson’s 700 Club: Have Fun! Be a Raelian.” Viewpoint, GT June 16, 1997. “Southern Baptist Vote: Boycott Disney.” Top Story, GT June 19, 1997. “Stonewall.” Reviews, GT June 23, 1997. “Why Do We Celebrate Gay Pride Day?” Viewpoint, GT June 23, 1997. “New York’s Free Love Advocates Blast New Puritanism.” [Warren D. Adkins] Top Story, GT June 25, 1997. “Charlotte’s Community Leaders Unite Against Bigotry.” Top Story, GT June 26, 1997. “Robert G. Ingersoll: The Silver-Tongued Infidel.” People, GT June 30, 1997. “Unspeakable: The Rise of the Gay and Lesbian Press in America.” Reviews, GT June 30, 1997. 264 JACK NICHOLS, GAY PIONEER

“PFLAG to Be Awarded at Historic U.F.M.C.C. Church Meet.” Top Story, GT July 1, 1997. “Clone Rights Advocates Scold Scientists.” Top Story, GT July 3, 1997. “The Clone Ranger.” HA, SCREW July 7, 1997: 16. “Martin Hoose: Art and Life on the Space Coast.” People, GT July 7, 1997. “WFMU Catalog of Curiosities.” Reviews, GT July 7, 1997. “Is Discover Card Nixing Access to Adult Sites?” Top Story, GT July 10, 1997. “Stonewall: A Film by Nigel Finch.” Entertainment, GT July 14, 1997. “Bob Kunst: From Anita to AIDS.” People, GT July 14, 1997. “The Decline and Fall of the American Empire.” [Warren D. Adkins] Reviews, GT July 14, 1997. “Last Call, Last Night.” [Warren D. Adkins] Entertainment, GT July 21, 1997. “Miami-Area Police: A Scary History of Homophobia.” Top Story, GT July 21, 1997. “Miami Police Hype: ‘Look for Cunanan in Drag!’” Top Story, GT July 22, 1997. “School Teacher/Author Dan Woog.” Interviews, GT July 28, 1997. “Miami’s Kunst: Remember Versace! Pass Our Rights Bill!” Top Story, GT July 28, 1997. “FBI Warned Police of Cunanan Only After Murder.” Top Story, GT July 30, 1997. “Idaho’s Education Board Sued by ACLU.” Top Story, GT August 1, 1997. “How to Face It: Cunanan We Have ‘With Us Always.’” Viewpoint, GT August 4, 1997. “William Burroughs, Beat Writer, Dead at 83.” [Warren D. Adkins] Top Story, GT August 4, 1997. “Mother Says: ‘Police Skirt Work on My Son’s Murder!’” Top Story, GT August 5, 1997. “Errors by Miami Beach Police and FBI Make National News.” Top Story, GT Au- gust 8, 1997. “A Critique of Fundamentalist Dogmas.” Viewpoint, GT August 11, 1997. “Some Like It Shot.” HA, SCREW August 11, 1997: 16. “Donna Smith: Strangled Boy’s Mother Scorns Police Bigotry.” People, GT August 11, 1997. “The Miami Herald Nurtures Florida’s Homophobia.” [Warren D. Adkins] Top Story, GT August 14, 1997. “‘Groundbreaking’ History Captures Gay South.” Top Story, GT August 15, 1997. “Activist Bob Kunst Bids for Miami Beach Mayor’s Seat.” Top Story, GT August 18, 1997. “State of the World 1997.” Reviews, GT August 18, 1997. “Two Opinions: Is It Human to Masturbate?” Viewpoint, GT August 18, 1997. “Dr. Martin Luther King Relative Used by Radical Right?” Top Story, GT August 21, 1997. “Whitman’s Men.” Reviews, GT August 25, 1997. “Florida’s Governor Chiles Appoints Gay Hispanic Judge.” [Warren D. Adkins] Top Story, GT August 28, 1997. Bibliography 265

“New Gay Youth Suicide Study: Overwhelming Numbers.” Top Story, GT August 29, 1997. “Diana: A Worthy Legendary Exemplar.” Top Story, GT September 2, 1997. “‘Eliminate Homosexuals from the Parks!’” Top Story, GT September 5, 1997. “The Historian as Paparazzi.” Reviews, GT September 8, 1997. “Sex Panic Angrily Marches Through Manhattan.” Top Story, GT September 8, 1997. “Chief Navy Spokesman Arrested at Adult Store.” [Warren D. Adkins] Top Story, GT September 9, 1997. “Journalist’s Call to Arms Exposes Gay Conservatives.” Top Story, GT September 12, 1997. “Suck My Dixie.” HA, SCREW September 15, 1997: 16. “Martin Luther King Relatives Spar Over Gay Rights.” [Warren D. Adkins] Top Story, GT September 15, 1997. “James T Sears: Historian-Scholar Southern Style.” People, GT September 15, 1997. “Edward Carpenter.” People, GT September 22, 1997. “Genetic Origins of Homosexuality Challenged.” Top Story, GT September 29, 1997. “Study on 136 Patients Sees Limits to Protease Inhibitors.” [Warren D. Adkins] Top Story, GT September 30, 1997. “Roman Catholic US Bishops Say: ‘Love Your Gay Kids!’” Top Story, GT Octo- ber 2, 1997. “Promise Keepers: Weepers Guarding Their Peepers.” Viewpoint, GT October 6, 1997. “Satan Is Real.” [Warren D. Adkins] Entertainment, GT October 7, 1997. “Monogamy.” Reviews, GT October 7, 1997. “Ellen Fumes: ABC-TV Labels Her Show: Adult Content!’” Top Story, GT Octo- ber 10, 1997. “Seven Years in Tibet.” Entertainment, GT October 13, 1997. “Don Slater.” People, GT October 13, 1997. “Steve Forbes Courting Religious Fundamentalists.” Top Story, GT October 14, 1997. “Nations Grapple with Gay Lives of Their Greatest Muses.” Top Story, GT October 17, 1997. “The Nurture of the Beast.” HA, SCREW October 20, 1997: 16. “Gayellow Pages.” Reviews, GT October 20, 1997. “Audiobook.” Reviews, GT October 27, 1997. “Miami’s Gay Latino Community Turns Out for Pride.” Top Story, GT October 28, 1997. “Bonobo: The Fogotten Ape.” Reviews, November 3, 1997. “20/20 Showcases Straight Men Sexually Harassing Men.” Entertainment, GT No- vember 10, 1997. 266 JACK NICHOLS, GAY PIONEER

“Frank Kameny Attends Clinton Speech at HRC Function.” Top Story, GT Novem- ber 10, 1997. “George Michael Comes Out!” Top Story, GT November 13, 1997. “Jim Kepner, Originator of Gay Activist News, Dead.” Top Story, GT November 18, 1997. “The War of the Roses.” HA, SCREW November 24, 1997: 16. “Lige Clarke.” People, GT November 24, 1997. “Walt Whitman: A Gay Life.” Review, GT November 24, 1997. “‘Nothing Sacred’ Gets ABC’s OK for Seasonal Run.” [Warren D. Adkins] Enter- tainment, GT December 1, 1997. “AIDS Is World War III.” Health, GT December 1, 1997. “Chastity Bono.” [Warren D. Adkins] People, GT December 1, 1997. “The Gay Tradition: Straegies for the Decades Ahead.” Viewpoint, GT December 1, 1997. “International Male.” [Warren D. Adkins] Reviews, GT December 8, 1997. “Randolfe Wicker: Clone Today, Here Tomorrow.” Viewpoint, GT December 8, 1997. “Talking Back to Larry Kramer,” [with Perry Brass] Viewpoint, GT December 15, 1997. “American Airlines Opts Out of Circuit Parties Support.” [Warren D. Adkins] Top Story, GT December 23, 1997. “Pro-Ball Players Go Berzerk Over Gay Rumors.” Top Story, GT December 26, 1997. “Dick Leitsch.” People, GT December 29, 1997. “Journal of the Plague Queer.” HA, SCREW December 29, 1997: 16. “President Clinton to Request AIDS Funds Increases.” Top Story, GT January 2, 1998. “Masculinity in the Pages of Ms. Magazine.” Viewpoint, GT January 5, 1998. “New York Times—Caught in a Conflict of Interest?” Reviews, GT January 5, 1998. “RUMI.” [Warren D. Adkins] People, GT January 5, 1998. “Scientist Announces He’ll Clone Humans!” World, GT January 8, 1998. “Death and Taxes Stalk Anti-Gay Religious Groups.” Top Story, GT January 12, 1998. “Historic Book Showcases Badpuppy’s GayToday Quote.” Reviews, GT Janu- ary 19, 1998. “Pro-Human Cloning Activist to be on NBC’s Leeza Show.” World, GT January 19, 1998. “Cayman Islands Boycott Drive Gains Steam.” Top Story, GT January 20, 1998. “Oral Sex Stalks the Presidency.” Viewpoint, GT January 26, 1998. “Timothy McVeigh.” People, GT January 26, 1998. “Ex-Police Lieutenant Pleades Guilty to ‘Fairy Shakes.’” World, GT January 29, 1998. “New York Times Op-Ed Hints White House Lesbianism.” Top Story, GT January 29, 1998. Bibliography 267

“Judge’s Navy Decision Final—Gephart Shows Concern.” Top Story, GT January 30, 1998. “Christ on a Crotch.” HA, SCREW February 2, 1998: 16. “Scott Tucker: On Desire and Democracy.” Interviews, GT February 2, 1998. “TV Tearoom News—Privacy Invasion Stirs Major Furor.” World, GT February 2, 1998. “Bob Kunst, Leading Oral Majority, Strikes Again.” Top Story, GT February 9, 1998. “‘Ban Human Cloning!’ Cry Erupts in US Senate.” World, GT February 11, 1998. “Historic Hearing: Cloning Champ Lectures Congress.” Top Story, GT Febru- ary 13, 1998. “Angelo d’Archangelo.” People, GT February 16, 1998. “Good Will Hunting.” Entertainment, GT February 16, 1998. “The Lover of My Soul: A Search for Ecstasy and Wisdom.” Reviews, GT Febru- ary 16, 1998. “Kameny Uncensored: New Christian Coalition Threat.” Top Story, GT Febru- ary 20, 1998. “Tearoom Sex Scenes in San Diego Televised by KGTV.” Top Story, GT February 26, 1998. “Starr-Crossed Lovers.” HA, SCREW April 13, 1998:16. “Bob Kunst: The Oral Majority Versus the Caymans and Maine.” Interviews, GT March 2, 1998. “Supreme Court OK’s Same-Sex Harassment Job Suits.” Top Story, GT March 5, 1998. “The Sheep of Things to Come.” HA, SCREW March 9, 1998: 16. “Tearoom Peepholing Laws Point at KGTV San Diego.” Top Story, GT March 9, 1998. “Real Paper: Bluez, Newz, Artz, Entertainmentz.” Entertainment, GT March 16, 1998. “Consumer-Based Activism to Counter Disney’s Foes?” Top Story, GT March 20, 1998. “Best Actress of ’98: Monica, Linda, Paula, Jennifer and Kathleen.” Viewpoint, GT March 23, 1998. “The Impotence Pill.” [Warren D. Adkins] Health, GT March 30, 1998. “Ron Van Dyke: The Paradox Man on Sex and Spirituality.” Interviews, GT March 30, 1998. “The Boomer Bible.” Reviews, GT March 30, 1998. “Kameny Blasts Defense Dept. Falsehoods.” Top Story, GT April 4, 1998. “Caring for the One You Should Love—Yourself.” Health, GT April 6, 1998. “A Few Doors West of Hope.” Reviews, GT April 6, 1998. “George Michael Arrested by Beverly Hills Cops.” Top Story, GT April 9, 1998. “Soccer: An Easter Sunday Epiphany.” Entertainment, GT April 13, 1998. “800 Lesbians Scorned by Bahamas’ Fundamentalists.” Top Story, GT April 15, 1998. 268 JACK NICHOLS, GAY PIONEER

“Arrow Magazine.” Reviews, GT April 20, 1998. “Gay Cloning and Artifical Wombs in New York Times.” Health, GT April 20, 1998. “Miami Censor-Cops Thorw Out Gay Cruise Protestors.” Top Story, GT April 20, 1998. “Catholic Cardinal Quits Over Molestation Charges.” Top Story, GT April 21, 1998. “Miami’s Top-Most Anti-Gay Minister Guilty: Teen Rape.” World, GT April 21, 1998. “Bob Kunst on Protest/Boycott: ‘The Revolution’s On!’” Top Story, GT April 27, 1998. “It’s Time: Linda Eder.” Entertainment, GT April 28, 1998. “Sailor Warrior—Winner Against Navy Snoops Gets Big Promotion.” Top Story, GT May 11, 1998. “Sweet Georgia Browneye.” HA, SCREW May 18, 1998: 18. “Frank Kameny: ‘Sodomy Solicitations Are Needed!’” Top Story, GT May 18, 1999. “Christian Fundamentalism: Are Its Political Candidates Losers?” World, GT May 25, 1998. “Fundamentalists Fume Over Loss in Domestic Partner Case.” Top Story, GT May 28, 1999. “Playwrights [sic] Protest Theatre’s Cancellation of Corpus Christi.” Top Story, GT May 28, 1998. “50 Australians Wear Rainbow Sashes at Roman Catholic Mass.” Top Story, GT June 1, 1998. “Pope on Gays: ‘We All Need Redeeming, Don’t We?’” World, GT June 1, 1998. “Barry Lynn: Defeating the Religious Right.” Interviews, GT June 1, 1998. “Fundamentalist Christians Invade Orlando—Hear Chants of ‘God is Gay!’” World, GT June 3, 1998. “Gay Days Events at Florida’s Disney Are Underway.” Top Story, GT June 5, 1998. “Joseph Symons: A Roman Catholic Topman Comes Clean.” People, GT June 8, 1998. “Police Entrapment Slapped Down by a Superior Court Judge.” Top Story, GT June 15, 1998. “West Holly Halloweenies.” Entertainment, GT June 15, 1998. “Religious Right and Republicans Shoot at Own Feet.” Top Story, GT June 19, 1998. “Go West, Bung Man.” HA, SCREW June 22, 1998: 18. “Pat Robertson’s Generals and Captains Invade Hawaii.” [Warren D. Adkins] World, GT June 22, 1998. “Republican Demagogue: ‘Ambassadors Shouldn’t Be Immoral Gays!’” Top Story, GT June 22, 1998. “Jerry Falwell Gets Bible Wrong on ‘Politically Incorrect.’” Top Story, GT June 25, 1998. Bibliography 269

“Republican Leaders Beat War Drums in Congress to Demonize Gays.” Top Story, GT June 26, 1998. “The Papal Chase.” HA, SCREW July 27, 1998: 18. “Pride Parades Multiply and Grow Worldwide from Berlin to Chicago.” Top Story, GT June 26, 1998. “The Geography of World War III.” Health, GT June 29, 1998. “Camille Paglia Sides with GOP Bigots and Southern Baptists.” Top Story, GT July 1, 1998. “John Loughery: A Pulitzer Prize Finalist’s History of the Twentieth Century.” In- terviews, GT July 6, 1998. “The Geography of World War III.” Health, GT July 6, 1998. “Michael White.” People, GT July 6, 1998. “New York, New York.” Entertainment, GT July 13, 1998. “Thoughts About Religion.” Viewpoint, GT July 13, 1998. “Religious Right Places Full-Page Hate Ads in Major Newspapers.” Top Story, GT July 14, 1998. “Camille Paglia: Bigotry’s Trojan Horse.” People, GT July 20, 1998. “ERA.” Entertainment, GT July 20, 1998. “Teen-Aged Gays Talk to Rolling Stone.” World, GT July 20, 1998. “Newsweek Examines Anti-Gay Ad Blitz.” Top Story, GT July 21, 1998. “Don’t Get Me Started.” Reviews, GT July 27, 1998. “Vonda Shepard.” Entertainment, GT July 27, 1998. “Jerry Falwell Encourages Anti-Gay Ad Campaign.” Top Story, GT July 28, 1998. “Elton John: Creativity and Kindness in Motion.” People, GT August 3, 1998. “International Gay Games Come of Age.” Entertainment, GT August 3, 1998. “Sandy Rapp.” Interviews, GT August 3, 1998. “‘Ex-Gay’ Newspaper Ads Misrepresent Doctor’s Research.” Top Story, GT Au- gust 5, 1998. “The Rainbow Room.” Entertainment, GT August 10, 1998. “United Methodist Church Votes Against Same-Sex Unions.” Top Story, GT Au- gust 13, 1998. “Greeks Rage Over Bride’s Wedding-Eve Discovery.” Top Story, GT August 17, 1998. “Virginia: Bombs Explode at Home of Two Gay Men.” Top Story, GT August 21, 1998. “Catholic Archbishop: ‘Remove Painting in Museum.’” Top Story, GT August 26, 1998. “David Williams: My Old Kentucky Home.” Interviews, GT August 31, 1998. “SCREW: 30 Years Old!” Viewpoint, GT August 31, 1998. “Stage 3: True Colors.” Entertainment, GT August 31, 1998. “What Would Jesus Spew.” HA, SCREW August 31, 1998: 18. “Kentucky Schoolgirl Taunted As ‘Lezzie’ Wins Lawsuit.” Top Story, GT Septem- ber 7, 1998. 270 JACK NICHOLS, GAY PIONEER

“Barney Frank Tells Liberal Democrats: Stop ‘Purity’ Test Quibbles.” Top Story, GT September 8, 1998. “Kentucky: School Children Taunted as Lesbians and Gays Sue.” Top Story, GT September 9, 1998. “US Pornography Reaps $10 Billion a Year.” Entertainment, GT September 9, 1998. “Two Gay Leaders Respond Differently to Clinton’s Predicament.” Top Story, GT September 14, 1998. “Jenny Jones Show Killer’s Conviction Overturned.” Top Story, GT September 16, 1998. “Indiana Arrest: Marla Stevens, Respected Activist.” World, GT September 21, 1998. “F. Douglas Blanchard.” Interviews, GT October 5, 1998. “Husband Hunting Made Easy.” Reviews, GT October 5, 1998. “We’ll Have a Gay Al Time.” HA, SCREW October 5, 1998: 18. “Matthew Shepard’s Murder: Gay Hate Crime of the Century.” Top Story, GT Oc- tober 13, 1998. “‘God Hates Fags’ Crusade Stalks Slain Student’s Funerals.” Top Story, GT Octo- ber 14, 1998. “Scarecrow Likeness of Matt Shepard Flaunted Atop Fraternity Float.” Top Story, GT October 15, 1998. “Keith Christopher.” Entertainment, GT October 19, 1998. “NYC: ‘Stonewall 2’ Erupts—Police Turn Violent at Vigil.” Top Story, GT Octo- ber 20, 1998. “Florida Pickets Hound Hatemonger Gary Bauer.” Top Story, GT October 28, 1998. “A Small Town Report About Remembering Matthew.” Top Story, GT October 30, 1998. “A Tribute to Yanni.” Entertainment, GT November 2, 1998. “Gary Bauer in His Own Words: His Affair with Reggie White.” People, GT No- vember 2, 1998. “Religious Right Stopped in Its Tracks by Voters.” Top Story, GT November 4, 1998. “Three More Youths Perceived As Gay Are Dead!” Top Story, GT November 6, 1998. “Bathhouse Betty.” Entertainment, GT November 9, 1998. “Bend Over, Al’ll Drive.” HA, SCREW November 9, 1998: 18. “300 Rally Following Baltimore Street Shooting.” World, GT November 9, 1998. “Malaysian Sodomy Trial Update.” [Warren D. Adkins] World, GT November 16, 1998. “Meet Joe Black.” Entertainment, GT November 16, 1998. “Rupert Murdoch’s Tabloid—the Sun—Repents Homophobic Stance.” Top Story, GT November 16, 1998. “Shepard Murder Trial: A Preliminary Hearing.” Top Story, GT November 20, 1998. Bibliography 271

“Humanism and Eastern Philosophy.” Reviews, GT November 30, 1998. “Taming the Tiger—Joni Mitchell.” Entertainment, GT November 30, 1998. “Ali-Kuli Khan Nabil.” People, GT December 7, 1998. “The Best of the Superstars: John Patrick’s Stud Puppies.” Entertainment, GT De- cember 7, 1998. “Gay Bashing Uproar Rocks Marietta College.” Top Story, GT December 7, 1998. “The Emperor’s New Clones.” HA, SCREW December 14, 1998: 20. “And the Horse He Road In On.” Reviews, GT December 21, 1998. “Republicans Attack Fair Play ‘Pearl Harbor Style.’” Top Story, GT December 21, 1998. “Will Earth Survive?” Environment/Techonology, GT December 21, 1998. “Trent Lott, Anti-Gay US Senate Leader, Tied to Racist Group.” Top Story, GT De- cember 24, 1998. “Death Penalty Sought for Shepard’s Murderers.” Top Story, GT December 30, 1998. “Lay Catholic Groups Pledge to End Anti-Gay Violence.” Top Story, GT December 31, 1998. “Bash or Charge.” HA, SCREW January 18, 1999: 18. “Florida—Anti-Impeachment Rally: ‘No Nookie for the GOP!’” Top Story, GT January 11, 1999. “Historic Ceremony: Bold Christian Ministers Defy Church Ban.” Top Story, GT January 18, 1999. “Oral Gets a Human Face.” Viewpoint, GT January 25, 1999. “The Cosmopolitan Marlene Dietrich.” Entertainment, GT February 1, 1999. “Meatmen: An Anthology of Gay Male Comics, Volume 22.” Rewiews, GT Febru- ary 8, 1999. “Teen Gets Anti-Gay Slur Carved Into Stomach.” Top Story, GT February 15, 1999. “There’s Something About Mary.” Entertainment, GT February 15, 1999. “1000 Students Rally Supporting Teen Gay Bashing Victim.” Top Story, GT Febru- ary 19, 1999. “Eleanor Roosevelt: Intimacy and the Gift of Awareness.” People, GT February 22, 1999. “Jesse Helms: Clinton Thwarts His Anti-Gay ‘Morality.’” Top Story, GT Febru- ary 23, 1999. “Bashed Author, Robert Drake, Still Critical.” Top Story, GT February 24, 1999. “Larry Flint to Expose Republican Hypocrites in March.” Top Story, GT February 26, 1999. “Fox News: Its Right Wing Bigotry=Zealot Reports.” Top Story, GT March 5, 1999. “Beheading: A Grisly Murder in Virginia.” Top Story, GT March 9, 1999. “Another Murder! Another Cold Killer Confesses.” Top Story, GT March 16, 1999. “Homosexual Animals Coming Out of the Closet.” Top Story, GT March 17, 1999. 272 JACK NICHOLS, GAY PIONEER

“Catholics Denounce the Sisters of Perpetual Indulgence.” Top Story, GT March 18, 1999. “Michael Barber’s Accused Killer Under Arrest.” Top Story, GT March 22, 1999. “Becoming Visible: An Illustrated History of Lesbian and Gay Life in Twentieth Centruy America.” Reviews, GT March 29, 1999. “Britain: Persecuted Gays, Women May Seek Asylum.” Top Story, GT March 29, 1999. “Catholic League Prepares to Boycott San Francisco.” Top Story, GT March 31, 1999. “A Major AIDS Scam?” Health, GT April 5, 1999. “Russell Henderson, 21, Sentenced to Two Life Terms.” Top Story, GT April 6, 1999. “The Onion.” Reviews, GT April 12, 1999. “Micahel Moore’s TV Hit: The Awful Truth.” Entertainment, GT April 19, 1999. “GOP Impeachment Gang to Party, Oral Majority Protests.” Top Story, GT April 19, 1999. “Vermont Targeted by Hawaiian Anti-Gay Group.” Top Story, GT April 21, 1999. “Homophile Hate-Monger Declares for the US Presidency.” Top Story, April 23, 1999. “Goodbye to the Gay Gene.” Viewpoint, GT April 26, 1999. “Mike Nichols: Entertainment’s Achiever.” Entertainment, GT April 26, 1999. “Hunger Strike at University of Pittsburgh Enters Third Week.” Top Story, GT April 29, 1999. “Swing Kids.” Entertainment, GT May 3, 1999. “Jerry Falwell Flies Into a Tizzy Over Bud Light’s Ad.” Top Story, GT May 6, 1999. “OUT for GOOD.” Reviews, GT May 17, 1999. “Richard Inman.” People, GT May 17, 1999. “Catholic Archbishop Attacks Gay Agenda and Feminism.” Top Story, GT May 24, 1999. “The House Where Witter Bynner Dwelt.” Viewpoint, GT May 24, 1999. “Torture-Rape Cop Changes Plea to Guilty.” Top Story, GT May 26, 1999. “Another Unembarrassed Ignoramus.” People, GT May 31, 1999. “Larry Kramer’s Play Just Say No Gets Panned.” Top Story, GT June 1, 1999. “Rev. Phelps Plans Ottawa Trip to Burn the Canadian Flag.” Top Story, GT June 9, 1999. “Machismo and The Marcolian.” Reviews, GT June 14, 1999. “Remembering the Stonewall Era.” Viewpoint, GT June 14, 1999. “Southern Baptists Blast Clinton for Pride Proclamation.” Top Story, GT June 16, 1999. “Reggie White Pushes Hate at Southern Baptist Convention.” Top Story, GT June 21, 1999. “Massive Crowds March Through New York City.” Top Story, GT June 28, 1999. Bibliography 273

“Stonewall: A Film by Nigel Finch.” Viewpoint, GT June 28, 1999. “Arthur Evans and the ‘Critique of Patriarchal Reason.’” Interviews, GT July 5, 1999. “Male Couple of 16 Years Murdered in Happy Valley.” Top Story, GT July 8, 1999. “Case Against Gay Journalist Bruce Mirker Dismissed.” Top Story, GT July 9, 1999. “US Women Win the World Cup.” Entertainment, GT July 12, 1999. “La Nouba—Cirque du Soleil.” Entertainment. GT July 19, 1999. “Vatican Expose Reveals Homosexuality, Greed, Favoritism.” Top Story, GT July 19, 1999. “Witter Bynner and His Keepers of the Flame.” Interviews, GT August 2, 1999. “New York Times Headlines Christian Colaition Woes.” Top Story, GT August 3, 1999. “Oral Sex Act Introduced Into Alabama Murder Trial.” Top Story, GT August 6, 1999. “Male Couple Murdered at Home in Irvine, California.” Top Story, GT August 9, 1999. “Mexico’s Bare-Bottomed Revolutionaries.” Entertainment, GT August 9, 1999. “Hillary: Attacked by Andrew Sullivan and Kenneth Starr.” World. GT August 11, 1999. “Neo-Nazi Killer Said to Hate Jews, Blacks, Gays.” World, GT August 13, 1999. “Matthew’s Killers: What Does It Take to Pass As a Man?” Reviews, GT August 16, 1999. “Phoenix: A Rainbow Memorial for Those Who Served.” World. GT August 16, 1999. “India’s First Gay Newsmagazine Going On-Line.” World, GT August 17, 1999. “Lilli Vincenz: A Lesbian Pioneer.” Interviews, GT August 30, 1999. “AIDS Infections Are No Longer in Decline.” Health, GT September 6, 1999. “Warren Beatty for President.” People, GT September 13, 1999. “Invited African Heads of State Avoid AIDS Conference.” Top Story, GT Septem- ber 14, 1999. “UN Official: AIDS World’s Worst Undeclared War.” World, GT September 17, 1999. “Bob Kunst Protests Jerry Falwell and Mel White Meeting.” Top Story, GT Septem- ber 20, 1999. “Finding the Toxic Hazards Near You.” Environment/Technology, GT September 20, 1999. “Jerry Falwell Meeting with Mel White Causing an Uproar.” Top Story, GT Sep- tember 24, 1999. “Who Is Witter Bynner?” Review, GT September 27, 1999. “Kramer: Man Made AIDS Theory ‘Pretty Convincing.’” Top Story, GT September 27, 1999. “Queen City—Invaders from a Forbidden Planet.” Entertainment, GT September 27, 1999. 274 JACK NICHOLS, GAY PIONEER

“Inquiring Minds Ask: Did Gary Bauer Use a Condom?” Top Story, GT October 1, 1999. “Gay Spirit Warrior.” Interviews, GT October 4, 1999. “Violence and Conventional Male Posing.” Viewpoint, GT October 4, 1999. “Chinese Court: Landmark Decision on Homosexuality.” Top Story, GT Octo- ber 14, 1999. “Kerusson Ministries President Arrayed in Purple Goo.” Top Story, GT, Octo- ber 15, 1999. “Fight Club.” Entertainment, GT October 18, 1999. “William J. ‘Pete’ Knight—Spacey Hero and Earthly Bigot.” People, GT Octo- ber 18, 1999. “The Straight Story.” Entertainment, GT October 25, 1999. “Walt Whitman—Selected Poems 1855-1892.” Reviews, GT October 25, 1999. “Falwell Calls Activist Bob Kunst ‘Sinful and Dangerous.’” Top Story, GT October 29, 1999. “Chris Bull: In the Citadels of Power.” Interviews, GT November 1, 1999. “Scotland Scraps Anti-Gay Laws from Thatcher Era.” World, GT November 2, 1999. “Roman Catholic Cardinal Promotes Vicious Bigotry.” World, GT November 8, 1999. “Enrique Iglesias: His Greatest Hits.” Entertainment, GT November 8, 1999. “Hollywood, Movies and the Internet.” [Warren D. Adkins] Entertainment, GT No- vember 15, 1999. “Something for the Boys: Musical Theatre and Gay Culture.” Reviews, GT No- vember 15, 1999. “Zimbabwe’s President Brands UK’s Government Queer.” Top Story, GT Novem- ber 15, 1999. “Hindus Angered by Sydney’s ‘HomoSutra’ Sleaze Ball.” Top Story, GT Novem- ber 17, 1999. “Bush’s ‘Huge Nightmare’ Is Log Cabin Republicans.” World, GT November 22, 1999. “Dogma.” Entertainment, GT November 22, 1999. “Quentin Crisp Dead—Pioneering Individualist Was 90.” Top Story, GT November 22, 1999. “Fire Death and Murder Strike Cathedral of Promise MCC.” World, GT November 23, 1999. “10 ACT-UP Protestors Arrested at the White House.” Top Story, GT December 1, 1999. “Pope: ‘Gay Marriage Is Among Threats to the Family.’” Top Story, GT Decem- ber 2, 1999. “Uganda: ‘Homosexual Challenge’ Subject of Debate.” World, GT December 2, 1999. “Serial Sex Killer of 100 Young Boys Horrifies Pakistan.” Top Story, GT Decem- ber 8, 1999. Bibliography 275

“Provate Calvin Glover: Guilty of Premeditated Murder.” Top Story, GT Decem- ber 10, 1999. “Oldies But Goodies: 20th Century Film Classics.” Entertainment, GT Decmber 13, 1999. “Too Many Babies: My End of the Century Nightmare.” People, GT December 13, 1999. “Former Porno Addict Leads Charge Against Gay Rights.” Top Story, Decem- ber 20, 1999. “Pat Buchanan: ‘Imperial Judiciary Repudiates Morality.’” Top Story, GT Decem- ber 22, 1999. “George Michael: Songs from the Last Century.” Entertainment, GT December 27, 1999. “Senator John McCain.” People, GT December 27, 1999. “Abe Lincoln and the Marfan Syndrome.” People, GT January 3, 2000. “Bill Pinyon: A Badpuppy in Heat.” Interviews, GT January 3, 2000. “Hysterical Republican Candidates Denounce Equality.” Top Story, GT January 7, 2000. “‘The McDonald’s of Sperm’” Health, GT January 10, 2000. “Al Gore Opens AIDS Debates in UN Security Council.” Top Story, GT January 12, 2000. “Amelie Mauresmo: What’s Love Got to Do with It?” People, GT January 17, 2000. “Camp Sister Spirit Hosts the Gulf Coast Womyn’s Festivals.” Entertainment, GT January 17, 2000. “Peter Tatchell: Outrage in Action.” Interview, GT January 31, 2000. “The Greatest Show on Earth: www.LanoverBaptist.Org” Entertainment, GT Janu- ary 31, 2000. “Queering Elementary Education.” Reviews, GT February 7, 2000. “PBS-TVs Frontline Exposes ‘Assault on Gay America.’” Top Story, GT Febru- ary 16, 2000. “Queer Dharma: Voices of Gay Buddhists, Volume 2.” Reviews, GT February 21, 2000. “Country Music’s Lesbian and Gay Artists.” Entertainment, GT February 28, 2000. “Big Kiss.” Reviews, GT March 13, 2000. “Both Sides Now: Joni Mitchell.” Entertainment, GT March 13, 2000. “A Central Florida Vacation.” Entertainment, GT March 20, 2000. “Right Wing Pundits Lonk Gay S&M—SF Activist Acts.” World, GT March 22, 2000. “Father Murders and Dismembers His 19-Year-Old Stepson.” Top Story, GT March 24, 2000. “Laurel and Hardy: 1932s Favorite Male Couple.” Entertainment, GT March 27, 2000. “The Riddle of ‘Man-Manly’ Love.” Reviews, GT April 3, 2000. “Ready to Rumble.” [Warren D. Adkins] Entertainment, GT April 10, 2000. 276 JACK NICHOLS, GAY PIONEER

“Walt Whitman: The Poet of Comrades and of Love.” People, GT April 10, 2000. “Angel Lust: An Erotic Novel of Time Travel.” Reviews, GT April 24, 2000. “Millennium March Rally Attended by Tens of Thousands.” Top Story, GT May 1, 2000. “Close Encounters with the Religious Right: Journeys into the Twilight Zone of Re- ligion and Politics.” Reviews, GT May 1, 2000. “Walt Whitman: The Poet of Comrades and of Love.” Viewpoint, GT May 15, 2000. “Dale Jennings, 82, Dies—Co-Founder of Original Mattachine.” Top Story, GT May 17, 2000. “Jerry Falwell Attacks Proctor and Gamble’s Dr. Laura Dump.” Top Story, GT May 19, 2000. “Gladiator.” [Warren D. Adkins] Entertainment, GT May 22, 2000. “Lee Brewster Dies at 57.” Top Story, GT May 25, 2000. “Mission: Impossible II.” [Warren D. Adkins] Entertainment, GT May 29, 2000. “The Gayellow Pages—National Edition #24.” Reviews, GT May 29, 2000. “Standing Tall Before Stonewall: The First Gay Pickets.” Entertainment, GT June 5, 2000. “Groove.” [Warren D. Adkins] Entertainment, GT June 19, 2000. “Controversial Activist Slammed at New York Pride Rally.” Top Story, GT June 19, 2000. “Alternative Channels.” Reviews, GT July 6, 2000. “Dissenting Opinions on the United States Supreme Court.” Viewpoint, GT July 6, 2000. “Pope John Paul II Condemns Rome’s World Pride 2000.” Top Story, GT July 10, 2000. “Office Space.” Entertainment, GT July 13, 2000. “Pope’s Handyman Arrested by Miami Plainclothes Police.” Top Story, GT July 14, 2000. “Lao Tzu and Modern Politics.” People, GT July 17, 2000. “The Patriot.” Entertainment, GT July 17, 2000. “Roman Catholicism Causes AIDS Genocide.” Viewpoint, GT July 17, 2000. “HBO Presents Ellen DeGeneres as a Stand-Up Comic.” Top Story, GT July 24, 2000. “Malaysia’s Anwar Ibrahim Sentence to Nine Years.” Top Story, GT August 11, 2000. “Imus Watch: Exposing a Bigot Worse than Dr. Laura—An Interview with Philip Nobile.” Interviews, GT September 4, 2000. “The Futurist: FM:2030—FM Esfandiary.” People, GT September 11, 2000. “A Bisexual Asks: ‘What About Jealousy?’” Viewpoint, GT September 18, 2000. “Russell Rich vs. McDonalds’s.” People, GT September 18, 2000. “Jae Cie: A Thief in the Night.” Entertainment, GT September 25, 2000. “Why Is Ollie North Like Mr. Gay?” Viewpoint, GT September 25, 2000. Bibliography 277

“Michael Petrelis: A Pioneer of AIDS Activism.” Interviews, GT October 2, 2000. “Charges Dropped Against 18-Year-Old Alleged Killer.” World, GT October 6, 2000. “Namibian Official to Police: Eliminate Homosexuals.” World, GT October 9, 2000. “Cole Sings Porter.” Entertainment. GT October 9, 2000. “Beach Man: Photographs of the Male Nude.” Reviews, GT October 9, 2000. “Tiptoe Through the Tearooms: The Glory Hole Days of Matthew Glavon.” View- point, GT October 9, 2000. “The Phantom of the Movies Videoscope.” Reviews, GT October 16, 2000. “Saviz Shafaie: Persia’s Pioneer.” People, GT October 23, 2000. “Former President Carter Renounces Southern Baptist Convention.” Top Story, GT October 23, 2000. “America or Amerika? What if the Republicans Win?” Viewpoint, GT October 30, 2000. “Andrew Sullivan Gets Bounced from the Advocate.” World, GT November 2, 2000. “Canada’s Four Largest Churches Face Total Bankruptcy.” Top Story, GT Novem- ber 3, 2000. “‘Second American Revolution’ Says Activist Bob Kunst.” Top Story, GT Novem- ber 10, 2000. “‘No More Bushit’ Bob Kunst Threatened by Angry GOP Crowd.” Top Story, GT November 27, 2000. “Anti-Bush Slogan Gets Wide Notice.” World, GT November 28, 2000. “Cockrub Warrior: Bill Weintraub.” Interviews, GT December 4, 2000. “Arrogant, Fanatical, Illegal Tactic Haunts in the US Election.” Top Story, GT De- cember 7, 2000. “American Myth of a Non-Political Court System Melting Fast.” Top Story, GT De- cember 11, 2000. “Common Sense II: Preparing for the Revolution.” Viewpoint, GT December 18, 2000. “Hal Cal, a Mattachine Society Pioneer—Dead at 83.” Top Story, GT December 20, 2000. “‘Buck Fush’ Says Patriot, Razzing the Vacationing Bush Party.” Top Story, GT December 29, 2000. “Growing Opinion: ‘Right-Wing Coup Shames America!’” Top Story, GT Janu- ary 5, 2001. “President Clinton Calls Gore the Winner in Election 2000.” Top Story, GT Janu- ary 12, 2001. “Cloning a Human in 2001: Wired Magazines Cover Story.” Environment/Tech- nology, GT January 15, 2001. “Focus on the Family Sues Over ‘Ex-Gay Transit Ad Ban.” World, GT January 16, 2001. 278 JACK NICHOLS, GAY PIONEER

“Washington Times: Oral Majority to Protest Bush Coronation.” Top Story, GT Jan- uary 19, 2001. “Leon Russell.” Entertainment, GT January 21, 2001. “Super Bowl: ‘Bush Stole the Election’ Banner Plane to Fly.” World, GT Janu- ary 26, 2001. “Stiffed: The Betrayal of the American Man.” Reviews, GT January 29, 2001. “Randolfe Wicker: The First Human Cloning Activist.” Interviews, GT February 5, 2001. “Angel: Jade Esteban Estrada.” People, GT February 19, 2001. “Butterfly Ballots Show: Gore’s Lead 10 Times Over Bush’s.” Top Story, GT March 12, 2001. “Oral Majority’s Protest of Bush Hits Network News Programs.” World, GT March 13, 2001. “Bush Scolds the Media—Stop Florida ‘Re-voting’ He Demands.” Top Story, GT March 15, 2001. “Sex Trips for Gay Guys.” Reviews, GT April 2, 2001. “Oral Majority Chapter Members Attacked in Palm Beach.” World, GT April 3, 2001. “Streisand Calls George W. Bush’s Installation ‘Supreme Coup.’” Top Story, GT April 5, 2001. “Andrew Sullivan: An Unconscious Collaborator?” World, GT April 11, 2001. “Anti-Bush Protests Multiply Across the USA.” World, GT April 19, 2001. “Controversial Kiss Between Heterosexual Australian Schoolboys.” Top Story, GT April 20, 2001. “Pharmaceutical Giants Cave in to South Africa—Will It Help?” Health, GT April 23, 2001. “Anti-Bush Activists and Oral Majority Form Strategic Alliances.” Top Story, GT April 27, 2001. “Gay Pioneers.” Entertainment, GT May 14, 2001. “Scorned Suitor Is Arrested in a Grisly University Murder Case.” Top Story, GT May 18, 2001. “2000 Anti-Bush Demonstrators March on Washington, DC.” World, GT May 21, 2001. “Dreams of Life After Death Take Form.” Viewpoint, GT June 11, 2001. “What Makes a Man a Man?” Viewpoint, GT July 30, 2001. “NY Times Exposes GOPs Flawed Ballot Scam in 2000 Election.” Top Story, GT July 16, 2001. “Publicity Flares Over Three Arrested Protestors at Bush Speech.” Top Story, GT June 18, 2001. “Openly Gay Former Republican Admits He Was Author of Lies.” Top Story, GT June 28, 2001. “Gay Mention Refused in United Nations AIDS Declaration.” Top Story, GT June 29, 2001. Bibliography 279

“Bob Kunst Tackles Election 2000’s Thieves.” People, GT July 16, 2001. “Six Feet Under.” Entertainment, GT July 23, 2001. “Rodger Streitmatter and the Voices of Revolution.” Interviews, GT August 1, 2001. “Oregon Democratic Party: ‘Impeach 5 on US Supreme Court.’” Top Story, GT Au- gust 7, 2001. “The Mexican.” Entertainment, GT August 13, 2001. “The Big Republican Lie About a Liberal Media.” Viewpoint, GT August 20, 2001. “Anne Heche Tells Barbara Walters About Her Life Spent ‘Insane.’” Top Story, GT September 6, 2001. “Fat Cat Corporate Chiselers Censor the News: The Miami Herald and the Orlando Sentinel.” Viewpoint, GT September 3, 2001. “Scared Straight.” Reviews, GT September 24, 2001. “Robert N. Minor.” Interviews, GT October 1, 2001. “Mrs. Judy O’Christian of Landover Baptist Church.” Interviews, GT November 11, 2001. “Bush Seizing Dictatorial Powers—Would Conduct Secret Trials.” Top Story, GT November 16, 2001. “Florida Candidate Bob Kunst Speaks Out About Bush Treachery.” Top Story, GT November 19, 2001. “Are Western Nations Battling Rising Religious Totalitarianism?” Top Story, GT November 28, 2001. “Kirk Read Tells How He Learned to Snap.” Interviews, GT December 3, 2001. “Lance Loud, 50, Dies —Eldest Son in 1973 Reality-TV Series.” Top Story, GT De- cember 26, 2001. “Falling in Love Again.” People, GT December 31, 2001. “Tim Kingston on ‘AIDS Terrorism’ in San Francisco.” Interviews, GT January 1, 2002. “Kunst Protests Former President and Barbara Bush on Holiday.” Top Story, GT January 2, 2002. “ENRON Helped Steal Election 2000 Says Florida Candidate.” Top Story, GT Jan- uary 14, 2002. “Falwell—Called ‘American Taliban’—Repsonds to Bob Kunst.” Top Story, GT February 8, 2002. “The Men’s Movement: A Statement of Purpose.” Viewpoint, GT February 18, 2002. “A Bush Is a Bush Is a Bush.” Viewpoint, GT February 25, 2002. “Jesse Monteagudo: Florida’s Foremost Gay Scholar.” Interviews, GT March 4, 2002. “John Paul Hudson Remembered.” Interviews, GT March 4, 2002. “Andrew Sullivan Is Mercilessly Critiques in The Nation.” Top Story, GT March 27, 2002. “Paul D. Cain Is Leading the Parade.” Interviews, GT April 1, 2002. 280 JACK NICHOLS, GAY PIONEER

“New Yorkers Angered by Roman Catholic Anti-Gay Strategy.” Top Story, GT April 24, 2002. “Roman Catholic Hierarchy Dishonors Vow-Faithful Gay Priests.” Top Story, GT April 26, 2002. “Gary Schmidgall: Walt Whitman Scholarship at Its Best.” Interviews, GT May 1, 2002. “Miami’s Bob Kunst Notices: ‘Bush Can’t Connect the Dots.’” Top Story, GT May 21, 2002. “Justice Dept. Threatens Florida Counties for Election 2000 Theft.” Top Story, GT May 23, 2002. “Ashcroft’s Justice Dept.: Florida Election 2000 Was Legitimate.” Top Story, GT May 30, 2002. “Affectionate Men.” Reviews, GT June 3, 2002. “Christians and Muslims United at UN Against Gays, Women.” Top Story, GT June 21, 2002. “Conservative Christians Beat War Drums for a Battle of Faiths.” Top Story, GT June 25, 2002. “Stupid White Men High on New York Times Best Sellers List.” Top Story, GT July 1, 2002. “Stupid White Men.” Reviews, GT July 8, 2002. “Oscar Wilde Memorial Bookshop to Close at Month’s End.” World, GT January 9, 2003. “The Baha’i World Faith: Its Stand on Same-Sex Love.” People, GT January 13, 2003. “John E. Fryer, 65, Pioneering Psychiatrist—Activist Is Dead.” World, GT March 12, 2003. “Brian Ockert: An Adult Site’s Strategies for Success.” People, GT March 31, 2003. “Survival: A Speech.” Viewpoint, GT April 14, 2003. “Rick Santorum May Be Signaling GOP 2004 Election Strategy.” Top Story, GT April 25, 2003. “Books That GayToday’s Editor Is Reading.” Viewpoint, GT May 12, 2003. “A Revolution Reborn in Speeches and in Songs.” Viewpoint, GT June 16, 2003. “Pride and Supreme Court Patriotism at a Joyous Southern Celebration.” Top Story, GT June 30, 2003. “Journal of Gay and Lesbian Issues in Education.” Reviews, GT July 21, 2003. “Vatican Threatens Anglican Communion Ties Over Gay Bishops.” Top Story, Oc- tober 6, 2003. “America’s Autopsy Report.” Reviews, October 13, 2003. “Andrew Sullivan Admits He Is Unable to Attend Catholic Mass.” Top Story, GT October 20, 2003. “About Reagan: ‘Boycott CBS, Censorship’s Evil Eye,’ Says Activist.” Top Story, GT November 11, 2003. “Frank Kameny in 2003: The Father of Strategic Gay Militancy.” Interviews, GT December 1, 2003. Bibliography 281

“Groundbreaking Book Challenges Old-Fashioned Social Concepts.” Top Story, December 5, 2003. “Candidacy of George W. Bush Promoted by Official Web Site.” World, GT De- cember 8, 2003. “History Book Records US Government’s Persecution of Gays.” Top Story, GT De- cember 31, 2003. “With Fingers at the Tips of My Words.” Reviews, GT January 12, 2004. “Hegemony or Survival.” Reviews, GT February 16, 2004. “Raj Ayyar: From India with Love.” People, GT March 29, 2004. “Stonewall: The Riots That Sparked the Gay Revolution.” Reviews, GT May 17, 2004. “Why I Joined the Movement.” Viewpoint, GT May 17, 2004. “Washington, DC: A Return to My Hometown.” Viewpoint, GT June 21, 2004. “The I Hate George W. Bush Reader.” Reviews, GT July 5, 2004. “Why I Love New York.” Viewpoint, GT July 5, 2004. “Democratic National Convention Effectively Celebrates Ideal American Values.” Top Story, GT July 29, 2004. “GayToday, Nearly 8 Years Old, Says Goodbye to Its Readers.” Top Story, GT Sep- tember 30, 2004.

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Kepner, Jim. 1998. Rough News, Daring Views: 1950s Pioneer Gay Press Journal- ism. Binghamton, NY: The Haworth Press, Inc. Levine, Martin, ed. 1997. Gay Men: The Sociology of Male Homosexuality. New York: Harper & Row. Loughery, John. 1998. The Other Side of Silence: Men’s Lives & Gay Identities, A Twentieth Century History. New York: Henry Holt. Marcus, Eric. 1992. Making History: The Struggle for Gay and Lesbian Equal Rights, 1945-1990. New York: Harper Collins. McGarry, Molly, and Fred Wasserman. 1998. Becoming Visible: An Illustrated His- tory of Lesbian and Gay Life in 20th Century America. New York: The New York Public Library, Penguin Studio. Miller, Neil. 1995. Out of the Past: Gay and Lesbian History from 1869 to the Pres- ent. New York: Vintage Books. Richmond, Len, and Gary Noguera, eds. 1979. The New Gay Liberation Book. San Francisco: Ramparts Press. Satin, Martin. 1979. New Age Politics: Healing Self and Society. New York: Dell Publishing Co, Inc. Sears, James. 1997. Lonely Hunters: An Oral History of Lesbian & Gay Southern Life, (1948-1968). Boulder, CO: Westview-Harper Collins. _____. 2001. Rebels, Rubyfruit and Rhinestones: Queering Space in the Stonewall South. New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press. Streitmatter, Rodger.1995. Unspeakable: The Rise of the Gay & Lesbian Press in America. Boston: Faber and Faber, 1995 _____. 2001. Voices of Revolution: The Dissident Press in America. New York: Co- lumbia University Press. Teal, Donn. 1971. The Gay Militants. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1971. Tobin, Kay, and Randy Wicker. 1972. The Gay Crusaders. New York: Paperback Library. Weinburg, George. 1972. Society and the Healthy Homosexual. New York: St. Mar- tin’s Press. Wesley, Frank, and Claire Wesley. 1977. Sex-Role Psychology. New York: Human Sciences Press. Woods, Gregory. 1987. Articulate Flesh: Male Homo-Eroticism and Modern Po- etry, New Haven: Yale University Press.