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Development of High Performance Hybrid Syntactic Foams: Structure and Material Property Characterization Rahul R Louisiana State University LSU Digital Commons LSU Doctoral Dissertations Graduate School 2005 Development of high performance hybrid syntactic foams: structure and material property characterization Rahul R. Maharsia Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_dissertations Part of the Engineering Science and Materials Commons Recommended Citation Maharsia, Rahul R., "Development of high performance hybrid syntactic foams: structure and material property characterization" (2005). LSU Doctoral Dissertations. 1606. https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_dissertations/1606 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at LSU Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in LSU Doctoral Dissertations by an authorized graduate school editor of LSU Digital Commons. For more information, please [email protected]. DEVELOPMENT OF HIGH PERFORMANCE HYBRID SYNTACTIC FOAMS: STRUCTURE AND MATERIAL PROPERTY CHARACTERIZATION A Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of the Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in The Interdepartmental Program in Engineering Science by Rahul R. Maharsia B.Eng., University of Mumbai, Mumbai, India, 1999 M. Sci., Louisiana Tech University, Ruston, U.S.A., 2001 August, 2005 i ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to acknowledge the support and guidance provided by my major professor, Dr. H. Dwayne Jerro during the course of this study. I would like to thank the support and guidance provided by the members of my graduate committee, Dr. Eyassu Woldesenbet, Dr. George Voyiadjis, Dr. Charles McAllister and Dr. George Stanley who is acting as the Dean’s representative. Discussions and suggestions by Dr. Guoqiang Li, Dr. Paul Russo and Dr. Lin- Bing Wang are truly appreciated. I would like to thank the DOW Chemical Company and 3M Corporation for providing epoxy resin and glass microballoons respectively, and related technical information for the experimental study. I wish to acknowledge the constant help and guidance provided by my family in pursuing my Ph.D. degree. This work would not have been possible without the extensive help and guidance provided by Dr. Nikhil Gupta from defining the outline of the study, to the actual experimentation and characterization process. Extensive help by Priya David during the fabrication process and manuscript documentation is gratefully acknowledged. Help of Dr. Jiechao Jiang in TEM and XPS is gratefully acknowledged. This research has been funded by National Science Foundation and Louisiana Board of Regents grant number NSF/LEQSF (2000-01)-NCA-JFAP-10. ii TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ............................................................................................................ ii LIST OF TABLES .........................................................................................................................v LIST OF FIGURES ..................................................................................................................... vi ABSTRACT.................................................................................................................................. xi 1 INTRODUCTION..................................................................................................................1 1.1 Composite Materials....................................................................................................... 1 1.1.1 Definition .......................................................................................................... 1 1.1.2 Classification..................................................................................................... 1 1.1.3 Advantages........................................................................................................ 1 1.1.4 Disadvantages ................................................................................................... 2 1.2 Syntactic Foam Particulate Composites.......................................................................... 2 1.3 Applications .................................................................................................................... 2 1.4 Structure of Syntactic Foams.......................................................................................... 2 2 LITERATURE SURVEY ......................................................................................................4 3 RESEARCH OBJECTIVE....................................................................................................6 3.1 Analytical Study.............................................................................................................. 6 3.2 Experimental Study......................................................................................................... 6 3.2.1 Rubber Hybrid Syntactic Foams....................................................................... 6 3.2.2 Nanoclay Hybrid Syntactic Foams ................................................................... 6 4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION.............................................................................................7 4.1 Analytical Study.............................................................................................................. 7 4.1.1 Stress Concentration on a Microballoon........................................................... 7 4.1.2 Stress Intensity Factor....................................................................................... 8 4.2 Experimental Study: Materials and Methods................................................................ 14 4.2.1 Rubber Hybrid Syntactic Foam ...................................................................... 14 4.2.1.1 Raw Materials.................................................................................. 14 4.2.1.2 Fabrication ....................................................................................... 18 4.2.1.3 Specimen Nomenclature .................................................................. 18 4.2.1.4 Mechanical Testing.......................................................................... 18 4.2.2 Nanoclay Hybrid Syntactic Foam................................................................... 50 4.2.2.1 Raw Materials.................................................................................. 50 4.2.2.2 Specimen Nomenclature .................................................................. 51 4.2.2.3 Mechanical Testing.......................................................................... 51 4.2.2.4 Flexural Strength: Three Point Bending Test .................................. 60 5 SUMMARY...........................................................................................................................67 iii REFERENCES.............................................................................................................................68 VITA..............................................................................................................................................72 iv LIST OF TABLES 1. Microballoon volume fraction and measured density used in foams used for analytical study.......................................................................................................................................... 11 2. Values of ‘Y’ parameter and distance between adjacent microballoons in foams with various microballoon volume fractions. ................................................................................................ 11 3. Properties of microballoons. ..................................................................................................... 15 4. Nomenclature and Density of fabricated hybrid foams. ........................................................... 19 5. Nomenclature and Density of fabricated syntactic foam slabs................................................. 19 6. Nomenclature and Density of fabricated syntactic foam slabs................................................. 27 7. Composition and density of rubber hybrid syntactic foams ..................................................... 27 8. Composition and density of nanoclay syntactic foams............................................................. 51 9. Composition and density of nanoclay hybrid syntactic foams. ................................................ 61 v LIST OF FIGURES 1. Microstructure of a Glass Microballoon Syntactic Foam......................................................... 3 2. Schematic representation of stress distribution around a microballoon....................................7 3. Variation of Stress concentration with respect to a change in 2a/W ratio..…………………...8 4. Crack formation and stresses on an element in the vicinity of a microballoon……………….9 5. Variation of Stress concentration with respect to a change in a/W ratio…………………….10 6. Variation in ‘Y’ parameter with change in microballoon concentration ................................ 12 7. Change in stresses around a microballoon with change in ‘Y’ (or with change in concentration) ......................................................................................................................... 13 8. Stress distribution profile between two adjacent microballoons ............................................ 14 9. Stress profile on the surface
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