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Buddhist Psychology in the Workplace: A Relational Perspective Proefschrift ter verkrijging van de graad van doctor aan Tilburg University op gezag van de rector magnifi cus, prof. dr. Ph. Eijlander, in het openbaar te verdedigen ten overstaan van een door het college voor promoties aangewezen commissie in zaal AZ 17 van de Universiteit LOW-RES PDF op maandag 7 november 2011 om 14.15 uur NOT PRINT-READYdoor Joan Francisca Marques geboren op 7 februari 1960 te Paramaribo, Suriname en om 15.15 uur door Satinder Kumar Dhiman geboren op 5 april 1957 te India Promotores: Prof. dr. J.B. Rijsman Prof.dr. M.G.T. Kwee Promotiecommissie: Prof. dr. J. Day Prof. dr. D.M. Hosking Prof. dr. K. Gergen Dr. M. Layton LOW-RES PDF NOT PRINT-READY Contents CHAPTER 1: THE STUDY AND ITS BACKGROUND ........................................ 1 Introduction ..........................................................................................1 Why Buddhism? ....................................................................................6 Background of the Issue ........................................................................7 The Issue ............................................................................................. 10 Purpose of the Study ...........................................................................13 Research Questions ............................................................................. 14 Conceptual Framework .......................................................................15 Study Confi nement .............................................................................. 17 Phenomenology ...................................................................................LOW-RES PDF 18 Signifi cance of the Study ...................................................................... 21 Brief DescriptionNOT of Research PRINT-READY Actions ................................................. 21 CHAPTER 2: THERAVADA: SOME BASIC CONCEPTS .................................... 23 General Overview on Buddhism ..........................................................24 Buddhism: Some Basic Concepts ......................................................... 27 Four Ennobling Realities .....................................................................29 Psychological Modalities .....................................................................37 Dependent Origination and Interbeing ................................................37 Three Empirical Marks of Existence ................................................... 41 CHAPTER 3: TIBETAN AND AMERICAN BUDDHISM .................................... 45 The Fourteenth Dalai Lama ................................................................46 The Social Meditations (also known as the “Four Immeasurables”) ....47 iii Buddhist Psychology in the Workplace: A Relational Perspective The Six Perfections (also: Paramitas or Parmis) ...................................48 The Way of the Bodhisattva ................................................................49 Buddhism in America ..........................................................................51 Buddhism and Work ............................................................................57 A Review of Some Existing Critical Discourses on Buddhism and Work in General .....................................................62 CHAPTER 4: BUDDHISM AND AWARENESS ................................................ 69 Consciousness ..................................................................................... 69 Mindfulness: An Overview .................................................................. 74 Satipatthana S utta ...............................................................................80 Mindfulness and Clinical Applications: Point Counter-Point ...............86 CHAPTER 5: AWARENESS, HAPPINESS, AND SOCIAL CONSTRUCTION ............. 95 The Seven-Point Mind Training ...........................................................96 Insight Meditation or Vipassana (Skt.: vipashyana or vipasyana) .........98 Buddhism and Happiness ..................................................................102 Some Other Important Buddhist Values ............................................ 110 Social ConstructionistLOW-RES Orientation and Buddhism PDF .............................112 CHAPTER 6: RESEARCH METHOD AND ANALYSES ................................... 117 Design ...............................................................................................NOT PRINT-READY 118 Restatement of the Research Questions .............................................121 Analysis Units Studied .......................................................................122 Sources of Data .................................................................................135 Instrument and Interview Implementation .........................................136 Data Collection Strategy and Materials .............................................138 Consent ............................................................................................. 142 Attributes .......................................................................................... 142 Data Storing ...................................................................................... 143 Data Analysis and Representation ..................................................... 143 Method of Analysis ........................................................................... 143 General Framework ........................................................................... 144 iv Contents Content Analysis ............................................................................... 150 Verifi cation and Reliability ................................................................150 CHAPTER 7: RESEARCH FINDINGS ........................................................ 153 Interview Protocols, Analysis, and Conclusions .................................153 Analysis of Marques’ Interviews ........................................................154 Analysis of Dhiman’s Interviews ........................................................177 Common Emergent Themes ..............................................................224 CHAPTER 8: VALIDATION OF RESEARCH FINDINGS BY BUSINESS LEADERS, COACHES, AND NON-BUDDHIST SCHOLARS ..................... 235 Validation from the Buddhist Business Leaders and Coaches .............236 Validation from the Non-Buddhist Scholars ......................................255 Conclusions and Theme Evaluations ..................................................263 Comparing the Themes ..................................................................... 269 Explaining the Missing Themes ......................................................... 273 CHAPTER 9: ANSWERINGLOW-RES RESEARCH QUESTIONS PDF AND CONCLUDING REMARKS ............................................................ 275 Social Construction, Phenomenology, and Interbeing ........................276 Answering the Research Questions ....................................................277 Answering the CentralNOT Research PRINT-READY Question ........................................277 Answering the Four Topical Questions ..............................................286 Conclusions from the Study ...............................................................296 Threats .............................................................................................. 314 Limitations to the Study .................................................................... 315 Recommendations for Future Research ............................................. 317 Concluding Thoughts from the Researchers ...................................... 318 REFERENCES ..................................................................................... 321 APPENDIX A-1:INTERVIEW PROTOCOL MARQUES.................................... 343 APPENDIX A-2: INTERVIEW PROTOCOL DHIMAN .................................... 345 v LOW-RES PDF NOT PRINT-READY Chapter 1: THE STUDY AND ITS BACKGROUND “I teach about suffering and the way to end it” —Udana 5.6 his introductoryLOW-RES chapter will PDF lay the foundation of the study to Tbe presented. After a brief introduction, in which our interest formation into the topic will be clarifi ed, we will review the background of the issue, followed by the issue itself. In subsequent sections the purpose and need for the study,NOT a presentation PRINT-READY of the research questions, along with the conceptual framework, defi nition of the terms, assumptions, and signifi cance of the study will be presented. Introduction Buddhism (or Buddha Dharma, as Buddhists prefer to call it) seems to be the most anomalous of all globally renowned soteriological practices. Strictly speaking, it is neither a religion nor a philosophy—though it has the elements of both—but rather a psychology, i.e. an art of life and a science of mind and behavior. Its initiator, Siddharta Gautama from the Shakya clan, also referred to as “the Buddha” (awakened one), claimed no divine author- ity, no special access to wisdom, and no superhuman status of any kind. His 1 Buddhist Psychology in the Workplace: A Relational Perspective teachings subvert the fundamental staple notions of religions and what their adherents cherish the most: a belief in the existence of god, a permanent soul, and a promise of an everlasting bliss in heaven after death. Instead, he taught impermanence, not-self, and unsatisfactoriness
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