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Abstract Energy Management of a Battery ABSTRACT Title of Dissertation: ENERGY MANAGEMENT OF A BATTERY-ULTRACAPACITOR HYBRID ENERGY STORAGE SYSTEM IN ELECTRIC VEHICLES Junyi Shen, Doctor of Philosophy, 2016 Dissertation Directed By: Professor Alireza Khaligh Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Electric vehicle (EV) batteries tend to have accelerated degradation due to high peak power and harsh charging/discharging cycles during acceleration and deceleration periods, particularly in urban driving conditions. An oversized energy storage system (ESS) can meet the high power demands; however, it suffers from increased size, volume and cost. In order to reduce the overall ESS size and extend battery cycle life, a battery-ultracapacitor (UC) hybrid energy storage system (HESS) has been considered as an alternative solution. In this work, we investigate the optimized configuration, design, and energy management of a battery-UC HESS. One of the major challenges in a HESS is to design an energy management controller for real-time implementation that can yield good power split performance. We present the methodologies and solutions to this problem in a battery-UC HESS with a DC-DC converter interfacing with the UC and the battery. In particular, a multi-objective optimization problem is formulated to optimize the power split in order to prolong the battery lifetime and to reduce the HESS power losses. This optimization problem is numerically solved for standard drive cycle datasets using Dynamic Programming (DP). Trained using the DP optimal results, an effective real-time implementation of the optimal power split is realized based on Neural Network (NN). This proposed online energy management controller is applied to a midsize EV model with a 360V/34kWh battery pack and a 270V/203Wh UC pack. The proposed online energy management controller effectively splits the load demand with high power efficiency and also effectively reduces the battery peak current. More importantly, a 38V- 385Wh battery and a 16V-2.06Wh UC HESS hardware prototype and a real-time experiment platform has been developed. The real-time experiment results have successfully validated the real-time implementation feasibility and effectiveness of the real-time controller design for the battery-UC HESS. A battery State-of-Health (SoH) estimation model is developed as a performance metric to evaluate the battery cycle life extension effect. It is estimated that the proposed online energy management controller can extend the battery cycle life by over 60%. ENERGY MANAGEMENT OF A BATTERY-ULTRACAPACITOR HYBRID ENERGY STORAGE SYSTEM IN ELECTRIC VEHICLES by Junyi Shen Dissertation submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate School of the University of Maryland, College Park, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy 2016 Advisory Committee: Professor Alireza Khaligh, Chair/Advisor Professor Robert Newcomb Professor Behtash Babadi Professor Andre Tits Professor Mark Austin, Dean's Representative © Copyright by Junyi Shen 2016 Acknowledgement I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my Ph.D. advisor Professor Alireza Khaligh for his supervision throughout my research. He introduced me to the most interesting research topics in the field of electric vehicles and energy storage systems. With his insightful supervision, we worked closely together to establish the solid groundwork and basis of the research work that I built on afterwards, which targets to address one of the main challenges in electric vehicle energy storage system development. Professor Khaligh gave me invaluable support, encouragement, technical advices and guidance on this very interesting research topic. Professor Khaligh encouraged discussions, collaborations, internship and multidisciplinary projects to provide more opportunities and resources. This trust, support and the "freedom to create" he provided throughout my Ph.D. studies are very much appreciated. In addition, I would like to thank Dr. Andre Tits, who helped a lot in my PhD research. I am very grateful to his kindness and all the help and discussions. I would also like to thank my committee members, Dr. Robert Newcomb, Dr. Behtash Babadi, and Dr. Mark Austin for their time and valuable comments. Thank you all for your expert knowledge and grand visions. I feel honored to have you on my dissertation committee. I would also like to thank the research group of Maryland Power Electronics Laboratory (MPEL) for their discussions, help, support and friendship. I am grateful for all the good times we have shared together throughout the years. ii My research work has been sponsored in part through the National Science Foundation award number 1307228 and the Genovation Cars Inc., which are gratefully acknowledged. iii Table of Contents List of Tables ............................................................................................................. viii List of Figures .............................................................................................................. ix List of Abbreviations .................................................................................................. xii Chapter 1: Introduction to Electric Vehicles and Energy Storage Systems .................. 1 1.1 Background ...................................................................................................... 1 1.2 EV Definitions ................................................................................................. 2 1.3 EV Configurations ........................................................................................... 2 1.4 EV Characteristics ........................................................................................... 4 1.5 Challenges in EV Development ...................................................................... 4 1.6 EVs on Market ................................................................................................. 5 1.7 Batteries ........................................................................................................... 6 1.7.1 Energy Density. ........................................................................................ 6 1.7.2 Current Rate (C-rate). ............................................................................... 7 1.7.3 State-of-Charge (SoC). ............................................................................. 7 1.7.4 Depth-of-Discharge (DoD). ...................................................................... 8 1.7.5 Power Density. ......................................................................................... 8 1.7.6 Lifetime. ................................................................................................... 8 1.8 Ultracapacitors ................................................................................................. 9 1.8.1 Energy. ...................................................................................................... 9 1.8.2 Power. ..................................................................................................... 10 1.8.3 State-of-Art of UC. ................................................................................. 10 1.9 Fuel Cells ....................................................................................................... 11 1.10 Hybrid Energy Storage Systems .................................................................. 12 1.11 Sizing Problem in HESS ............................................................................. 13 1.12 Energy Management Problems .................................................................... 14 1.13 Summary and Dissertation Overview .......................................................... 15 Chapter 2: Literature Review and State-of-the-Art .................................................... 18 2.1 HESS Configurations .................................................................................... 18 iv 2.2 HESS Sizing Strategies ................................................................................. 24 2.3 HESS Energy Management Strategies .......................................................... 27 2.3.1 Rule-Based Energy Management Methods ............................................ 28 2.3.2 Fuzzy Logic-Based Energy Management Methods................................ 30 2.3.3 Global Optimization Based Control Strategy ......................................... 33 2.3.4 Stochastic Dynamic Programming Based Control Strategy ................... 36 2.3.5 Model Predictive Control Based Control Strategy ................................ 41 2.3.6 Instantaneous Optimization Based Control Strategy .............................. 44 2.3.7 Neural Networks Based Control Strategy .............................................. 46 2.4 Summary ........................................................................................................ 50 Chapter 3: Optimal Sizing of a Battery-UC Hybrid Energy Storage System for EV applications ................................................................................................................. 52 3.1 HESS Power Split Optimization ................................................................... 53 3.1.1 Problem Formulation for the Power Split Optimization ........................ 53 3.1.2 Convex Optimization .............................................................................. 56 3.2 HESS Sizing Optimization and Analysis ...................................................... 56 3.2.1 Battery-only ESS Sizing
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