Promoting Positivity, Refuting Negativity, Or Remaining Neutral?

Promoting Positivity, Refuting Negativity, or Remaining Neutral?

Language Use in Select Issues of The Homosexual Citizen and Eastern Mattachine Magazine

By Zach Baldwin

Andrea Brenner, Department of Sociology

General University Honors

May 2014 American University Washington, DC

Dedication

To Frank Kameny, Jack Nichols, Lilli Vincenz, Barbara Gittings, and the many other members of the early gay rights movement in the United States. Without your sacrifices our community would not be where it is today. Thank you.

To Bob Connelly for peeking my interest in the early gay rights movement and for being a constant source of friendship and advice – I owe you some Navratan Korma.

Abstract

The gay rights movement in the United States truly began with the conclusion of World

War II when returning GIs who identified as gay, or had gay inclinations, met one another and took the opportunity to begin exploring their sexuality. This research examines the messaging and language used during the early days of the gay rights movement in the United States.

Specifically, this work examines how the DC Mattachine Society spoke to their constituents and focuses on the tone used. As such, this research asks the following questions: What language did the DC Mattachine Society use in these publications to communicate with their members? Were the messages about homosexuality conveyed in these publications primarily refuting negativity, promoting positivity, or neutral? Did certain topics tend to lean towards one type of message or were they varied? The data for this research was drawn from a content analysis of select issues of

Eastern Mattachine Magazine and The Homosexual Citizen, two publications released by the DC

Mattachine Society, from 1965 to 1967. The most significant finding to come out of this research is the strong focus on neutrality across each of the publications examined. Many articles approached the topic at hand in an almost scientific manner that provided straight facts more than advocacy-type articles full of emotion. This ran counter to expectations at the start of this research.

Table of Contents

Dedication · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · 2

Abstract · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · 3

Introduction · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · 5

Literature Review and Theoretical Framework · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · 8

Insider/Outsider Dynamics · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · 8

Language of the Other · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · 9

Influence of Language on the Understanding of Identity · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · ·10

Research Methodology · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · 11

Operational Definitions · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · ·11

Preliminary Research Design · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · ·12

Sampling Considerations · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · ·12

Strengths and Weaknesses of Methodology · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · 13

Guides and Content · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · ·14

Results and Analysis · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · ·15

Types of Content · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · 15

Positivity, Negativity, and Neutrality · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · ·16

Positivity, Negativity, and Neutrality by Types of Content · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · 17

Conclusion · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · 20

Appendices · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · 22

References · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · ·32

Introduction

The Gay Rights Movement in the United States is commonly assumed to have begun with the Stonewall Riots in June of 1969.1 While this event was a catalyst for increased activism and demands for equal rights, it is not the first action by gay and lesbian activists in the United

States. Arguments can be made for gay rights activism taking place at the beginning of the 19th century, but those instances of activism are few and not widely impactful. Rather, an important period to study is that which led up to the Stonewall Riots and made such an act of resistance successful and possible in the first place. Of note are actions taken by the Mattachine Society of

Washington, DC, under the leadership of Dr. Frank Kameny, between its founding in 1961 leading up to the Stonewall Riot in June of 1969.

The Washington, DC chapter of the Mattachine Society was co-founded by Dr. Franklin

E. Kameny and Jack Nichols on November 15, 1961 (The Rainbow History Project n.d.).

According to the Statement of Purpose released by the organization, the Mattachine Society of

DC was formed in order to: “Secure for homosexuals the right to life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness…to equalize the status and position of the homosexual with those of the heterosexual…to inform and enlighten the public about homosexuals and homosexuality…to assist, protect, and counsel the homosexual in need” (Mattachine Society of Washington DC

1961). The Statement of Purpose also makes it clear that the Mattachine Society is not a social organization and that they will willingly cooperate with other civil rights groups. The Mattachine

Society of DC was a membership organization that screened members and was governed by an

1 The Stonewall Riots occurred on June 28th when a group of gay customers at the Stonewall Inn in Greenwich Village, NY fought back against the police harassment that happened regularly at the time. In 1969 in New York and elsewhere throughout the country there were laws prohibiting homosexuality in public and many gay establishments were continually raised and shut down. The police beat back the protestors on the first night, but on June 29th the riot resurrected with an even larger crowd. Demonstrations continued throughout the week. (The Leadership Conference 2009). 6 executive board (The Rainbow History Project n.d.). The organization released monthly publications, organized lawful demonstrations, lobbied government officials, and provided support for homosexuals in the area and across the country.

Among other things, this period included: the first civil rights claim to the Supreme Court on the basis of sexual orientation (Franklin Edward Kameny, Petitioner v. Wilber M. Brucker,

Secretary of the Army, et al., Respondents, 1960), the first picket line in front of the White House advocating for gay rights, efforts to overturn sodomy laws, and more (Gaynair 2009).

Throughout this time, gay rights activists had to combat strong social stigma and negative cultural beliefs about homosexuality. As such, Kameny and the Mattachine Society had to be very careful and calculating about the language they used to express their beliefs and fight for their rights.

Today, many primary documents from Frank Kameny and the Washington, DC chapter of the Mattachine Society are publically available through the Library of Congress and the

Smithsonian Museum, however little research has been conducted to directly analyze the language used during the first decade of the organization’s operation, or studied how that language has changed over time. It is important to conduct this research in order to help give a voice to the history of the gay rights movement. All too often, lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender aspects of history are left out of the public record. This history is not taught at public schools and is rarely a topic of discussion outside specific academic circles.

Through a content analysis, this research examined the questions: What language did the

DC Mattachine Society use in these publications to communicate with their members? Were the messages about homosexuality conveyed in these publications primarily refuting negativity, 7 promoting positivity, or neutral? Did certain topics tend to lean towards one type of message or were they varied?

Literature Review and Theoretical Framework

Before delving deeper into this topic, it is necessary to review some relevant literature and theory, most notable the dynamics of insider/outsider relations; the language of the ‘other’; and the influence of language on the understanding of identity.

Insider/Outsider Dynamics

The terms ‘insider’ and ‘outsider’ in this context refer to the position of the researcher in relation to his or her research subjects. It has primarily been used to inform the interactions of interviews; however it is also applicable to a researcher studying primary source documents from the past and can help foster a better understanding of the subjects under study. Early discussions of insider/outsider dynamics assumed that the research could only fit into one or the other category (Merriam and Johnson-Bailey 2010, 405). The common thought was that a researcher who was an insider could gain more access to the community under study, but that the researcher who was an outsider could bring a more objective view and ask more provocative questions

(Merriam and Johnson-Bailey 2010, 411). Out of this research, Merriam and Johnson-Bailey came to several conclusions, two of which are relevant here.

First, Merriam and Johnson-Bailey refute the original understanding of insider/outsider dynamics by asserting the complexity of identity. Essentially, everyone – both researchers and research subjects – holds a multiplicity of identities; researcher and subject can connect on one or several shared identities, but it is inevitable that there will be one or several identities on which the researcher and subject do not connect (Merriam and Johnson-Bailey 2010, 407). As such, the researcher is never truly just an insider or an outsider. While completing research on 9 this topic, it is important to recognize the identities people hold while examining their specific language use choices as well as their reactions to other uses of language.

Second, Merriam and Johnson-Bailey recognize that there are different meanings to language in different cultures and situations (Merriam and Johnson-Bailey 2010, 414-415). A specific word or phrase, taken to have a certain meaning in one context, can have a completely different meaning and influence in another context. This is an essential understanding for this research as it is an examination of language use fifty years into the past. In addition, this research seeks to examine language use between an activist organization and their opposition – at the time, each group was operating out of a different understanding of homosexuality and thus likely attributed different meanings to certain words and phrases. As such, use of the same word or phrase by the Mattachine Society and by their opposition does not necessarily mean that each group was using that particular word or phrase with the same intent. On the part of the research,

Merriam and Johnson-Bailey draw on Paz to note the difficulty of understanding meaning and intent from translations – spoken and written – as some of the original meaning is lost with each translation (Merriam and Johnson-Bailey 2010, 415). This loss of original meaning due to translation occurs when thoughts are translated into the written word as well as to the reading of written word decades later. It is important to note these considerations when conducting research of this sort.

Language of the ‘Other’

In a broad sense, the ‘other’ mentioned here refers any group within society that is in the minority and is marginalized for being in that position. The specific ‘other’ of interest here are homosexual individuals in the context of 1960s Washington, DC. The language of the ‘other’ can 10 be a valuable resource for understanding how identities are formed when considering how individuals may be constrained in various ways depending on how specific ideologies operate in particular markets (Park and Wee 2008, 242). Park and Wee also note the practice of appropriating certain aspects of a language to fit the expression of a subcultural – or ‘other’ – identity (Park and Wee 2008, 243). This is seen in certain minority groups using certain words or phrases in new ways that have a meaning specific to that group. As such, homosexuals in 1960s

DC may use known words in the English language but appropriate a different meaning to those words than the common understanding during that time. One important conclusion resulting from Park and Wee’s work is the understanding that speakers, depending on their social location, are constrained in different ways by the dominant ideology operating in their current market

(Park and Wee 2008, 245). Homosexuals in 1960s DC were in a very specific market and were faced with a dominant ideology that was not favorable of homosexuality.

Influence of Language on the Understanding of Identity

It is important to examine language use because it contributes to the greater stock of knowledge about particular communities and their interactions with society. With regard to gender and sexual minorities, language use can provide an entry way to understanding desires, practices, and identities (Leap and Provencher 2011, 710). More generally, language is the method by which we consolidate and exchange ideas and social norms, as recognized by

Cameron & Kulick (McCormack 2011, 665). Language can serve as a barometer of the current climate with regard to a certain issue (McCormack 2011, 665) – it can be an indicator of public opinion on homosexuality, for example.

Research Methodology

This research examines the language use of the Mattachine Society of Washington DC, and their opponents, from 1961 to 1969 using a content analysis. The content analysis methodology is the best technique to use here as this is a historical examination focusing on primary source materials created during the aforementioned time period. Unfortunately, many of the individuals involved during this time of the Gay Rights Movement have passed away or are in poor health, so it is necessary to rely on the timeless texts they produced.

Operational Definitions

Language use in this research refers to the specific words and terminology used in primary source materials with the intention to try to understand why some words and phrases are chosen over others as well as the overall message trying to be conveyed through this language.

Use of the Mattachine Society refers to the Washington DC chapter of the organization – the DC chapter kept a similar name as the national organization, but was governed independently and operated with more direct activism. Opposition to the Mattachine Society refers to individual or groups who publically spoke or published criticisms, threats, or objections to the operations or existence of the Mattachine Society as well as to gay rights in general as some opponents refused to mention the Mattachine Society directly by name. Finally, the phrase Gay Rights Movement refers to actions advancing the rights and protections of homosexuals – it is recognized that this was not the terminology used at the time; however it is used here for consistency and ease of understanding.

Preliminary Research Design

The focus of this research on the Mattachine Society of Washington DC was chosen due to researcher interest in gay rights around the Washington DC area as well as prior knowledge of the Mattachine Society’s actions towards promoting a pro-gay agenda despite the organization being relatively unknown among the general public and even within the gay community. The date range of November 1961 to June 1969 starts with the founding of the DC chapter of the

Mattachine Society and ends right before the Stonewall Riots. This particular range was chosen as it is an early period of the Gay Rights Movement that is not commonly studied but still holds important points of progress. Sources for this research include publications and materials released by the Mattachine Society – including monthly magazines, brochures, information cards, letters, speeches, and more – as well as similar source materials released by opponents to the Mattachine Society.

Sampling Considerations

The sample used in this research comes directly from a narrow focus on the Mattachine

Society of Washington, DC, specifically two publications they were involved in creating:

Eastern Mattachine Magazine and The Homosexual Citizen. This research examined publications between 1965 and 1967. While the focus of this research is narrow, it is important to note that not all documents and materials from that time related to the subject have been examined and included in this research. This research strove to include a diverse and representative sample of primary source materials out of all the materials that were available.

Strengths and Weaknesses of Methodology

Content analysis is a useful method for sociological research and comes with a mixture of advantages and disadvantages. It is a research technique that focuses on actual content, specifically the presence of certain words, concepts, themes, phrases, characters, or sentences

(University of Texas at Austin n.d.). The goal of this technique is to present an objective quantification of this language. A content analysis is completed by coding parts of the text into specific categories, which allows the researcher to make inferences about the messages within the examined materials, the author, the audience, and to some degree the culture during the time of the materials’ creation (University of Texas at Austin n.d.).

The advantages of a content analysis include its ease of understanding for the audience, its unobtrusive technique in that no human subjects need to be bothered, its ability to be replicated easily for future research, and its usefulness in analyzing historical material

(University of California at Davis n.d.). Content analysis can also help provide insights into complex human thoughts and language use by breaking down source material into manageable categories (University of Texas at Austin n.d.). Furthermore, content analysis avoids the corruption of data due to subject bias because the subject is simply text and the method is generally inexpensive unless dealing with a large data set that requires intensive examination

(ContentAnalysis.org 2013).

The weaknesses of the content analysis technique are that it is purely descriptive, as in it can describe certain behaviors but it cannot explain them on its own (Sociology.org.uk n.d.).

Along those same lines, the research is limited by the availability of material and is subjective to the decisions made by the researcher on how to categorize the data (Sociology.org.uk n.d.). It is often very time consuming and in the end only gives a static analysis of a certain period in time 14

(ContentAnalysis.org 2013; Sociology.org.uk n.d.). In addition, content analysis is often disconnected from a theoretical base, tends to reduce the meaning and intent of complex texts to a simple interpretation, and often disregards the social and cultural context of when the text was created as well as the state of affairs after the text was produced (University of Texas at Austin n.d.).

Guides and Content

A complete list of primary source content examined for this analysis is included in

Appendix A. These primary sources were obtained from academics collecting history on the subject. Appendix B contains information on the types of content and the initial analysis.

Appendix C breaks down the types of content by positive, negative, and neutral language.

Finally, Appendix D contains the detailed analysis of content type and language for each primary source examined.

Results and Analysis

The two sources of content selected for this research are the Eastern Mattachine

Magazine and The Homosexual Citizen. The Eastern Mattachine Magazine was published jointly by the Mattachine Society of Washington and the Mattachine Society of New York, beginning in

1965 (The Rainbow History Project n.d.). This publication also recorded activities by other homophile organizations in the United States and abroad and was intended for the general public as its audience, which overtime began to be accepted as the “homosexual viewpoint” (Stinson and Wilson 1997). The Homosexual Citizen was published as a quarterly journal of news and research relating to homosexuality, but ceased publishing in May of 1967 over an editorial dispute (The Rainbow History Project n.d.).

Types of Content

In total, this research examined 89 unique pieces of primary source content from 7 different magazines (3 Eastern Mattachine Magazine and 4 The Homosexual Citizen), and most pieces fell into multiple content categories. This analysis examined a total of 14 different content categories: Advocacy, News, Opinion and Editorial, Courts and Legal, Advertisements,

Police/Military and Justice, Services Offered, Entertainment and Leisure, Religion, Images,

Mental Health, Contribution Ask, and History.

The most common types of content through these pieces were advocacy-based, with 44 pieces of content falling into that category. The content that fit into the advocacy category had a specific focus on promoting the advancement of gay rights and interests on topics including politics, legal rights, police and military interactions, religion, mental health, and more, or reported on such activity. The next most common categories following advocacy were news at 16 the local, state, and national level with 31 hits, and then editorial and opinion with 24 hits; after these were pieces addressing political issues with 20 hits, and pieces addressing court and legal issues with 18 hits. Interestingly, advertisements were the next most common category, with 18 hits as well. The advertising here was tailored to target members of the gay community, but it was not activism-related at all, other than the advertisements for an annual conference of homophile organizations. Between the 7 different magazines examined here, all of them contained at least one piece of content that offered services and assistance to the reader, this category amounted to a total of 15 hits. However, only 4 of the seven magazines contained pieces that asked the readers to become members or made another direct solicitation for support, these totaled 5 hits across all publications examined. A full table including the number of hits for each type of content is included in Appendix B.

Positivity, Negativity, and Neutrality

To begin here, one must understand how the terms positivity, negativity, and neutrality were used in this research. Positivity refers to language use that promotes a positive view of homosexuality – to use the words and wisdom of Dr. Frank Kameny, “Gay is good.” Negativity is the exact opposite, it encompasses language that is used to refute negative opinions on homosexuality – for example “Gay is not bad.” Finally, neutrality is just that – a commentary on homosexuality that is not clearly promoting the positive or refuting the negative. This examination of language use is focused primarily on how these homosexual publications discussed the issues contained in each magazine. In some instances, pieces of content were not exclusively in just one of these categories because different sections within one piece of content reacted differently. This is explained in greater detail in the following section. 17

By a fairly large margin, the majority of sources examined in this research fell into the category of Total Remaining Neutral, with 59 hits. This includes pieces that are exclusively neutral as well as others that have a neutral component. Interestingly, the next most common category was Only Remaining Neutral, with 44 hits. Following this, the next most common type of language used was Total Promoting Positivity, with 32 hits, 21 of which are Only Promoting

Positivity. After this, Total Refuting Negativity is the next largest with 19 hits.

These results were surprising in that there was such a large amount of neutral content.

Before starting this research, I expected the Promoting Positivity category to be the most common throughout the sources examined. I did expect the Refuting Negativity category to be lower than both Promoting Positivity and Remaining Neutral, however, so that is no surprise, although it is still more common than I expected.

Positivity, Negativity, and Neutrality by Types of Content

To further this analysis, I compared the type language used across the different categories of content throughout these publications. The majority of advocacy sources contained content that Promoted Positivity in total, with 24 hits, followed closely by pieces that Remained Neutral in total, with 23 hits. There is some overlap between the two. Of advocacy pieces examined, only

13 of them Refuted Negativity in total. The type of language used here indicates a focus by the

Mattachine Societies on the east coast on using positive language to advance rights and interests of the homosexual community during the mid- to late 60s.

News pieces were majority Remaining Neutral in total with 21 hits, followed by 14 hits for Promoting Positivity in total and 10 hits for Refuting Negativity in total. This aligns with the focus of the Mattachine Society on reporting the facts and letting evidence speak for itself. News 18 in particular, was an important piece of these publications that needed to remain as unbiased as possible.

Opinion and editorial pieces, on the other hand, were much more opinionated, as to be expected. Of these, 14 sources were Promoting Positivity in total and 13 were Refuting

Negativity in total. This is the closest connection between Promoting Positivity and Refuting

Negativity within any one content category. Despite the focus on being unbiased and letting the evidence do the talking, the opinion and editorial content contained within these publications allowed the community to have a voice. The amount of Promoting Positive language use speaks to the successes of the Mattachine Society and like-minded organizations of promoting a type of language use that depicted the community in a powerful and positive way. But it is not too surprising that there are still others who maintained the Refuting Negativity dialogue. That is often the first reaction when encountered with opposition.

In most cases, language use for the content categories examined here was either more positive than they ever were negative. However, three categories had higher instances of

Refuting Negativity than they did Promoting Positivity: police, military, and justice issues; religion; and mental health. The police, military, and justice category encompasses issues relating to police entrapment and dishonorable discharge due to homosexuality as well as some other interactions. Among the sources fitting into this category, 7 of them Refuted Negativity in total and 6 of them Promoted Positivity in total. During the time period examined here, there was a lot of conflict between the homosexual community and the military. Both men and women were routinely dishonorably discharged under the suspicion of homosexuality and it was impossible for a gay person to be employed by the federal government. Police entrapment was certainly still a problem, however the Mattachine Society had made great strides in creating a 19 more positive relationship, which explains the close divide between Refuting Negativity and

Promoting Positivity here.

Religion is another area where historically there has always been conflict with the homosexual community. Many religious doctrines state outright that homosexuality is sinful and an abomination. However, the Mattachine Society again made significant progress in working with religious leaders. From the sources examined here that fall into the religion category, 4 are

Promoting Positivity in total and 4 are Refuting Negativity in total. The tie here makes sense after reading about the numerous dialogues between leaders of the Mattachine Society and various religious leaders. During this time, several religious leaders pledged to work within their own community to become more open to welcoming homosexuals into their congregations.

Mental health is the third category where Refuting Negativity outranked Promoting

Positivity by 6 hits to 2 hits. Sources in this category addressed the fact that homosexuality was considered a mental illness by the American Psychiatric Association, and would continue to have that label until 1973. It is important to note that Total Remaining Neutral was at 5 hits for this category, right behind Total Refuting Negativity. At first, this seems somewhat contradictory to the mantra that the Mattachine Society put forth about letting the facts speak for themselves.

That is still evident here in the amount of Neutral hits, however the Total Refuting Negativity hits still need to be explained. In the case of mental health, the Mattachine Society was up against a lot of ‘science’ that claimed homosexuality was an illness. This ‘science’ was all false and based solely on assumptions. Thus, before using facts and positive statement, the Mattachine

Society had to refute and disprove previously accepted ‘facts.’

A full table including the number of hits for the positivity, negativity, or neutrality of each type of content is included in Appendix C. 20

Conclusion

The most significant finding to come out of this research is the strong focus on neutrality across each of the publications examined. Many articles approached the topic at hand in an almost scientific manner. This tactic clearly presented the facts without bias, but still left the reader feeling inclined to support the homophile movement at the time because of the absurdity of the opposition. One can only speculate as to why these publications that were openly released by homophile organizations were primarily neutral; however there are a few theories that stand out.

For starters, the Eastern Mattachine Magazine was intended as a magazine for the general public from the start. At a time when homosexuality was still relatively taboo, it would serve a movement well to gradually and gently try to gain support from the public, rather than alienate them with strong or abrasive language. Unfortunately this research does not have information on the distribution network of either the Eastern Mattachine Magazine or The

Homosexual Citizen; however one can speculate that these publications were a means for closeted or questioning individuals to feel more connected to the community and to know that they are not alone.

Dr. Franklin Kameny, co-founder of the DC Mattachine Society, was a constant powerhouse behind the early gay rights movement in DC and along the east coast. Kameny worked for the US Army Map Service before being fired by the US Civil Service Commission in

1957 under accusations of being a homosexual, an event that sparked Kameny’s life of advocacy

(The Rainbow History Project n.d.). Trained as an astronomer, Kameny took a scientific approach to his advocacy. He focused on finding clear and comprehensive evidence to support all of his claims and to disprove the “science” used by many gay rights opponents. Kameny was 21 a contributor to both publications examined here as well as several others that existed at the time, so it is not surprising that his ‘scientific advocacy’ and commitment to factual evidence came out in these publications.

There is still much left unexamined in the realm of this topic and the research conducted here only scratched the surface of analyzing the language used throughout the gay rights movement in the United States. For starters, future researchers could expand the time frame of content released by the Eastern Mattachine Magazine and The Homosexual Citizen to encompass their full existence. Other researchers could also examine the many other homophile publications released during those early years of the gay rights movement on the east coast and across the country, such as The Ladder, The Gazette, The Insider, and others. The challenge here is finding wholly intact publications to examine, however there are several archives and independent collectors who have access to this material. On the aspect of language use, this research only took a cursory look at positive and negative tones. There are many other aspects of language use to be examined here. Furthering this research is essential to understanding and honoring the history of the brave men and women who made it possible for countless young people to be comfortable with their sexuality today.

Appendix A

1) Eastern Mattachine Magazine – June 1965

2) Eastern Mattachine Magazine – July 1965

3) Eastern Mattachine Magazine – August 1965

4) The Homosexual Citizen – July 1966

5) The Homosexual Citizen – January 1967

6) The Homosexual Citizen – April 1967

7) The Homosexual Citizen – May 1967

Appendix B

Content Analyzed Number of Publications 89 Number of Primary Sources 7

Types of Content Revealed Type of Language Used Advocacy 44 Total Promoting Positivity 32 News (local, national, international) 31 Total Refuting Negativity 19 Opinion / Editorial 24 Total Remaining Neutral 59 Political 20 Only Promoting Positivity 21 Courts / Legal 18 Only Refuting Negativity 5 Advertisements 18 Only Remaining Neutral 44 Police / Military / Justice 16 Positive and Neutral 5 Services offered 15 Negative and Neutral 8 Entertainment / Liesure 15 Positive and Negative 4 Religion 11 Positive, Negative, Neutral 2 Images 11

Mental Health 9 Ask for Money 5 History 4

Appendix C

Type of Language Use by Type of Content

Total Total Total Only Only Only Positive Positive, Promoting Refuting Remaining Promoting Refuting Remaining Positive and Negative and and Negative, Positivity Negativity Neutral Positivity Negativity Neutral Neutral Neutral Negative Neutral Advocacy 24 13 23 14 2 14 3 4 5 2 News (local, national, international) 14 10 21 8 0 11 2 6 2 2 Opinion / Editorial 14 13 10 7 3 3 1 4 4 2 Political 13 8 10 8 0 3 1 4 2 2 Courts / Legal 8 4 11 5 1 7 2 2 1 0 Advertisements 2 0 17 1 0 16 1 0 0 0 Police / Military / Justice 6 7 11 3 1 6 0 3 1 2 Services offered 5 1 9 5 1 9 0 0 0 0 Entertainment / Leisure 4 5 10 2 2 8 0 1 1 1 Religion 4 4 6 1 1 5 1 1 2 0 Images 3 2 8 2 0 6 0 1 1 0 Mental Health 2 6 5 1 2 2 0 3 1 0 Ask for Money 0 0 5 0 0 5 0 0 0 0 History 2 2 1 2 1 0 0 1 0 0

Appendix D

Feature Court / Mental Health Police / Entertainment / News News News Frank Kameny Advice / Services Donation Promoting Refuting Remaining article Opinion Editorial Political Advocacy Legal Religion / Psychiatry Justice History Liesure (local) (national) (international) Letters Ads Images (author) offered Page / $$ Ask Announcements Positivity Negativity Neutral Eastern Mattachine Magazine - June 1965

Editorials (p. 2) X X X X X

"We're on the Move Now…" (p. 4) X X X X X

Warren Atkins and Dennis Livingstone (p. 5) X X X X X X Maybe Tomorrow advertisement (p. 7) X X X

Pageant Press Ad (p. 7) X X The Wicker Report (p. 8) X X X X

New Books (p. 11) X X X

Coming Events Ad X X X X

The Anatomy of Camp (p. 15) X X X Washington Section - Why Should I Join (p. 17) X X

Washington Section - Government Meets with Homosexuals (p. 18) X X X X

Washington Secion - Homosexuals Confer with Clergy (p. 19) X X

Our President Speaks (p. 22) X X X X X X

Referral Service (p. 23) X X X

Newsfront (p. 24) X X X X X X X

Contribution Ask (p. 25) X X

The Golden Calf (p. 26) X X X Help Mattachine Help You (p. 27) X X X

E.C.H.O Conference (p.28) X X X

Favorable in Bruce (p. 4) X X X X X X X X

Decision Scott Case (p. 5) X X X X X X X X

New York Penal Code Reform Falters (p. 7) X X X X X X Gay Greeting Card Ad (p. 8) X X X X The Wicker Report (p. 9) X X X X X X

Paise the Lord (p. 11) X X X X X X X X

Coming Events Ad (p. 13) X X X X

Homosexuality, the Church, and the Law (p. 14) X X X X X X

Declaration of Guilt (p. 15) X X

Announcement (p. 16) X X X X

New Books (p. 17) X X X The Washington Area Council on Religion and the Homosexual (p. 19) X X X X X

Editorial - On Picketing (p. 20) X X X X

The Washington Homosexual Community and their Police (p. 21) X X X X X

White House Picketed Again (p. 23) X X X X

Our President Speaks (p. 24) X X X X

Homosexuals Meet Wheaton Ministries (p. 25) X X X X X

General News (p. 26) X X X X X Nob Hill Ad (p. 26) X X X Help Mattachine Help You (p. 27) X X X X ECHO Conference (p. 28) X X X X

Editorials (p. 2) X X X X

Photos of Picketing (p.4) X X

July 4th Independence Hall (p. 5) X X X X X

The Wicker Report (p. 6) X X X X X X X X X X

Adli Stevenson quote (p. 9) X X The Homophile Movement (p. 9) X X New Books (p. 10) X X X X

News and Views (p. 11) X X X X X X X X X Citizen's News Ad (p. 14) X X X X

Coming Events Ad (p. 14) X X X Films (p. 15) X X X Washington Section - US Court of Appeals Decision Favors Homosexuals against Civil Service Commissioner (p. 17) X X X X X X

Washington Section - Why Should I Join? (p. 18) X X X X

Editorial - Immoral Conduct on the part of the Government (p. 20) X X X X X X X

Homosexuals Picket US Civil Service Commission (p. 21) X X X X X ECHO Conference Ad (p. 23) X X

ECHO Conference Ad 2 (p. 24) X X

Washington Section - How to Stop Blackmailers (p. 3) X X X X X X X X

Nationwide Attack on Draft Injustices (p. 5) X X X X X

Marching to the Pentagon (p. 8) X X X X X X The Government: From Within (p. 9) X X X X X X X

Florida Section - Books (p. 11) X X X X X

Subscription page (p. 19) X X Homophile Organizations (p. 20) X X

If You Are Arrested (p. 3) X X X X X

How to Handle a Federal Interrogation (p. 5) X X X X

MSW Members Pay Call on Steve Allison (p. 8) X X X X X

Homosexuals and Clergy in Three Day Seminar (p. 11) X X X X X X

The Film Avant-Garde (p. 13) X X X The Government: From Within (p. 15) X X X X

Distorted Spotlight (p. 16) X X X X X

Homophile Digest (p. 17) X X X X X X X X X X

Support Homophile Litigation (p. 20) X X X X

Announcement (p. 20) X X X X X

Conference (p. 20) X X

The Homosexuals - Viewed through the Big Eye (p. 3) X X X X X X X X X X

The Homophile Movement - A Historical Perspective (p. 6) X X X X

Referral Service (p. 12) X X X

Correction (p. 13) X X X X

Homophile Digest - News from Other Organizations (p. 13) X X X X X X X X X

Join ACLU (p. 14) X X

Happiness Home-Made (p. 3) X X X X

Referral Service (p. 5) X X X

The Washington-Baltimore TV Circuit (p. 6) X X X X X

Photo (p. 8-9) X X

The Way We Live (p. 10) X X

Oh to be in England - Where Bieber is Not! (p. 13) X X X X X X

CBS Documentary Draws Mixed Press Reaction (p. 15) X X X

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