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Neandertalci* Neandertals Neandertalci* Neandertals Pregledni rad Mr. sc. IVOR JANKOVIĆ Prapovijesna arheologija Institut za antropologiju Amruševa 8 Pregledniradovi Review HR - 10000 Zagreb Prehistoric archaeology [email protected] UDK/UDC 903:572”632” Primljeno/Recieved: 01. 04. 2004. Prihvaćeno/Accepted: 01. 06. 2004. U radu je iznesen pregled znanstvenih saznanja o populaciji neandertalaca koji uključuje rezul- tate područja arheologije, antropologije i genetike. Osim pregleda znanstvenih saznanja, u radu se daje i povijesni pregled razmišljanja o mjestu neandertalaca unutar evolucijskog razvoja čovjeka kao i uvid u modele koji se najčešće spominju u suvremenoj literaturi. Ključne riječi: neandertalci, evolucija čovjeka, musterijen, paleolitik The paper presents an overview of scientific insights into the Neandertal population, includ- ing results obtained in the fields of archaeology, anthropology and genetics. In addition to this overview, the paper also provides a historical perspective of considerations of the position of the Neandertals within human evolution, as well as a discussion of models that are most frequently mentioned in contemporary literature. Key words: Neandertals, human evolution, Mousterian, Palaeolithic UVOD tu. Fuhlrott prepoznaje nalaze kao ljudske, no zbunjen njihovom neobičnom morfologijom, kontaktira Hermanna Schaafhausena, Tko su bili neandertalci? Kakva je njihova veza s današ- profesora anatomije na bonskome sveučilištu. Schaafhausen ob- njim ljudima? U čemu se razlikuju? To su samo neka od pitanja javljuje znanstveni opis nalaza i smatra da ih treba pripisati rani- kojima se bave znanstvenici, počevši od 1856. godine. Danas, joj, primitivnijoj vrsti čovjeka. Drugi znanstvenici, poput Schaaf- kada o neandertalcima znamo više nego o ijednoj fosilnoj vrsti, fhausena i T. H. Huxleya smatraju neandertalce primitivnom ra- rasprave i dalje traju. Neandertalci su tijekom godina stavljani som unutar vrste Homo sapiens. Ovo mišljenje zasnivaju na veli- unutar pa opet izvan rodoslovlja modernog čovjeka, smatrani kom kapacitetu mozga izvornog nalaza špilje Feldhofer. Budući su zaostalim rođacima. Pitanja su postavljana o njihovoj inte- da će još nekoliko godina proći do objave Darwinove knjige On ligenciji, morfologiji, načinu života, religijskim shvaćanjima. the Origin of Species (O postanku vrsta), ideja o evolucijskom Što danas, nakon gotovo stotinu i pedeset godina nakon otkrića razvoju, iako prisutna u razmišljanju mnogih znanstvenika, teš- u dolini Neander, možemo reći o njima? Koja su to pitanja na ko da je općeprihvaćena činjenica. Rudolf Virchow, jedan od vo- koja današnja znanost pokušava odgovoriti i koje teorije danas dećih patologa svog vremena i žestok borac protiv evolucijske pokušavaju objasniti status te zanimljive populacije koja je ne- misli, nalaze iz pećine Feldhofer pripisuje modernom čovjeku, kad nastanjivala prostore Europe i zapadne Azije? a neobičnosti morfologije objašnjava patologijom. Ubrzo zatim, William King (1864.) predlaže znanstveno ime Homo neander- POČETNA ISTRAŽIVANJA thalensis.1 Zanimljivo je da nalazi iz doline Neander nisu bili prvi fosili neandertalaca koji su pronađeni. Dio dječje lubanje Sve je započelo jednog dana u kolovozu, godine 1856., kada pronađene za istraživanja u pećini Engisu u Belgiji 1829./30. g. su radnici prilikom miniranja raznijeli ulaz Male pećine Feldho- kao i nalaz odraslog čovjeka s Gibraltara, nađen 1848. g., pretho- fer (Kleine Feldhofer Grotte) u dolini Neander, pored Düsseldor- de nalazu iz Njemačke, no njihov je značaj prepoznat tek više fa u Njemačkoj. Prilikom iskapanja sedimenta namijenjenog gra- godina nakon otkrića, kada je naziv neandertalac već uvriježen đevinskim radovima, pronađena je kalota i nešto kostiju tijela, te kako u znanstvenoj literaturi, tako i u svjetskoj javnosti. su nalazi predani tamošnjem školskom učitelju, Johannu Fuhlrot- 1 U stranoj literaturi nalazimo dva različita načina pisanja kolokvijalnog * Rad pod naslovom Neandertals... 150 Years Later koji obrađuje istu imena za neandertalce, Neandertals i Neanderthals. Ovo ne odražava tak- problematiku objavljen je u časopisu Collegium Antropologicum 28 sonomsko određenje i stavove o neandertalcima, već prihvaćanje revizije Suppl. 2 (2004), Zagreb 2004., 379.-401. gramatičkih pravila njemačkog jezika. 177 I. JANKOVIĆ, NEANDERTALCI, Pril. Inst. arheol. Zagrebu, 21/2004., str. 177.-196. Sl. 1. Lubanja neandertalca s nalazišta La Chapelle-aux-Saints Fig. 1 The skull of a Neandertal from the La Chapelle-aux-Saints site Iako mnogi znanstvenici tog vremena prihvaćaju nean- dertalce kao fosilnu populaciju, znatan broj ih prihvaća Vir- chowljevo objašnjenje. Konačan dokaz za njihov nepatološki status i istinsku geološku starost daju otkrića dvaju relativno kompletnih kostura otkrivenih u pećini Spy u Belgiji godine 1886. kao i otkrića Dragutina Gorjanovića-Krambergera ko- Sl. 2. Rekonstrukcija neandertalca s nalazišta La Chapelle-aux- ji između 1899. i 1905. g. istražuje nalazište Hušnjakovo u Saints (prema BOULE, VALLOIS, 1957.) Krapini. Nalazi iz Krapine do današnjeg dana predstavljaju najveću zbirku neandertalaca pronađenu na jednom nalazištu. Fig. 2 The reconstruction of a Neandertal from the La Chapelle- Gorjanović-Kramberger (1906.) opisuje nalaze kao dijelove aux-Saints site (according to , 1957) 20-ak individua, dok kasnije analize zubi (WOLPOFF, 1978.; 1979.; 1999.) pokazuju da je taj broj mnogo veći te da je više od 70 individua zastupljeno na nalazištu. Fragmentiranost na- neprihvaćanje neandertalaca unutar razvojnog puta ka moder- laza iz Krapine Gorjanović (1906.) je pokušao objasniti kani- nom čovjeku (TRINKAUS, 1985.b). Brojne kasnije analize na balizmom, no rasprave o tome još se vode. Treba naglasiti da ostalim nalazima neandertalaca nedvojbeno pokazuju da nema je Gorjanović jedan od rijetkih znanstvenika tog vremena koji anatomskih temelja na kojima bi se zasnivala sumnja u potpu- neandertalce smatra predcima modernog čovjeka. Nalazi nean- no uspravan stav i prilagodbu na dvonožnost (STRAUSS, CAVE, dertalaca često su popraćeni nalazima izumrle faune kao i broj- 1957.; TRINKAUS, 1978.). Glavne teorije o ulozi neandertala- noga kamenog oruđa, kao pokazatelja njihove arhaičnosti. ca u evoluciji čovjeka koje prevladavaju u svjetskoj znanosti Dok je starost neandertalaca kao populacije time utvrđe- tijekom prve polovine 20. st. (a imaju odjeka i u današnjim na, njihovo mjesto unutar razvojnog puta modernog čovjeka raspravama) su A. Hrdličkina neandertalska faza razvoja čov- ostaje upitno. Početkom 20. st. dolazi do niza otkrića neander- jeka (HRDLIČKA, 1914.; 1927.), prema kojoj neandertalci pred- talskih fosila na tlu Francuske (Le Moustier, La Ferrassie, La stavljaju samo jednu stepenicu u razvojnom putu k modernom Chapelle-aux-Saints, La Quina) i drugim zemljama (primjerice čovjeku, tzv. pred-neandertalska hipoteza za koju se najglasnije Monte Circeo u Italiji), a M. Boule objavljuje monografiju o zalaže F. Clark Howell (HOWELL, 1951.) i prema kojoj su ne- skeletnim ostacima iz La Chapelle-aux-Saints (sl. 1.) (BOULE, ke od neandertalskih grupa (koje Howell vidi u ranijim nalazi- 1911.; 1912.; 1913.). Upravo je Bouleov opis i rekonstrukcija ma kao što su Steinheim, Ehringsdorf, Saccopastore, Krapina neandertalca kao bestijalnog stvorenja poluuspravna stava (sl. itd.) bile predci i kasnijih neandertalskih grupa kao i modernih 2.) ona koja i danas ima odjeka, posebice u popularnim publika- ljudi, dok su tzv. «klasični» neandertalci, uglavnom reprezen- cijama. Iako brojni autori kritiziraju Bouleovu rekonstrukciju tirani nalazima iz zapadne Europe, bili previše specijalizirani (SCHWALBE, 1914.), te Strauss i Cave (1957.), takav opis ob- i nisu imali ulogu u razvojnom putu k modernim populacija- jašnjavaju krivim tumačenjem patologije, a Trinkaus (1985.b) ma. Razvoj ideje koju Howell popularizira ima začetke već u pravilno primjećuje da je Bouleova rekonstrukcija bazirana ne prijašnjim publikacijama (za detaljniji pregled razvoja ideja o samo na skeletu iz La Chapelle, već i na drugim tada dostupnim ulozi neandertalaca u evoluciji čovjeka vidjeti, npr. SPENCER, fosilima (La Ferrassie 1 i 2, Neandertal 1, Spy, Krapina, La SMITH, 1981.; SPENCER, 1984.; TRINKAUS, SHIPMAN, 1993.). Quina) te patologija nije mogla biti glavni razlog takva opisa. Prema tzv. pred-sapiens teoriji koja se većim dijelom oslanja Nesumnjivo je važnu, ako ne i presudnu, ulogu imalo Bouleovo na Bouleovu rekonstrukciju i opis neandertalaca kao primitiv- 178 I. JANKOVIĆ, NEANDERTALCI, Pril. Inst. arheol. Zagrebu, 21/2004., str. 177.-196. nih stvorenja (BOULE, 1911.; 1912.; 1913.; BOULE, VALLOIS, MORFOLOGIJA 1957.; VALLOIS, 1954.), neandertalci predstavljaju izumrlu gra- nu koja nema ulogu u razvoju modernih ljudi. Morfološke odlike koje se u literaturi često navode kao Vodeći stručnjaci tog vremena uglavnom se priklanjaju karakteristične za populaciju neandertalaca uglavnom su jednom od navedenih modela. Tako se F. Weidenreich, koji mješavina plesiomorfnih (primitivnih) odlika, zajedničkih s smatra da tijekom kasnijih faza evolucijskog razvoja čovjeka prijašnjim populacijama srednjeg pleistocena (tj. simplesio nije došlo do specijacije (Weidenreich razvija teoriju koju da- morfnih odlika), odnosno apomorfnih (razvijenih) odlika, za- nas prepoznajemo kao multiregionalni model), priklanja Hr- jedničkih s ranim morfološki modernim populacijama (tj. si- dličkinom tumačenju (WEIDENREICH, 1940.; 1943.; 1947.). F. napomorfnih odlika). Tek rijetke odlike morfologije moguće Loring Brace također prihvaća Hrdličkino viđenje
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