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The Millie Woodson-Turner Nottoway Reservation Allotment and Farmstead

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The Millie Woodson-Turner Nottoway Reservation Allotment and Farmstead 1 CONTINUITY WITHIN CHANGE: VIRGINIA INDIANS NATIONAL REGISTER PROJECT UNDER REPRESENTED COMMUNITIES GRANT PROGRAM - HISTORIC PRESERVATION FUND P15AP00020 The Millie Woodson-Turner Nottoway Reservation Allotment and Farmstead July 2017 College of William & Mary Commonwealth of Virginia Department of Anthropology Department of Historic Resources Williamsburg, Virginia Richmond, Virginia Archaeological Research Report Series Research Report Series Number 6 Number 22 2 PAGE IS INTENTIONALLY BLANK 3 The Millie Woodson-Turner Nottoway Reservation Allotment and Farmstead Authors Buck Woodard, Ph.D., Co-Principal Investigator Danielle Moretti-Langholtz, Ph.D., Co-Principal Investigator Contributors Berek Dore, II, M.A. Megan R. Victor, M.A. College of William & Mary Commonwealth of Virginia Department of Anthropology Department of Historic Resources Williamsburg, Virginia Richmond, Virginia Archaeological Research Report Series Research Report Series Number 6 Number 22 4 PAGE IS INTENTIONALLY BLANK 5 TABLE OF CONTENTS I. INTRODUCTION AND METHODOLOGY Archaeology 10 Civic-Engagement and Ethnography 11 Archival and Historical Research 12 II. HISTORICAL BACKGROUND Historical Nottoway Settlement and Territory, 1650–1735 15 Nottoway Subsistence, 1650–1735 17 Nottoway Socio-political Organization, 1650–1735 18 The Nottoway Colonial Economy 20 The Nottoway Colonial Reservation, c. 1730–1750 21–24 Town and Houses Early Land Sales The French and Indian War and Revolutionary War Era, c. 1750–1790 24–30 The French and Indian War Removal to New York Further Nottoway Land Sales and Leases The American Revolution The Nottoway During the Era of the Early Republic 30–36 The Last Nottoway-Tuscarora Removals, c. 1802–1803 Nottoway Leadership and Trustees The Final Reservation Land Sales and Allotment Petitions The Nottoway During the Antebellum Era, c. 1830–1860 36–38 Nottoway Marriage and Descent The Nottoway Reservation Allotment The Millie Woodson-Turner Allotment and Farmstead, c.1850–1860 38–44 Indian Town Farms The Millie Woodson-Turner Farmstead, c.1860–1900 44–51 The Civil War Reconstruction Post-Reconstruction Families Post-Reconstruction Finances The Nottoway Reservation Descendant Community: Changing Designations The Millie Woodson-Turner Farmstead, c.1900–1949 51-62 The Claud Farm The Death of Millie Woodson-Turner Millie Woodson-Turner Descendants: Outmigration, c.1905–1950 Urban-Rural Connections During Jim Crow, c.1920–1950 Farm Loss 6 III. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 63–64 WORKS CITED 65–75 APPENDIX I: Archaeological Field Methods, Mapping, and Dating 77–87 Field methods prepared by Berek Dore II, MA, RPA Fieldwork mapping and dating prepared by Megan R.Victor, MA APPENDIX II: Artifact Analysis 89–122 Megan R. Victor, MA 7 This material is based upon work assisted by a grant from the Under Represented Communities Grant Program administered by the Department of the Interior, National Park Service. Any opinions, findings, and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the Department of the Interior. 8 PAGE IS INTENTIONALLY BLANK 9 CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION AND METHODOLOGY The oral history of the Nottoway commu- Special thanks and recognition are in order nity and the documentary record of Southampton for the Nottoway Indian Tribe of Virginia, who County identify the Millie Woodson-Turner Home completed a 2016 Memorandum of Understanding Site as an historically important farmstead of the with the Virginia Department of Historic Resourc- old Nottoway Indian reservation. Through the Na- es in advance of the conducted research. Nottoway tional Park Service’s Underrepresented Communities Chief Lynette Alston, Assistant Chief Archie El- grant, and in collaboration with the now state-rec- liot, Councilman Leroy Hardy, Jr., and tribal citizens ognized Nottoway Indian Tribe of Virginia, the Vir- Joyce Flythe and Rick Kelly were signatories and of- ginia Department of Historic Resources [VDHR] fered their review. Community and family members seeks to identify, research, and nominate minority Gloria Faye Hardy, Felicia Thornton-Manuel, and populations’ historically significant locales to the Alfred O. Whittaker provided invaluable comments state and national registry of historic places. The to the draft materials. VDHR project Continuity Within Change: Virginia In- dians National Register Project moves that effort for- The Millie Woodson-Turner farmstead ward, through an archaeological, archival, and oral [44SN0341] on Indian Town Road [Rt. 651] in history investigation of the Millie Woodson-Turner Southampton County is a primary ancestral res- Home Site. The home no longer exists, but the lo- idence of the historical Nottoway community. cation of the reservation allotment and associated Along this section of the Nottoway River, the Iro- family farm remains in the memory of Nottoway quoian-speaking tribe was settled during the seven- descendant community members, and chronicled in teenth through nineteenth centuries; the communi- the archives of Southampton County, Virginia. ty had a dispersed “Indian Town” along the river’s middle reaches of the six miles between modern This study, conducted by the Department Courtland, VA and Carey’s Bridge, including the of Anthropology’s American Indian Resource Cen- area of the Millie Woodson-Turner Nottoway res- ter at the College of William & Mary, provides the ervation farmstead [hereafter referred to as the Mil- supporting materials necessary for the nomination lie Woodson-Turner “Allotment,” “Homestead,” of the Millie Woodson-Turner Home Site to the “Home Site,” “Farm,” or “Farmstead”]. Extended National Register of Historic Places. The activity Indian families maintained farmsteads along this that is the subject of this report has been financed riverine stretch during the nineteenth century, or- in part with federal funds from the National Park ganized on the “Indian Town Road,” which ran Service, U.S. Department of the Interior. However, through the center of the Nottoway community. the contents and opinions do not necessarily reflect Occupied through the first half of the twentieth the views or policies of the Department of the Inte- century, the Millie Woodson-Turner Home Site was rior, nor does the mention of trade names or com- one of the last remaining farms of the Nottoway’s mercial products constitute endorsement or recom- Indian Town. Today, the farmstead is an archaeo- mendation by the Department of the Interior. logical site, but with connection to the living mem- 10 CHAPTER ONE ory of Nottoway descendants of the residence, and The Underrepresented Communities grant Conti- prior to c.1950, an uninterrupted indigenous ten- nuity Within Change: Virginia Indians National Register ancy stretching back hundreds of years. The Millie Project, aims to research and include Iroquoian Not- Woodson-Turner Home Site is a significant heritage toway sites within the recognized places of cultural resource, the cultural patrimony of Nottoway de- and historical significance to the Commonwealth of scendants, and represents aspects of the Nottoway Virginia. The Millie Woodson-Turner Homestead is historical experience within the Commonwealth of the first Virginia Iroquoian site to be researched and Virginia. nominated for the National Register of Historic Places [NRHP], and the only state-sponsored Iro- The Nottoway are indigenous to the in- quoian reservation research conducted to date. As terior coastal plain of Virginia and North Caro- there have been limited anthropological or historical lina, and closely related to the region’s other Ir- investigations of Virginia Indian reservations, the oquoian-speakers, the Meherrin and Tuscarora. Continuity Within Change project adds significant After intermittent contact with Europeans c.1560- knowledge to our understanding of an overlooked 1650, a brisk trade emerged c.1650-1675 between and underrepresented period of Virginia Indian the Nottoway and the English who settled in the culture and history. eastern tidewater. Colonial expansion and in- creased conflict led to several wars and subsequent treaties between the Nottoway and Virginia. The METHODOLOGY Nottoway, along with the Pamunkey, were signato- ries of the 1677-1680 Articles of Peace negotiated Today, the Millie Woodson-Turner farm- at the Camp of Middle Plantation, later established stead is an archaeological resource [44SN0341], but as the colonial capital of Williamsburg. Through with living memories of its previous occupancy by the articles in the agreement, the Nottoway be- the descendant community. As well, Southampton came “tributary” to the English king – a quasi-al- County has extensive courthouse records dating liance – that forced the Nottoway and other tribes back to the county’s formation in 1749, and a large to acknowledge the dominion of the Crown, but body of Nottoway documents is extant within the confirmed Indian governments and territories as Library of Virginia’s archival collection. Thus the dependent sovereigns. The Nottoway tributary sta- research approach employed multiple methodolo- tus was again confirmed by treaty in 1714 at the gies to establish cultural linkages to the Nottoway conclusion of the Tuscarora War. As stipulated in community and establish clear historical documen- these treaties, the Nottoway lands were surveyed tation to the property: and two reservations were established around their Indian Towns, in the landscape of what is today •Phase I archaeological survey of the property Southampton
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