Universe M Fcrdfilm S International 300 N
Total Page：16
File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb
INFORMATION TO USERS This reproduction was made from a copy of a document sent to us for microfilming. While tne most advanced technology has been used to photograph and reproduce this document, the quality of the reproduction is heavily dependent upon the quality of the material submitted. The following explanation o f techniques is provided to help clarify markings or notations which may appear on this reproduction. 1. The sign or “target” for pages apparently lacking from the document photographed is “Missing Page(s)”. If it was possible to obtain the missing page(s) or section, they are spliced into the film along with adjacent pages. This miy have necessitated cutting through an image and duplicating adjacent pages to assure complete continuity. 2. When an image on the film is obliterated with a round black mark, it is an indication of either blurred copy because of movement during exposure, duplicate copy, or copyrighted materials that should not have been filmed. For blurred pages, a good image of the page can be found in the adjacent frame. If copyrighted materials were deleted, a target note will appear listing the pages in the adjacent frame. 3. When a map, drawing or chart, etc., is part of the material being photographed, a definite method of “sectioning” the material has been followed. It is customary to begin filming at the upper left hand comer of a large sheet and to continue from left to right in equal sections with small overlaps. If necessary, sectioning is continued again—beginning below the first row and continuing on until complete. 4. For illustrations that cannot be satisfactorily reproduced by xerographic njeans, photographic prints can be purchased at additional cost and inserted ir^to your xerographic copy. These prints are available upon request from the Dissertations Customer Services Department. 5. Some pages in any document may have indistinct print. In all cases the best available copy has been filmed. Universe M fcrdfilm s International 300 N. Zeeb Road Ann Arbor, Ml 48106 6915917 Gibson, William A HISTORY OF FAMILY AND CHILD WELFARE AGENCIES IN BALTIMORE, 1849-1943 The Ohio State University PH.D. 1969 University Microfilms International300 N. Zeeb Road, Ann Arbor, Ml 48106 PLEASE NOTE: In all cases this material has been filmed in the best possible way from the available copy, Problems encou itered with this document have been identified here with a check mark V 1. Glossy photographs or pages. 2 . Colored illustrations, paper or print. 3. Photographs with dark background. 4. Illustrations are poor copy. 5. Pages with black marks, not original copy. 6. Print shows through as there is text on both sides of page. 7. Indistinc t, broken or small print on several pag es_____ 8. Print exceeds margin requirements _____ 9. Tightly bound copy with print lost in spine______ 10. Computer printout pages with indistinct print. 11. Page(s) lacking when material received, and not available from school or author. 12. Page(s) seem to be missing in numbering only as text follows. 13- Two pages numbered. Text follows. 14. Curling and wrinkled pages _____ 15. Other Some print lacking, pp. 249-250. Best available copy, filmed as University Microfilms International A HISTORY OF FAMILY AND CHILD WELFARE AGENCIES IN BALTIMORE, 1849-1943 DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for Degree Doctor of History in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By William Gibson, B.A. ,M.A. ******* The Ohio State University 1969 By / /■ H ; Adviser Department of History ACKNOWLEDGMENTS From the outset, I am indebted to Miss Anna D. Ward, who pro vided me with the names of many persons to see, material to read and agencies to visit. It was Miss Ward who directed me to the Family and Children's Society of Baltimore. At the Family and Children's Society, the kindess and considera tion of Mr. Clark L. Mock, Executive Secretary, and Mrs. Eleanor Blake, Director of C asew ork made, this study possible. Mr. Mock gave me free access to the records and materials of the agency. He made himself available for many hours of discussion and his suggestions were most helpful. The agency's staff, clerical, administrative and professional, was cooperative in answering questions and volunteering information. I am especially appreciative of Miss Bertha Shipley, secretary to Mr. Mock for her help in locating material. Mr. Albert Tarka was most helpful in the numerous discussions that we had on the pros and cons of social welfare. I am indebted to Miss Elizabeth Muller for helping me to interpret much of the material and filling in the gaps of the Henry Watson Child ren's Aid Society as well as to Miss Esther Lazarus, Director, Depart ment of Public Welfare, for the numerous discussions that we had on the multitudinous problems charitable and welfare agencies faced in their effort to help those in need. I especially offer my gratitude to Lawrence D. Reddick for his critical opinions, the Johns Hopkins University librarians and to the" librarians of the Maryland Room of the Enoch Pratt Free Library for their cooperation. To Professor Robert H. Bremner, who suggested the topic that led to a rich experience in an important phase of social welfare history, I am deeply grateful. ii VITA March 15, 1926 Bom: Northfork, W. Virginia 1948 Ph.B., University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio 1951 M.A., University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio 1952 B. Ed., University of Toledo, Dept, of History 1952-1960 Instructor and Assistant Professor, Alabama State College, Montgomery, Alabama 1960-1965 Assistant Professor and Associate Professor Dept, of History, Cheyney State College, Cheyney, Penn. 1965-1969 Associate Professor, Dept, of History, Coppin State College, Baltimore, Maryland Publications "A History of the National Congress of Colored Parents and Teachers" Fields of Study Major Field: History 1. Philanthropy and Social Welfare History, Professor Robert H. Bremner. 2. Colonial History, History of the Western United States, and a History of Political Parties, Professor Eugene H. Roseboom. 3. America in the 20th Century, Professor Foster Rhea Dulles. 4. Europe in the 19th and 20th Century, Professor Sydney N. Fisher. 5 . History of the South, Professor Henry H. Simms . 6. Immigrant America, Professor Francis P. Weisenburger. iii CONTENTS Page ACKNOWLEDGMENT........................................................................ ii VITA ................................................................................................... iii INTRODUCTION................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER I PUBLIC WELFARE AND PRIVATE CHARITY - BALTIMORE BEFORE 1849 ......................................................... 5 CHAPTER II THE ASSOCIATION FOR THE IMPROVEMENT OF THE CONDITION OF THE POOR, 1849-1902 ................. 22 CHAPTER III THE CHARITY ORGANIZATION SOCIETY, 1881-1902 ........... 39 CHAPTER IV FEDERATED CHARITIES 1902-1919 ........................................ 83 CHAPTER V THE FAMILY WELFARE ASSOCIATION, 1919-1942 .................. 121 CHAPTER VI THE HENRY WATSON CHILDREN'S AID SOCIETY 1860-1942 .................................................................................. 173 CHAPTER VII THE SOCIETY TO PROTECT CHILDREN FROM CRUELTY AND IMMORALITY, 1878-1943 ............ ................ 199 CHAPTER VIII CONCLUSION..........................................~................................ 217 BIBLIOGRAPHY ................................................................ 235 iv INTRODUCTION The movement on a national scale, to bring some kind of organ ization to charity began in the early 1840's. Prior to this time, beg ging and indiscriminate alms giving had reached major proportions and little concern was shown for institutional care. This resulted in the formation of organizations in the 1840's to improve the condition of the poor and children's aid societies in the 1850's. During the 1870's, economic and social conditions precipitated by the Civil War led to a demand for a scientific approach to charity which was influenced by English Charity Organization Societies. Even the larger societies whose officials were in frequent touch with one another differed con siderably in details of methods. The differences, however, were largely due to the efforts to adapt measures to local conditions so that comparisons must necessarily take into account many considerations, e .g ., effect of environment on the amount of material relief necessary, differences in cost of living, and resources such as hospitals, sani tariums and public agencies caring for dependents, defectives and delinquents. The purpose of this study is to present a history of family and child welfare agencies in Baltimore, 1849-1943. In order to do this, it is necessary to deal with these agencies separately in their local setting and place them in their proper perspective. Moreover, one must understand their role in the charity movement on a national level because of the integral part that Baltimore played in advancing the causes of charity (able) organizations and social work throughout the councry. Maryland is a small state, and, compared to Massachusetts, New York and Pennsylvania where many pioneering charity societies are found, it is not rich. Baltimore city is the center of the mercantile and industrial life of the state. Its geographical location has had an 1 2 important bearing on its growth, and as a border state, its influences have been both northern and southern. Even though she remained in the Union