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The Language of Self-Help As an Example of “Langue De Bois”. International Journal of Psycholinguistics, Vol

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The Language of Self-Help As an Example of “Langue De Bois”. International Journal of Psycholinguistics, Vol The language of self-help as an example of “Langue de bois”. International Journal Of Psycholinguistics, vol. 13, nº 2 (37), 141-149,1997. LEONOR SCLIAR-CABRAL 0. Introduction Contemporary society of on-line information, of globalization, of market economy, of cultural industry and of explosion of consumerism and death of utopias is also accompanied by internal emptiness, disruption of family, of interpersonal and friendship bonds and of individual identity. An example of such a world is given by the fact that the average daily time of an American child watching TV is of seven hours. The direct consequence of such a portrait is the increasing growth of anxiety and despair and concurrently the desperate search for immediate, miraculous cures offered either by all types of pseudo religious sects or by pseudo up-to date scientific practices, which use variants of “Langue de bois”, traditionally illustrated with the discourse employed by totalitarian regimes, and now manifested in texts produced by those who promise to people how to overcome all their problems. Although the art of persuasion was developed from ancient times in its multiple forms as, for instance, the genre of Biblical parabolas, the Sophists’ paradoxical arguments and the detailed weapons taught by Cicero in De inventione, De oratore libri, Brutus, Orator and by Quintilian in Institutionis oratoriae libri XII (Gwynn, 1926), it assumed nowadays the form of the powerful industry of advertising, abbreviated by its professionals as adv, where billions of dollars are involved, and integrating marketing, in its ampler sense “a system that can provide products, services and ideologies from the source to a given target”...“We are living in a world that produces, sells, changes or tries to persuade people to have a given lifestyle or a defined status quo” (Scliar Cabral, E.J. 1992, 2). Since I am going to examine a particular kind of Langue de bois used by Neurolinguistic Programming, now on abbreviated NLP, it must be pointed out that the technology or methodology that their founders Bandler and Grinder introduced and continue to be used by their followers is known as human modeling, which basically consists of finding and describing the important elements and processes that people go through, beginning with finding and studying a human model, so, their “human models” are inspired in the “older pattern of success story by achievement” (McLuhan 1972, xviii), I add, which is a stereotyped goal in the American culture, a society where “self- serving credits for positive achievement, externalization of blameworthy failures, out- group denigration as a necessary basis of positive in group identity.” (Robinson 1995, 275) is also found. 1. NLP contextualization John Grinder, Professor at the University of California at Santa Cruz (UCSC) and a graduate student, Richard Bandler, can be considered the founders of NLP, in the mid of the seventies (Bandler and Grinder 1979). As it was explained above, NLP aims to modeling individuals following models of successful people, which are accessed either by observing these people’s behavior and/or asking them questions about what they do, why they do it, what works and doesn’t work. As the NLP practitioners confess themselves, it is not a theory, nor even based on theories nor do they want to prove scientifically its truth. It is one of the most assumed pragmatic therapies, based on trial and error: what fails for a particular purpose is discarded, although nowadays, there are some efforts to prove experimentally the effectiveness of some of its claims, for instance, the one that affirms that thought is represented through specific sensory languages, which in turn can be accessed by changing the direction the subject’s eyes look to. Nevertheless, the experiments run by Loiselle at the University of Moncton in New Brunswick, Canada reported by Bolstad (1997), with pseudo words, did not take into consideration the fact that the alphabetic Latin system is read from left to right. What would be the results with Hebrew or Arab? Anyway, NLP techniques would not be so dangerous if applied to some innocent practices, as for instance, how to prepare a good cake, but their practicioners go beyond what would be ethically allowed: they promise to cure phobias and depression (James and Woodsmall 1989, James 1997). 1.1. Sources and techniques Initially Bandler and Grinder used some clichés loaned from Chomsky’s GGT, like “deep and superficial structures”, expression that we still find here and there in the current NLP texts, although it is dismissed by Chomsky himself nowadays. The initial use of Chomskyan clichés shows some naïve worry to justify the word “linguistics” which enters in the agglutinated composition “Neuro-linguistics Programming” even if this collection of receipts does not have anything to do with the fundamental principles that base any linguistic tendency, not to mention that it is opposite to inatist theories. A greater affinity is found between the founders of NLP and General Semantics (Korzybski 1933; Hayakawa 1963). Credits are given to Social Psychology, Gestalt therapy and particularly to Bateson (1958), Erickson’s patterns of hypnotic techniques and Pavlov’s proposal of conditioned reflexes. More details about NLP history are given in Andreas and Faulkner 1994, ch.2. Some of NLP main techniques are listed as: time-line therapy; sensory acuity and physiology; meta-model; representational systems; Milton-model; eye accessing cues; submodalities and metaprogramas. The scrutiny of these techniques demonstrates their lack of scientific basis, some of them easily perceived despite the spectacular results their practitioners advertise, although similar results were and are also obtained by xamãs. For example, the recognition of the client’s complex beliefs by a trained operator (practitioner) who supposedly gets into his/her thought processes and internal experience by observing external cues like eye’s movements, body expression, respiration, heart beats and so on; the supposition that our mental representations are directly feed through five senses (!!!). Even if they admit the importance of physiology in order to explain neural processes, to justify the stem “neuro” in the composition of the syntagm “Neurolinguistic Programming”, there are few texts where the peripheral nature of the sensory (afferent) motor (efferent) circuits are clearly explained. 2.2 Roles The dynamics of NLP develops through intensive courses where three main roles take place: the client, sometimes called the subject; the operator whose function is to apply a certain NLP pattern to get a specific result over the client and the meta-operator who helps the operator to apply the exercises accordingly. These brief information about NLP are enough to understand the similarities and differences between Langue de bois as it was examined in the totalitarian context (Slama- Cazacu 1996, 213-150) and the one used by NLP adepts, which will be the topic discussed now on. 3. Langue de bois The definition used in the following analysis is taken from Slama-Cazacu (op.cit. 226), observing that she uses for referring to it the abbreviation WL (for the English translation “wooden language”): “a WL is a subsystem of a language, referring mostly to lexical elements, but also phraseology elements, with a character of fixed expressions, of clichés “stonified”, with a determined meaning in the context of a certain “authority”, to a large extent used in a stereotyped-dogmatic manner, as the expression of a Power or an ideology or a semblance - simulacra - of ideological, economical, technological, political, cultural etc. systems which have the power or a certain state authority, imitated but also imposed by the political Power or by groups or individuals having such ambitions (veleité) (even if, generally, the promoters or the epigons of the ideological system do not always know exactly the semantic content; then diffused by repetition (including memorization., and a ‘motivation” based on fear sometimes), mostly due to the frequent use in the various means of communication, written or oral. This diffusion involves masses which, more often than not, do not know the exact meaning of various terms, adopting them blindly (and sometimes in an incorrect form especially if this is offered as such by their promoters). It causes therefore that annihilation of thinking noticed by G. Orwell (see also note 7 and in any case a deviation of the own manner of thinking of the receivers-masses. By that, they may become submitted to a collective suggestion. The real intention or at least the obtained effect are generally that an authority imposes itself, either due to the secret or the prestige owned, or due to the technocratic knowledge, thus hindering another way of thinking and generally attempting at a masking of the true reality if this one is not favorable: creating by that a psychological state suitable for manipulation.” 3.1 Stereotypes and authority Before entering in the identification of those properties signaled by Slama-Cazacu as constituting the Langue de bois, it is necessary to discuss some difficulties of defining the exact meaning of “stereotypes” and “authority”. As Robinson (op.cit. 275-6) pointed out: “First, there has to be a conceptually defensible consensus of meaning for certain crucial terms, e.g. stereotype, prejudice and nationality. Second, it is necessary to distinguish six components from each other: what people know about the culture’s representations of members of other groups, what they themselves believe, what they feel, what they say, what they do and why they say and do what they do. Third, matters of fact (what they are really like) need to be distinguished from matters of value (what we ought (not) to believe about them).” In the present study what must be emphasized is the stereotype of “successful person” in the American society which will model the clients, for example, the model Bill Gates, or following Andrea’s and Falconer’s ideas (op.cit., ch.4), people must discover their mission: this is the difference between those who succeed and those who fail.
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