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1 Introduction Notes Preface 1. Chris R. Vanden Bossche, Carlyle and the Search for Authority (Colum­ bus: Ohio State University Press, 1991), pp. vii-ix; p. 177. 2. Manfred Kuehn, Scottish Common Sense in Germany, 1768-1800: A Contribution to the History of Critical Philosophy (Kingston and Mon­ treal: MeGill-Queen's University Press, 1987), pp. 1-8. Many other commentators have noted similarities between the philosophy of Reid and that of Kant. For example, see Norman Daniels, Thomas Reid's Inquiry: The Geometry of Visibles and the Case for Realism, forword by Hilary Putnam (New York: Franklin, 1974), p. 23. 3. For example, see Thomas Brown, 'Villers, Philosophie de Kant', Edin­ burgh Review, I (1803), 253-280 (p. 266; p. 279). 4. Dugald Stewart, The Collected Works of Dugald Stewart, ed. by Sir William Hamilton, 11 vols (Edinburgh: Thomas Constable, 1854-60), I, 460-461 (hereafter cited as Works). 5. For example, see Hamilton's footnote, in IP, II. xix, 324Rd (for this and all other abbreviated forms of reference see list of abbreviations). 6. See, James McCosh, The Scottish Philosophy: Biographical, Expository, Critical, from Hutcheson to Hamilton (London: Macmillan, 1875), p. 404. However, McCosh himself opposed the view that Kant was indebted to Reid (pp. 273-274). 7. Stewart, Dissertation, Works, I, p. 441. 8. IP, Il.vi, 261La. 9. 'Carlyle's Scotch Scepticism: Writing from the Scottish Tradition', Carlyle Studies Annual, forthcoming. 1 Introduction 1. Victor Cousin, quoted by McCosh, pp. 267-268. 2. Peter Allan Dale, 'Sartor Resartus and the Inverse Sublime: The Art of Humorous Destruction', in Morton W. Bloomfield, ed., Allegory, Myth, and Symbol (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1981), 293- 312 (p. 306). 3. Margaret Oliphant, 'Scottish National Character', Blackwood's Maga­ zine Gune, 1860), 715-731 (p. 730). 4. See, Elizabeth M. Vida, Romantic Affinities: German Authors and Carlyle: A Study in the History of Ideas (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1993), p. 19. 5. For an example of one of the rare attempts to discuss Carlyle's Scottish intellectual background, see, Ian Campbell, 'Carlyle's Reli­ gion: The Scottish Background', in Carlyle and his Contemporaries: 206 Notes 207 Essays in Honor of Charles Richard Sanders (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1976), 3-20. 6. 'Burns', CME, 1: 289. 7. Ernest Campbell Mossner, The Life of David Hume, 2nd edn (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1980), p. 4. 8. Alasdair Macintyre, 'Hume's Anglicizing Subversion', in Whose Jus­ tice? Which Rationality? (London: Duckworth, 1988), 281-299 (p. 281). 9. See, Mossner, p. 156. 10. See, Mossner, pp. 153-162. 11. See, Mossner, pp. 246-249. 12. David Hume, 'My Own Life', in Essays Moral Political and Literary (London: Oxford University Press, 1963), 605--616 (p. 608); quoted by Antony Flew, David Hume: Philosopher of Moral Science (Oxford: Blackwell, 1986), p. 8. 13. Flew, p. 9. 14. Keith Lehrer, Thomas Reid, Arguments of the Philosophers (London: Routledge, 1989; repr. 1991), p. 3. 15. For Reid's biography see, A. Campbell Fraser, Thomas Reid, Famous Scots Series (Edinburgh and London: Oliphant Anderson & Ferrier, [1898(?)]); and also, Dugald Stewart, 'Account of the Life and Writ­ ings of Thomas Reid', in Thomas Reid, The Works of Thomas Reid, preface, notes, and supplementary dissertations by Sir William Hamilton (Edinburgh: MacLachlan, Stewart; London: Longman, Brown, Green and Longmans, 1846), pp. 3-38 (hereafter cited as Works unless referring to titles published within these as given in the list of abbreviations). 16. For example, see, McCosh, pp. 229-238. 17. Henry Laurie, Scottish Philosophy in its National Development (Glas­ gow: MacLehose, 1902), p. 171; see, p. 127. 18. See, McCosh, p. 36; S.A. Grave, The Scottish Philosophy of Common Sense (Oxford: Clarendon, 1960), p. 6. 19. See, Alexander Broadie, The Tradition of Scottish Philosophy: A New Perspective on the Enlightenment (Edinburgh: Polygon, 1990), pp. 114- 115; The Circle of John Mair: Logic and Logicians in Pre-Reformation Scotland (Oxford: Clarendon, 1985). 20. Alexander Broadie, 'Thomas Reid and his Pre-Reformation Scottish Precursors', in Philosophy and Science in the Scottish Enlightenment, ed. by Peter Jones (Edinburgh: Donald, 1988), pp. 6-19 (p. 18). 21. Stewart R. Sutherland, 'The Presbyterian Inheritance of Hume and Reid', in The Origins and Nature of the Scottish Enlightenment, ed. by R.H. Campbell and Andrew S. Skinner (Edinburgh: John Donald, 1982), pp. 131-149 has provided some interesting evidence which suggests that Hume and Reid both partook in certain sixteenth­ century Scottish Presbyterian strands of thought. 22. John Veitch, Memoir of Sir William Hamilton (Edinburgh and London: William Blackwood, 1869), p. 108, claims that Hamilton read Mair during the summer of 1823 at St Andrews University. Dallas Victor Lie Ouren, 'HaMILLton: Mill on Hamilton: A Re-examination of Sir William Hamilton's Philosophy' (unpublished doctoral thesis, 208 Notes University of Minnesota, 1973), also notes that Mair's 'discussion of non-existent objects "anticipates" his countryman Reid' (p. 237). 23. See, Hamilton's 'Dissertation A', in Reid, Works, vi.742-802 (pp. 770- 802). 24. McCosh, p. 194. 25. Thomas Reid, Practical Ethics: Being Lectures and Papers on Natural Religion, Self-Government, Natural Jurisprudence, and the Law of Nations, edited from the manuscripts with an introduction and a commentary by Knud Haakonssen (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1990), p. 34. Compare, Edward H. Madden, 'Sir William Hamilton, Critical Philosophy, and the Commonsense Tradition', Review of Metaphysics, 38 (1985), 839-866 (p. 839); A. Hook, Carlyle and America (Lecture delivered to the Carlyle Society, 7 February 1970, Carlyle Society, Occasional Paper: 3), pp. 17-21. 26. George Elder Davie, The Democratic Intellect: Scotland and Her Uni­ versities in the Nineteenth Century, Edinburgh University Publications, History, Philosophy & Economics: 12 (Edinburgh: Edinburgh Uni­ versity Press, 1961; repr. 1982), p. 277; see also, p. 289. 27. John Stuart Mill, An Examination of Sir William Hamilton's Philosophy and of the Principal Philosophical Questions Discussed in his Writings (London: Longman, Green, Longman, Roberts & Green, 1865). 28. John Stuart Mill, Autobiography (London: Longmans, Green, Reader, and Dyer, 1873), p. 275, p. 276. 29. Terence Martin, The Instructed Vision: Scottish Common Sense Philoso­ phy and the Origins of American Fiction, Indiana University Huma­ nities Series: 48 (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1961), pp. 32-33. For an indication of contemporaneous American interest in Carlyle's work, see, William Silas Vance, 'Carlyle in America Before "Sartor Resartus"', American Literature, 7 (1935-36), 365-379. 30. Particular care has to be taken in too easily identifying Reid with Scottish Calvinism. According to Nicholas J. Griffin, 'Possible Theo­ logical Perspectives in Thomas Reid's Common Sense Philosophy', Journal of Ecclesiastical History, 41 (1990), 425-442 (p. 426), 'Reid appears to have been liberal, of the via media expressed by Anglican broad churchmanship: latitudinarian and Arminian rather than Calvinist and predestinarian'. 31. Olle Holmberg, 'David Hume in Carlyle's Sartor Resartus', in Arber­ iittelse (Lund, 1934), 91-109. 32. Charles Frederick Harrold, Carlyle and German Thought: 1819-1834 (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1934). 33. Jerry A. Dibble, The Pythia's Drunken Song: Thomas Carlyle's Sartor Resartus and the Style Problem in German Idealist Philosophy, Interna­ tional Archives of the History of Ideas: 19 (The Hague: Nijhoff, 1978); Rosemary Ashton, The German Idea: Four English Writers and the Reception of German Thought 1800-1860 (Cambridge: Cambridge Uni­ versity Press, 1980); J.P. Vijn, Carlyle and Jean Paul: Their Spiritual Optics (Amsterdam: John Benjamin's Publishing, 1982). 34. For example, see, Charles Frederick Harrold, 'Carlyle's Interpreta­ tion of Kant', Philological Quarterly, 7 (1928), 345-357 (pp. 347-350); Notes 209 Rene Wellek, Immanuel Kant in England: 1793-1838 (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1931), pp. 183-202 (especially see, pp. 200-201); Rosemary Ashton, 'Carlyle's Apprenticeship: His Early German Literary Criticism and His Relationship with Goethe (1822-1832)', MLR, 71 (1976), 1-18. 35. Harrold, Carlyle and German Thought, p. vi. 36. See, Harrold, Carlyle and German Thought, pp. 25-30. 37. Harrold, Carlyle and German Thought, p. 30; p. 121; p. 134. 38. Ronald L. Trowbridge, 'Carlyle's Illudo Chartis as Prophetic Exercise in the Manner of Swift and Sterne', Studies in Scottish Literature, 6 (1968), 115-122 (p. 120). 39. This is perhaps most obvious in the collection of papers given to mark the centenary of Carlyle's death published in Horst W. Drescher, ed., Thomas Carlyle 1981: Papers Given at the International Thomas Carlyle Symposium, Scottish Studies, Publications of the Scot­ tish Studies Centre of the Johannes Gutenberg Universitat Mainz in Germersheim: 1 (Frankfurt am Main: Lang, 1983). 40. Robert Crawford, Devolving English Literature (Oxford: Clarendon, 1992), p. 141; p. 143. 41. Michael Timko, Carlyle and Tennyson (London: Macmillan, 1988), pp. 9-16. 42. For example, see, W. David Shaw, Victorians and Mystery: Crises of Representation (Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press, 1990), p. 82. 43. David Masson, 'Carlyle's Edinburgh Life', Macmillan's Magazine, 45 (1881-82), 64-80, 145-163, 234-256 (p. 68). 44. David Masson, Recent British Philosophy: A Review with Criticisms including some
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