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Prehistorya Anabilim T.C. ANKARA ÜN İVERS İTES İ SOSYAL B İLİMLER ENST İTÜSÜ ARKEOLOJ İ (PREH İSTORYA) ANAB İLİM DALI ANADOLU VE YAKIN ÇEVRES İNDE ORTA PALEOL İTİK’TEN ÜST PALEOL İTİK’E GEÇ İŞ EVRES İ SORUNLARI Doktora Tezi Gökhan MUSTAFAO ĞLU Ankara-2010 T.C. ANKARA ÜN İVERS İTES İ SOSYAL B İLİMLER ENST İTÜSÜ ARKEOLOJ İ (PREH İSTORYA) ANAB İLİM DALI ANADOLU VE YAKIN ÇEVRES İNDE ORTA PALEOL İTİK’TEN ÜST PALEOL İTİK’E GEÇ İŞ EVRES İ SORUNLARI Doktora Tezi Gökhan MUSTAFAO ĞLU Tez Danı şmanı Prof. Dr. I şın YALÇINKAYA Ankara-2010 T.C. ANKARA ÜN İVERS İTES İ SOSYAL B İLİMLER ENST İTÜSÜ ARKEOLOJ İ (PREH İSTORYA) ANAB İLİM DALI ANADOLU VE YAKIN ÇEVRES İNDE ORTA PALEOL İTİK’TEN ÜST PALEOL İTİK’E GEÇ İŞ EVRES İ SORUNLARI Doktora Tezi Tez Danı şmanı: Prof.Dr. I şın YALÇINKAYA Tez Jürisi Üyeleri Tez Sınav Tarihi: 30.04.2010 İÇİNDEK İLER İÇİNDEK İLER i ŞEK İL-TABLO-FOTO ĞRAF D İZİNİ vii ÖNSÖZ xv 1. BÖLÜM: G İRİŞ 1 1.1. Konu 1 1.2. Amaç 3 1.3. Önem 4 1.4. Ara ştırma Sorunu 4 1.4.1. Kuramsal Sorun 5 1.4.2. Terminolojik Sorun 13 1.4.3. Kronolojik Sorun 19 1.5. Yöntem 22 2. BÖLÜM: BÜTÜN YÖNLER İ İLE ORTA PELOL İTİK’TEN ÜST PALEOL İTİK’E GEÇ İŞ EVRES İ 25 2.1. Geçi ş Everesi’nin Yaratıcıları 26 2.1.1. Homo neanderthalensis 26 2.1.2. Cro-Magnon veya Anatomik Açıdan Modern İnsan 31 2.2. Orta Paleolitik’ten Üst Paleolitik’e Geçi ş’in Do ğası 32 2.3. Geçi ş’in Olası Nedenleri 39 2.4. Modern Davranı ş Biçimleri 45 2.5.Avrasya Co ğrafyası İçin Erken Üst Paleolitik’in Önemi ve Aurignacien’in Olası Kökeni 50 2.6. Geçi ş Evresine Yönelik Modeller-Hipotezler ve Tartı şmalar 57 i 2.6.1.Yerini Alma Modeli ve Tarihsel Kökeni 57 2.6.2. Neanderthallerin Yerinin Alınması Hakkındaki Yeni Hipotezler 59 2.6.3. Yerini Alma ve Devamlılık Hipotezlerinde Yeni Açılımlar 63 2.6.4. Yerini Alma Modelindeki Sorunlar ve Çeli şkiler 69 2.6.5. Kültürel Etkilenme Modeli 76 2.6.6. Yakın Do ğu Kökenli “Süreksizlik” Modeli ve Bile şenleri 82 2.7. Geçi ş Evresi Süresince Çevre ve İklim 88 2.7.1. Akdeniz ve Yakın Çevresi 90 2.7.2. Güney Batı Asya-Yakın Do ğu 94 2.8. İklimsel-Çevresel De ğişimlerin Neanderthal ve Anatomik Açıdan Modern İnsan Gruplarının Kültür Dinamikleri Üzerine Etkileri 97 2.8.1. G.Ö. 50.000 – 12.000 Arası Dönemde Palearktik'te İklim ve Çevresel De ğişimin İnsan Grupları Üzerine Etkileri 100 2.8.2. Bitkisel Ortamda Meydana Gelen De ğişimin İnsan Grupları Üzerine Etkileri 108 2.8.3. Hayvansal Ortamda Meydana Gelen De ğişimin İnsan Grupları Üzerine Etkileri 110 2.9. Geçi ş Evresi Boyunca Neanderthal ve Anatomik Açıdan Modern İnsan Grupları Arasında Olası Uyum ve Rekabet 112 2.10. Geçi ş Evresinin Kronolojisi ve Nüfus Dinamikleri 115 ii 3. BÖLÜM: GEÇ İŞ EVRES İNİN YONTMATA Ş TEKNOLOJ İSİ-GEÇ İŞ SEL ENDÜSTR İLER İ ve EVRE SÜRES İNCE İŞ LEM Z İNC İRİ 125 3.1. Yakın Do ğu ve Avrupa’nın Geçi şsel Endüstrileri ve Geçi ş Evresi Süresince Ta ş Yontma Stratejilerindeki De ğişim 126 3.2. Güney Do ğu Avrupa- Stránská Skála ve Levant- Boker Tachtit Geçi şsel Alet Endüstrileri’nin Teknolojik Açıdan Kar şıla ştırılması 133 3.2.1. Bohunician 135 3.2.2. Stránská skála İş lem Zinciri 138 3.2.3. Bölgede Yer Alan Di ğer Geçi şsel Buluntu Topluluklarıyla Kar şıla ştırmalar 141 3.2.4. Boker Tachtit 142 3.2.5. Boker Tachtit İş lem Zinciri 143 3.2.6. Bölgede Yer Alan Di ğer Geçi şsel Buluntu Topluluklarıyla Kar şıla ştırma 148 3.3. Stránská skála ve Bokher Tachtit’in Geçi şsel Endüstrileri’nin Kar şıla ştırılmasına yönelik Genel De ğerlendirme 149 3.4. Yakın Do ğu’da Orta Paleolitik Dilgi Teknolojisi ve Geçi şsel Ba ğlamdaki Önemi 154 3.5. Lübnan ve Kuzey - Güney Levant’ın Geçi şsel Endüstrileri ile Bölgeler Arası Kar şıla ştırmalar 163 3.6. Güney Yunanistan’ın (Lakonis) Geçi şsel Endüstrileri 166 3.7. Geçi şsel Endüstrilerin Kronolojisi 170 3.7.1.Geç Orta Paleolitik Sırtlı Alet Endüstrileri’nin Kronolojisi 172 iii 3.7.2. Geç Orta Paleolitik Yaprak Biçimli ve Dilgi Üzerine Uç Tipte Alet Endüstrileri’nin Kronolojisi 175 3.7.3. Erken Üst Paleolitik Dilgisel Alet Endüstrileri’nin Kronolojisi 177 4. BÖLÜM: GÜNEYDOĞU AVRUPA VE BALKAN YARIMADASI’NDA ORTA PALEOL İTİK’TEN ÜST PALEOL İTİK’E GEÇ İŞ 180 4.1. Vindija Ma ğarası ve Güney do ğu Avrupa’da Orta Paleolitik’ten Üst Paleolitik’e Geçi ş Sürecindeki Önemi 180 4.2. Morovya ve Bohunician 189 4.3. Do ğu ve Güney Do ğu Avrupa'da Orta Paleolitik’ten Üst Paleolitik’e Geçi şin Kronolojik ve Endüstriyel Görünümü 191 4.3.1. Batı Kırım Moustérien’i 193 4.3.2. Do ğu Micoquien’i 195 4.3.3. Do ğu Szeletian 196 4.3.4. Streletskaya Kültürü 197 4.3.5. Spitsynskaya Kültürü 199 4.3.6. Gorodtsovskaya Kültürü 201 4.4. Do ğu ve Güney Do ğu Avrupa'da Orta Paleolitik’ten Üst Paleolitik’e Geçi şe yönelik genel bir de ğerlendirme 204 4.5. Balkanlar’da Orta Paleolitik’ten Üst Paleolitik’e Geçi ş 205 4.5.1. Balkanlar’da Geç Orta Paleolitik 206 iv 5. BÖLÜM: KAFKASYA VE KARADEN İZ’ İN YAKIN ÇEVRES İ 208 5.1. Batı - Güney Kafkasya ve Gürcistan’da Geçi ş Evresi 209 5.2. Kafkasya’daki Orta-Üst Paleolitik Geçi şinin Avrasya Paleoliti ği Açısından Anlamı 215 5.3. Kafkasya’nın Orta-Üst Pleistosen Boyunca Yakın Co ğrafyasıyla Olası İli şkileri 221 5.4. Karadeniz ve Çevresinde Orta ve Üst Paleolitik 224 6. BÖLÜM: LEVANT BÖLGES İ 229 6.1. Emiran Kavramı ve Levant Bölgesi’nde Orta Paleolitik’ten Üst Paleolitik’e Geçi ş Evresine Genel Bir Bakı ş 230 6.2. Ksar Aqil’in Levant Bölgesinde Orta Paleolitik’ten Üst Paleolitik’e Geçi şi Kurgulamaya Yönelik Önemi 235 6.2.1. Ksar Aqil’in Kronolojisi ve Genel Tekno-Tipolojik Görünüm 238 6.3. Ksar Aqil Buluntuları Çerçevesinde Levant Bölgesinin Orta Paleolitik’ten Üst Paleolitik’e Geçi ş Evresine Yönelik Sorunlar 239 7. BÖLÜM: ZAGROS BÖLGES İ 244 7.1. Erken Zagros Aurignacien ve Warwasi 246 7.2. Warkaini Kayaaltı Sı ğına ğı 254 8. BÖLÜM: KUZEYDO ĞU AFR İKA-NİL VAD İSİ 257 8.1. Hauh Fteah ve Dabban Endüstrisi 258 8.2. Taramsa I ve Nazlet Khater 259 v 9. BÖLÜM: ANADOLU 262 9.1.Anadolu’da Orta Paleolitik’ten Üst Paleolitik’e Geçi ş Evresi ve Bu Evreye Yönelik Sorunlar 264 9.2. Anadolu’da Orta ve Üst Paleolitik 273 9.2.1. Orta Paleolitik 275 9.2.2. Üst Paleolitik 280 9.3. Karain B Gözü PIII Jeolojik Seviyesi Geçi şsel Endüstrileri 284 9.4. Üça ğızlı Ma ğarası ve Geçi şsel Endüstriler 292 9.5. Marmara- Bo ğaziçi Bölgesi 298 9.5.1. Orta Paleolitik 302 9.5.1.1. Kefken 303 9.5.1.2. A ğaçlı 304 9.5.1.3. Domuzdere ve Gümü şdere 305 9.5.2. Erken Üst Paleolitik 306 9.5.2.1. Sarısu 307 9.6. Bo ğaziçi Bölgesi Buluntularının Balkanlar İle Olası İli şkileri 308 10.BÖLÜM: TARTI ŞMA 311 SONUÇ 326 ÖZET 339 ABSTRACT 341 KAYNAKÇA 342 vi ŞEK İL-TABLO-FOTO ĞRAF D İZİNİ A-ŞEK İLLER D İZİNİ Şekil 2.1. Neanderthal ve Cro-Magnon kafatası morfolojisi Şekil 2.2. Erken Modern Afrikalı ve Avrupalı Neanderthal vücut morfolojisinin kar şıla ştırılması Şekil 2.3. Yarı Modern Afrikalı ve Neanderthal kafatası morfolojisinin kar şıla ştırılması Şekil 2.4. Neanderthal-Modern İnsanın fizyolojik görünümü Şekil 2.5. Afrika Orta Ta ş Ça ğı ve Avrupa’nın Geçi şsel Endüstrilerine ait örnekler Şekil 2.6. G.Ö. 190-10.000 yıl arası Afrika-Batı Asya-Avrupa-Do ğu Asya’nın kültürleri ve yakla şık kronolojileri Şekil 2.7. Avrupa’nın geçi şsel endüstrilerinin co ğrafi yayılımı Şekil 2.8. Anatomik Açıdan Modernlerin olası çıkı ş - yayılım rotaları ve yakla şık radyometrik yayılım tarihleri Şekil 2.9. Arcy-sur-Cure- Renne Ma ğarasının Châtelperronien alet endüstrileri’nden örnekler Şekil 2.10. G.Ö. 36-30.000 yıl öncesinde Neanderthal ve anatomik açıdan modern insan nüfuslarının olası yayılımı Şekil 2.11. Yakla şık G.Ö. 42.000-36.000 yıl arası dönemde Yakın Do ğu-Kuzey Afrika ve Avrupa Kıtası’nda Neanderthal ve anatomik açıdan modern nüfusların olası yayılım alanları Şekil 2.12. Avrupa ve Avrasya’nın bir bölümünde OIS 3 a şaması buzularası süresince G.Ö. 40.000 genel bitki örtüsü da ğılımı vii Şekil 2.13. Avrupa ve Avrasya’nın bir bölümünde OIS 3 a şaması buzulla şma süresince genel bitki örtüsü da ğılımı Şekil 2.14. Palearktikte'ki son buzulla şmanın maximum seviyesinin fiziksel ortamı ve Neanderthal ile ili şkili olan ve olmayan Moustérien’in olası da ğılım alanı Şekil 2.15. Son buzul dönemindeki kültürlerin co ğrafi açıdan sınırları Şekil. 2.16. Son Buzul Ça ğı’nın maksimum seviyesinde Akdeniz ve Avrupa’nın Faunal ve Floral yapının genel görünümü Şekil 3.1. Stránská skála -Bohunician yongalama stratejisinin- işlem zincirinin şematik görünümü Şekil 3.2. Stránská skála’da tespit edilen Levallois Bohunician örnekleri Şekil 3.3. Boker Tachtit- geçi şsel seviyelerden “Emiran” tip buluntu örnekleri Şekil 3.4. Boker Tachtit’te tespit edilen yonglama stratejisinin- işlem zincirinin şematik görünümü Şekil 3.5. Boker Tachtit seviye 2’de Levallois Uç üretimi a şamaları Şekil 3.6.
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